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1. Јованова 5,11.12. И ово је сведочанство: Бог нам је дао живот вечни и овај живот је у његовом Сину. Ко има Сина има живот; ко нема Сина Божијег, нема живота.

Овај одељак нам говори да нам је Бог дао вечни живот, и да је овај живот у Његовом Сину Исусу Христу. Другим речима, да би се добио вечни живот, мора се имати Божији Син. Питање је на који начин особа може да има Сина Божијег?

Човеков проблем

Одвојење од Бога

Исаија 59,2. Него безакоња ваша раставише вас с Богом вашим, и греси ваши заклонише лице Његово од вас, да не чује.

Римљанима 5,8, Али Бог показује своју љубав према нама тиме што је Христос умро за нас кад смо још били грешници.

Према Римљанима 5,8. Бог је показао своју љубав према нама кроз смрт свога Сина. Због чега је Исус морао да умре због нас? Зато што Писмо каже да су сви људи сагрешили. „Сагрешити“ значи промашити циљ. Библија каже „сви су згрешили и тако су лишени славе (савршене светости) Божије“ (Римљанима 3,23). Другим речима, наш грех нас одваја од Бога који је савршена светост (праведан и правичан) и због тога Бог мора да суди грешним људима.

Авакум 1,13а. Чисте су очи твоје да не можеш гледати зло, и безакоње не можеш гледати.

Узалудност наших дела

Писмо такође учи да без обзира на количину нечије доброте, људских дела или верске активности нико не може да обезбеди да га Бог прихвати или да било кога одведе на небо. Моралан и праведан човек се налази у истом броду као и неморална и нерелигозна особа. Сви они осећају недостатак Божије савршене правде. Након што је расправљао о неморалном, моралном и верујућем човеку у Римљанима 1,18-3,8. апостол Павле је изјавио да су и Јевреји и незнабошци под грехом, и да „нема праведнога – баш ни једнога“ (Римљанима 3,9.10). Поред ових, у Писму налазимо забележене следеће стихове:

Ефесцима 2,8.9. Јер сте посредством вере благодаћу спасени, и то није од вас, – Божији је дар; не од дела, да се нико не похвали.

Титу 3,5-7. Спасао нас је не на основу дела која смо ми учинили у праведности, него по својој милости – бањом која препорађа и обнавља Духом Светим, кога богато изли на нас посредством Исуса Христа, Спаситеља нашега, да оправдани његовом благодаћу постанемо наследници вечнога живота – као што се надамо.

Римљанима 4,1-5. Шта ћемо, дакле, рећи да је наш по телу праотац Авраам [постигао]? Ако је, наиме, Авраам оправдан на основу својих дела, може да се хвали, али не пред Богом. Јер шта каже писмо: „Авраам је поверовао Богу и то му је урачунато као праведност“. А ономе који ради плата се не рачуна по милости него по дугу. Ономе пак који не ради, а верује у онога који оправдава безбожника, његова вера се урачунава у праведност.

Не постоји довољно велика количина људске доброте као што је Божја доброта. Бог је савршена правда. Због овога нам Авакум 1,13. казује да Бог не може да има заједништво са било киме ко нема савршену праведност. Уколико желимо да нас Бог прихвати, морамо да будемо добри у истој мери као што је и Бог. Ми пред Богом стојимо голи, беспомоћни и без наде у саме себе. Не постоји количина доброг живота која ће нас одвести у небо или нам дати вечни живот. Шта је онда решење?

Божије решење

Бог није само савршена светост (чији свети карактер ми не можемо никада сами да достигнемо или нашим делима праведности) већ је Он такође и савршена љубав и пун благодати и милости. Због Његове љубави и благодати, Он нас није оставио без наде и решења.

Римљанима 5,8. Али Бог показује своју љубав према нама тиме што је Христос умро за нас кад смо још били грешници.

Ово је радосна вести Светог писма – Библије, порука Еванђеља. То је порука о томе да је Бог дао свог властитог сина (Богочовека), који је живео безгрешним животом, и који је умро на крсту за наше грехе, и који је васкрсао из гроба показујући нам да је Он Божији Син и да је Његова смрт била замена за нашу смрт.

Римљанима 1,4. ... по Духу светости постављеном за Сина Божијег у сили – од ускрса из мртвих, Исусу Христу Господу нашем.

Римљанима 4,25. .. који је предан за наше грехе и подигнут ради нашега оправдања.

2. Коринћанима 5,21. Онога који није знао греха Бог је учинио грехом за нас, да ми у њему постанемо праведност Божија.

1. Петрова 3,18. Јер је и Христос једном умро за грехе, праведник за неправеднике, да нас приведе Богу, тело су му, додуше, убили, али је духом оживљен;

Како примамо Божијег Сина?

Због онога што је Исус Христос учинио за нас на крсту, Свето писмо каже: „Ко верује у Сина има вечни живот.“ Ми можемо да примимо Сина, Исуса Христа, као нашег Спаситеља личном вером, верујући у особу Исуса Христа и Његову смрт за наше грехе.

Јован 1,12. А свима, који га примише, даде моћ да постану деца Божија, – онима што верују у његово име.

Јован 3,16-18. Јер Бог је тако заволео свет да је свог јединородног Сина дао, да сваки – ко верује у њега – не пропадне, него да има вечни живот. Бог, наиме, није послао Сина у свет да суди свету, него да се свет спасе његовим посредством. Ко верује у њега – томе се не суди; а ко не верује – већ је осуђен, што није веровао у име јединороднога Сина Божијег.

Ово значи да свако од нас мора да дође Богу на исти начин: (1) као грешници који признајемо Његову безгрешност, (2) препознамо да нема људског дела које може да дâ спасење и (3) у потпуности се за наше спасење ослонимо само на Христа вером.

Уколико желите да примите и поуздате се у Хрста као личног Спаситеља, можда ћете пожелети да то признате у личној молитви признајући своју грешност, прихватите Његово опроштење и ставите вашу веру у Христа за ваше спасење.

Уколико сте се поуздали у Христа, требате да учите о вашем новом животу у Богу и како да ходате са Господом. Слободни смо да Вам предложимо да почнете за проучавањем кроз серију Азбука хришћанског раста (ABCs for Christian Growth). Ова серија ће Вас водити корак по корак кроз основне библисјке истине Божије речи и помоћиће Вам да саградите чврст темељ за вашу веру у Исуса Христа.

Related Topics: Soteriology (Salvation)

Exode: Naissance de la Nation

Exodus: The Birth of the Nation

Traduit par: Eliane Jeffs

Being A Man Can Be Dangerous: Unmasking the dangers every man faces

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
by Baker Books (in partnership with bible.org)
 

Individualism, lust, and insensitivity aren't traits that make men proud but they too easily rear their ugly head. To make matters worse, the only sure-fire way to handle them is to accept responsibility when they produce unpleasant behavior, another thing most men are not known for.

It might sound hopeless but Jeffrey E. Miller assures us it is not. In his new book Hazards Of Being A Man, (April, ISBN: 978-0-8010-6805-8, $14.99) Miller explains that 'sinning is a part of life just like fouling is a part of sports - it's inevitable.' But, he adds, 'God has built the concept of confession into our relationship with Him.'

The point is not simply doing the right things. That doesn't automatically make a mature or godly man. And it goes beyond relationships. ‘This is not a book on being a better husband or father per se. It's about being a better man,' says Miller.

In all, Miller discusses twelve common challenges that men face: deflecting responsibility, manipulation, misplaced priorities, individualism, lust, insensitivity, absence, partial obedience, unresolved anger, discontentment, unteachablity, and unchecked motives.

Using examples of men from the Old Testament, Miller provides practical advice on how to improve behavior in each. Much like King Saul blamed his army for leaving the Amalekite king alive rather than accept his role in the sin, modern man instinctively blames his boss or his wife or the police rather than accept his sin. If we acted a bit more like King David, Miller argues, a man who sinned greatly before the Lord but admitted it immediately, we might be a bit easier to live with.

Jeffrey E. Miller (Th.M., Dallas Theological Seminary) is senior pastor of Trinity Bible Church in Richardson, Texas. He is the coauthor of the Zondervan Dictionary of Bible and Theology Words. He has written several articles for magazines and journals, and his teaching can also be found online on the popular website Bible.org. He and his wife, Jenny, have two children

Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishing Group, has a vision for building up the body of Christ at every level with books that are relevant, intelligent and engaging. We are focused on publishing books to equip the church and discerning lay Christians who want to stimulate their thinking.

###

Right Thing in the Wrong Way

The Right Thing in the Wrong Way[i]

There is an old story about St. Patrick baptizing a druid priest. [ii] Both men were standing in the water and St. Patrick had inadvertently placed his staff on the priest’s foot. When the baptism was complete, Patrick said, “You can go now.”

The priest answered, “I can’t.”

“Why not?” a puzzled Patrick responded.

“Your staff is on my foot.”

An embarrassed Patrick said, “Oh, I ‘m so sorry, why didn’t you tell me?”

The priest answered, “I thought that was part of it.”

St. Patrick had done the right thing, baptizing the priest, but in the wrong way, with his staff on the priest’s foot.

Much of the Christian world is doing the right thing in the wrong way. Like the druid priest, we have learned to endure these unpleasant experiences. We think that is just the way it is: leaders who don’t care that much about God or us; churches that bore and drain the joy out of the soul; silly power struggles that sicken the spirit. Yes, being a Christian and living with other Christians will always be difficult. There is sin in us and therefore in the church, but in the midst of the battle, we must know that we are doing things that bring transformation.

We live in a world where two ways or philosophies are at war. The first philosophy is the Jesus way. It is a world of sacrifice, submission, humility, and patience. It is the worldview of Jesus where God is at the center and his disciples live for others because Jesus was a man for others. In the Jesus world, it is not about us, it is about God. The Jesus way shows us that the means is just as important as the ends.

The other philosophy, and it dominates, is the consumer culture. It is a world of consumption, assertiveness, speed, and fame. In the consumer world it is all about me. In the words of Mohammad Ali, “Whee! Me!” In the Jesus way Jesus becomes more—in the consumer way, man becomes more.

The consumer culture creates the consumer church, which gives us consumer Christians. The consumer Christian culture is about receiving benefits and getting into heaven. The story is about man rather than God. It is about cultivation of artificial needs, an environment of instant gratification, the teaching of scripture into neat formulas, and worship centered on personal needs and taste. These worlds are at war—they are mortal enemies. The alarming thing is that many good Christian people live on without ever knowing they have been seduced by the culture. They haven’t been reminded that they cannot serve both God and mammon.[iii]To think this is about material wealth is to trivialize the subject and to miss the point. Eugene Peterson said it well, “The American Culture is stubbornly resistant to the way of Jesus.” [iv]

The point is that the Consumer religious culture priorities and practices are not sufficient to form the person of Christ in his followers. Far too many ministries and churches are stuck in a rut of non-transformational religious activity. The result is that we have created more consumers who are fairly nice moral people who make little difference to the people in their lives.

 

Mammon is the entire superstructure of pride, the hubris of man—it is man in the middle. It is Ayn Rand’s superman, who objectives everything and everyone. In consumer Christianity it is the man reading the bible, going to church and using his skills to take his church or business to the next level. It is the entire world system that is elevating man to a god like status. It is about leaders manipulating, bullying, pushing, and pulling people to serve their own personal agendas and needs. It is about depersonalizing God into a doctrine and one’s neighbor into a project.

There are four ways I have chosen to show the conflict of the Jesus way of life and the consumer way of life.

1. Competence Before Prayer

Jesus modeled prayer as a priority. His actions demonstrated that his relationship with his Father was the basis for ministry. He prayed all night before important decisions. He slipped away to spend time with his father.[v] He sought to relish his relationship with his Father and in turn could answer the priority question, the only question that really counts: what is the will of God?

Theologian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, left Germany in 1939 for New York City to teach at Union Theological Seminary. His friends and mentors thought it was wise to spare him the Nazi persecution of the Church. He would be able to return to teach and rebuild Germany after the war. Bonhoeffer sought God’s wisdom and he believed that there was only one important question: what is the will of God? He took the last ship back to Germany before World War II began. He was executed in 1945 for his part in a conspiracy to kill Hitler. It is the antithesis of consumer Christianity to take an action which is sacrificial.

The consumer way is to act now, make an impact, get things done. The great temptation of the consumer way is to lead with competence. The myth of competence is two fold. The first is that after a period of time in the Christian way, we know enough and have cleaned up our life enough that we can get by without practicing disciplines such as prayer, solitude, mediation—the kinds of actions that build our dependence on God. The disciplines require us to take repeated actions over and over again. The culmination of repeated action is habit, which creates character.

The myth is that we have some control over the more nasty parts of our nature. We feel safe and secure in our own ability to function, we are over the really bad stuff. The second part of the myth of competence is that we can get the job done without contemplation. I spent much of my life relying on my competence to speak, write, sell, create, and lead people. In the end it proved to be a cul de sac and I had to turn around and look for another way. That other way is a life of prayer, silence, solitude, and meditation, which multiplies and enhances one’s competence.

 

So there it is, doing the right thing: working to build the cause of Christ, but in the wrong way: depending on competence, rather than a prayerful life of dependence on God.

2. Individualism Instead of Congregation

Ever since the Renaissance, a revival in art and literature, and the Enlightment, a philosophical movement based on rationalism and skepticism, God has been moved out of the center and replaced by man. Therefore, the individual world system taught that individual rights, individual thoughts, individual needs are paramount. This was a serious shift from the previous world that valued community and, in religious terms, the congregation.

The congregation is the local home base where the Christian life is formed. It is where our identity is developed. The congregation is not about us—it is about God. God’s plan is to create a new community where his disciples learn to love him by loving one another. The operating biblical metaphor for worship is sacrifice. We gather to contribute to one another’s lives. We come to the altar to sacrifice, to serve, to set aside our personal agenda. We, like Jesus, then choose to live the life of submission to others, to put their needs equal to ours, even, I dare say, more important than our own.[vi]

Individualism uses congregation and turns it into a consumer enterprise. We live in a culture that is dependent upon wanting and acquiring more. The advertising industry stirs up needs in us that we didn’t know we had. Christian leaders have joined right in with gusto. We have recast the gospel into consumer items, entertainment, adventure, problem solving, and formulas to help us get an edge. We have learned that the way to get a crowd is to offer them what the society teaches them they need. We have become world class consumers of religious goods and services.

The present system of discipleship offered in a consumer package targeted at individual needs is not sufficient to form people into the image of Christ. Study without reflection, measuring maturity by knowledge, and finishing curriculum—it doesn’t have any traction. This is not the way Jesus brings conformity to his will. The consumer Christian culture makes us become more and Jesus become less. This is not the way our sacrificial lives becomes available to others. This is the antithesis of the sacrificial, deny yourself servant that Jesus was and has called us to be.

 

So there it is, doing the right thing: gathering people into congregation/community, but in the wrong way: cultivating consumer Christians.

3. Impatience Rather Than Endurance

Impatience is the most accepted sin in America. We are an impetuous people. Everything seems to be available now and we have been trained to expect it now. I marvel at how the internet meets my insatiable appetite for knowledge, goods and services in minutes. The culture is getting faster, and the faster we move, the less we become. The people we serve as leaders want relief and answers today and if not today, at the latest, tomorrow. The culture wants leaders who please them, not those who will challenge and change them.

Spiritual fast food will destroy us. Have you seen the film, Super Size Me? The story is about a young man who gained thirty pounds and developed associated problems eating three meals a day for thirty days at McDonalds. When we read the bible to fulfill our potential, to get a handle on principles, to get an edge on others, to increase our capacity at work, it is fast food. Why do we know so much, but live so badly? Don’t read the bible to enhance your self image. Read it to receive, to respond, to submit, to listen to God’s voice so we can serve and humbly obey. Read under the authority of God’s word, not to get ahead. Karl Barth said, “I have read many books, but the bible reads me.” As Jesus said, “He who hears my words and does them is like a man who built his house on the rock.”

The formation of character into the person of Christ can’t be hurried. It is a slow work and it gets very messy. People fail, delay, make mistakes, resist, and are afraid. It is a slow work, so it can’t be hurried, but it is urgent, so it can’t be delayed. In America slow and urgent are not compatible, they cancel each other out. In the Kingdom, patience and urgent are yoked together. The consumer religious culture wants to get things done and they are looking for short cuts to the person God builds over a long time.

The culture is contemptuous of patience. It is the first thing they throw overboard in a storm. That storm is the mania for numbers: to build a great ministry, a great law practice, a wonderful business—so we can feel affirmed, can have the resources we desire, and do it in the time frame we have planned. When this happens it creates an artificial pressure cooker. If we don’t meet our expectations, we have failed. Then we must work harder and find someone to blame.

I think of Paul’s words to the Galatians, “Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up.”[vii]

 

So there it is, doing the right thing: working to build a business or ministry for Christ, in the wrong way: taking short cuts, pushing and manipulating others to meet your time frame with your desired results.

4. Celebrity Over Humility

Psychologist, Robert Hogan, wrote in the Harvard Business Review that research found humility rather than self-esteem to be the key trait of successful leaders.[viii] Wouldn’t it be great if the followers of Jesus believed Dr. Hogan? What do we see? The Christian world has a highly developed celebrity system that is indistinguishable from its secular counterpart. In fact, it really isn’t separate. Christian speakers and entertainers demand the same limos, dressing room cuisine, and preferential treatment as their secular colleagues.

But this is not really about the elite, who comprise less than 1% of the populace. Humility can be displayed by those society celebrates and celebrity treatment can be demanded by people in the most humble circumstances. Circumstances do not have to control our self image.

I have always marveled at how easy it is to get someone to appear on television. I once hosted a local debate program on one station. I had no problem getting a congressman, pastors, and advocates to appear. There is something about the little red light on the camera that has a seductive quality. In a culture that believes any publicity is good publicity, it is no surprise that part of the consumer religious culture is a hunger for recognition. It begins with the small things—compliments, needing to know if we have done well—but then we slip into addiction—needing affirmation, genuine or not. When we are not celebrated by others, we feel empty because we have come to use it as spiritual food.

The celebrity that debilitates the Christian cause is the tendency for leaders and followers alike to celebrate themselves. Worship becomes about us, about our tastes, likes, and dislikes. I love the story of the person who came out of a church service complaining, “I didn’t really care for that.” “Good,” said a friend, “because we weren’t worshipping you.”

The drive within us to see ourselves at the center of every song, every sermon, every event, every conversation, and every problem reminds us of our own problems. Humility removes self from center and puts God in the middle. We become a supporting player, the world and God’s plan is not in orbit around us.

Jesus was a man for others. As his disciple, then, my life is about others—only then will I find myself. As Bonhoeffer said, “The church is only the church when it exists for others.” I am his disciple when I celebrate him, not me. The gospel is about how to live, the means to learning to live is learning to die. Once you have life, Jesus says, “Now I will teach you how to give it up.”

 

So there it is, doing the right thing: trying to live for God, but in the wrong way: celebrating me, making it all about me.

So do the right thing in the right way. Have a life of prayer over competence—but don’t leave out the competence. Place congregation/community before individualism—but maintain personal identity. Have patient endurance—with urgency born of the Holy Spirit. Most of all—have humility as our core trait. In short, rearrange our lives around the practices of Jesus.

Bill Hull



[i] The title “The Right Thing in the Wrong Way” is from Eugene Peterson’s address at the Spiritual Formation Forum Conference, May, 2004

[ii] Druid means someone who is wise. It comes from the Celtic tradition, an order of priests, soothsayers, judges, and poets in ancient Britain and Ireland.

[iii] Matthew 6:24

[iv] From Eugene Peterson’s address at the Spiritual Formation Forum Conference, May, 2004

[v] Mark 1:35, John 5, Mark 1:16

[vi] Philippians 2:3-14

[vii] Galatians 6:9

[viii] Roy F. Baumeister, The Low Down on High Self-Esteem; Column, Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2005

Indwelling Sin’s Power through Deceit

Related Media

Introduction

L’apôtre Paul dit dans Romains 7:21, --- le texte principal dont Owen fait tout particulièrement usage pour expliquer le pouvoir du péché inhérent aux croyants, --- qu’il a trouvé qu’une « autre loi » à l’œuvre parmi ses membres, déclarant la guerre à la loi de son esprit et le rendant esclave à la loi du péché. On ne peut trouver une meilleure description du pouvoir du péché qui continue à résider dans l’âme régénérée. Owen fait justement référence au péché comme à un « principe en vigueur qui semble avoir force de loi… et qui progresse constamment vers le mal. » 64

Le but du puritain à travers ce commentaire était de démontrer le pouvoir du péché inhérent aux croyants. Owen a montré que le péché tirait beaucoup de forces du fait qu’il réside dans le cœur (qui est trompeur et en fin de compte incompréhensible) et qu’il est complètement hostile à l’âme, de façon générale envers tout ce que Dieu représente. De plus, le péché exprime sa propre inimitié de deux manières qui sont liées, et cependant bien distinctes : (1) l’hostilité et la haine vis-à-vis de Dieu, et (2) l’opposition à Dieu.

L’opposition du péché à Dieu est, lui-même, exprimée en deux façons. Premièrement, le péché travaille par la force pour détrôner la grâce et deuxièmement, par la tromperie. En terme de force, le péché envie, lutte et fait la guerre, emprisonne l’âme, et conduit à la folie. Nous avons examiné ces idées dans les chapitres six et sept.

Maintenant nous sommes prêts à aborder la seconde manière dont le péché œuvre dans son opposition, autrement dit avec la tromperie. Ce sujet spécifique occupera Owen pendant les cinq prochains chapitres. Dans ce chapitre, lui, il commencera sa discussion sur le thème de la manière dont le péché séduit l’âme et la détourne de ses deux devoirs originels. L’effet de la tromperie du péché sur l’esprit sera adressé dans plus de détails dans les chapitres neuf et dix. On débattra aussi de l’impact de la séduction du péché sur l’âme dans le chapitre onze, et dans le 12ème chapitre de son emprise sur la volonté. Les cinq derniers chapitres s’occuperont de la manière dont l’on peut entraver le péché (treizième chapitre) et tenteront ultérieurement de mettre en évidence le pouvoir du péché inhérent à l’être humain (chapitres quatorze à dix-sept).

Une Discussion Détaillée autour du Thème du Huitième Chapitre

Le Fait de La Manipulation du Péché: Quelques Textes Bibliques

Owen dit :

La seconde partie de l’évidence du pouvoir du péché, étant donné sa manière d’opérer, découle de sa séduction. Dans sa manière d’opérer, il mêle la déception au pouvoir. Le pouvoir de cette duperie doit être énorme, pour qu’il puisse être soigneusement surveillé. L’importance de cette surveillance est similaire à celle qu’on porte à la valeur de nos âmes, où le pouvoir et la duperie sont combinés, spécialement à la fois avantagés et aidés par tous les moyens discutés auparavant. 65

Il existe de nombreux textes dans les Ecritures qui révèlent la relation entre le péché et la duperie. Owen cite les références suivantes :

Hébreux 3:13 Mais encouragez-vous les uns les autres, jour après jour, aussi longtemps qu'on peut dire aujourd'hui, afin qu'aucun d'entre vous ne se laisse tromper par le péché et ne s'endurcisse.

Jérémie 17:9 Le cœur est tortueux plus que toute autre chose, et il est incurable, qui pourrait le connaître?

Jérémie 4:22 « Ah! Mon peuple est stupide! Il ne me connaît pas, ce sont des enfants insensés qui ne comprennent rien. Ils n'ont d'intelligence que pour faire du mal, mais ils ne savent pas faire ce qui est bien. »

Job 11:12 Celui qui a la tête vide pourra devenir sage quand un ânon sauvage naîtra domestiqué.

Ephésiens 4:22 Cela consiste à vous débarrasser de votre ancienne manière de vivre, celle de l'homme que vous étiez autrefois, et que les désirs trompeurs mènent à la ruine

On dit aussi que la venue de « l’homme du péché » dans 2 Thessaloniciens 2, est accompagnée de tromperie et de mépris vis-à-vis de la vérité.

2 Thessaloniciens 2:9 L'apparition de cet homme se fera grâce à la puissance de Satan, avec toutes sortes d'actes extraordinaires, de miracles et de prodiges trompeurs. 2:10 Il usera de toutes les formes du mal pour tromper ceux qui se perdent, parce qu'ils sont restés fermés à l'amour de la vérité qui les aurait sauvés.

Effectivement, l’intégralité de la vie des hommes qui sont sous l’emprise de la loi du péché consiste à tromper et être trompés.

Tite 3:3 Car il fut un temps où nous-mêmes, nous vivions en insensés, dans la révolte contre Dieu, égarés, esclaves de toutes sortes de passions et de plaisirs. Nos jours s'écoulaient dans la méchanceté et dans l'envie, nous étions haïssables et nous nous haïssions les uns les autres.

2 Timothée 3:13 Mais les hommes méchants et les charlatans s'enfonceront de plus en plus dans le mal, trompant les autres, et trompés eux-mêmes.

La Manipulation du Péché : La Source de Sa Force

Owen raconte que l’on peut comprendre le pouvoir du péché du fait que les Ecritures disent que « la plupart du temps la tromperie est le début et la source de tout péché, de telle sorte qu’aucun péché ne serait suivi sans qu’il n’y ait d’abord eu de tromperie. » 6666

Dans les Ecritures Considérant le Péché, la Prééminence est à la Tromperie

L’apôtre Paul dans 1 Timothée 2:14 dit qu’Adam ne fut pas le premier pécheur, mais qu’en fait, ce fut Eve. La raison, naturellement, est qu’Eve avait d’abord été trompée puis ensuite avait mangé. Cela apparaît aussi clairement dans ses propres paroles dans la Genèse 3:13 : « ---C'est le Serpent qui m'a trompée, répondit la femme, et j'en ai mangé. » Eve a commis le premier péché par la tromperie car son âme était en sécurité jusqu’à ce qu’elle se fourvoie, et la même chose arrive aujourd’hui. En prenant l’exemple d’Eve, Paul mit en garde les Corinthiens contre l’activité frauduleuse de Satan dans 2 Corinthiens 11:3 :

Mais j’ai peur que de la même manière que le serpent a trompé Eve avec sa perfidie, vos âmes puissent aussi se détourner d’une dévotion sincère et pure envers le Christ.

Owen n’est pas en train de blâmer ici un sexe plutôt que l’autre. Il cherche cependant à démontrer que la tromperie précède l’exécution du péché. Le démon est maître dans le fait d’insinuer le péché dans le but d’amener l’homme vers le péché, la culpabilité et la mort. Owen dit :

Par conséquent, toutes les grandes manœuvres que le démon mène à travers le monde pour inciter les hommes à s’opposer à notre Seigneur Jésus et à Son Règne, sont faites au moyen de la tromperie : Apoc. Xii. 9, « Le Démon qui trompe le monde entier. » Il serait absolument impossible que les hommes en viennent à se persuader de rester à son service, exécutant ses plans pour leur ruine éternelle et parfois matérielle, si ceux-ci n’avaient pas été trompés outre mesure. 6767

La Manipulation du Péché Exige de la Prudence de Notre part

Quand le péché n’échoue pas dans sa tentative pour nous manipuler, il ne manque pas de produire ses fruits. Par conséquent le Chrétien est averti de nombreuses fois, à travers toutes les Ecritures, qu’il doit être prudent pour éviter d’être trompé (Eph. 5:6 ; 1 Cor. 6: 9 ; Gal 6:7 ; Luc 21:8).

Le But Premier du Péché : Tromper l’Esprit

L’efficacité du péché par la tromperie peut être comprise par le talent de l’âme qui en est affectée, c’est-à-dire l’esprit. Quand le péché tente d’entrer dans l’âme par une autre porte, comme par exemple les émotions, l’esprit peut le refuser en exerçant son propre droit et sa souveraineté. Mais quand c’est l’esprit qui est dupé, le pouvoir du péché doit être grand parce que les émotions et la volonté poursuivent simplement ses directives. Il est vrai que le péché embrouille les émotions et que cela est gênant, mais quand il trompe l’esprit, c’est dangereux, dit Owen. Le rôle de l’esprit est de « guider, diriger, faire des choix et servir de chef ; et si la lumière est obscurité en nous, oh combien cette obscurité est grande ! » Quand l’esprit est totalement trompé par le péché, l’impact sur la personne est dévastateur.

La Nature Générale de la Tromperie et de la Première Tentation

Owen poursuit sa réflexion sur la manipulation du péché en considérant la nature de la tromperie.

[La tromperie] consiste à présenter à l’âme ou à l’esprit, les choses d’une manière différente de ce qu’elles sont ou de leurs natures, causes et effets. Telle est la nature générale de la tromperie et elle excelle sous de nombreuses formes. Cela dissimule, ce qui devrait être remarqué et pris en compte ; cache des circonstances et des conséquences ; fait passer pour réel ce qui n’existe pas, ou présente les choses comme elles ne sont pas… c’est la représentation d’un sujet sous une forme déguisée, cachée, qui est intolérable, qui propose des choses qui, en réalité, n’ont rien à voir avec cela, de manière à ce que l’esprit les voit avec un jugement faussé. 6868

Ces différents aspects de la tromperie peuvent être visibles, d’après Owen, dans la première tentation. Comment Satan a-t-il procédé pour tenter nos ancêtres ? Il l’a fait en leur présentant les choses comme ce qu’elles n’étaient pas en réalité. Eve a vu le fruit et a réalisé qu’il était désirable. Satan profita de cela et insinua que Dieu était en train d’empêcher le couple d’être heureux (donc que Dieu était un tyran capricieux) puisqu’il exigeait d’eux qu’ils ne mangent pas de cet arbre. Naturellement, Satan cacha aussi à Adam et Eve le fait de la ruine spirituelle finale et éternelle.

La Manipulation du Péché Avance par Etapes

En résumé, nous avons vu précédemment que, dans le portrait biblique du péché, on donne une place prépondérante à la tromperie. Celle-ci attaque la capacité principale qui sert de guide à l’âme, c’est-à-dire l’esprit, présentant les choses d’une manière différente de ce qu’elles sont ; l’esprit, tombé dans l’erreur, deviendra un esclave du péché. Mais, Owen se demande comment en arrive-t-on là ? De quelle manière ? En bref, en procédant par étapes, c’est-à-dire petit à petit.

La manipulation du péché avance toujours petit à petit en profitant de chaque progrès acquis. D’abord elle prend garde de se s’occuper de toute résistance à un certain péché, ensuite, elle fait envisager à la personne la bonne chose qui pourrait en résulter, continuant ainsi à cacher toute pensée relative aux conséquences de l’acte proposé. Elle cache et dissimule les résultats, opère par degrés et continue à se tenir, inflexible, sur chaque morceau de terrain déjà gagné. Cette progression est notable dans Jacques 1:14-15.

Les Grandes Lignes de la Progression de la Manipulation du péché : Jacques 1:14-15

Certains des chapitres qui suivent sont surtout construits à partir de pensées tirées de Jacques 1:13-15. Nous les citerons tout de même, et aussi bien dans leur version originale que dans celle de la Bible du Semeur :

MhdeiV” peirazovmeno” legevtw o{ti ajpo qeou' peiravzomai: oJ gaVr qeoV” ajpeivrasto” ejstin kakw'n, peiravzei deV aujtoV” oujdevna. 14e{kasto” deV peiravzetai uJpoV th’” ijdiva” ejpiqumiva” ejxelkovmeno” kaiV deleazovmeno”: 15ei a hJ ejpiqumiva sullabou'sa tivktei aJmartivan, hJ deV aJmartiva ajpotelesqei'sa ajpokuvei qavnaton.

1:13 Que personne, devant la tentation, ne dise: «C'est Dieu qui me tente.» Car Dieu ne peut pas être tenté par le mal et il ne tente lui-même personne. 1:14 Lorsque nous sommes tentés, ce sont les mauvais désirs que nous portons en nous qui nous attirent et nous séduisent, 1:15 puis le mauvais désir conçoit et donne naissance au péché. Et le péché, une fois parvenu à son plein développement, engendre la mort.

Deux Observations Générales de Jacques 1:14-15

Owen veut faire deux observations générales concernant le péché dans ce passage : (1) le péché inhérent à l’homme se bat pour la mort éternelle du pécheur : « quand le péché est accompli, il produit la mort. » Pour un croyant le fait d’être trompé sur ce point est quelque chose de sérieux, et pourtant réaliser ceci et comprendre ce fait est un très bon moyen pour vaincre le péché ; (2) la manière dont le péché cherche généralement à réaliser ses désirs personnels est la tentation : « chacun est tenté quand il est charmé et séduit par ses propres désirs. » Owen dit que « la vie de la tentation réside dans la tromperie ; donc, en ce qui concerne le péché, être efficacement tentés et être séduits ou trompés revient au même. 6969

Cinq Observations Spécifiques de Jacques 1:14-15

Owen argumente, à partir de Jacques 1:13-15, qu’il existe cinq façons spécifiques dans lesquelles le péché continue son œuvre de tentation ou de tromperie en procédant ainsi : (1) en détournant l’esprit de ses principaux devoirs ; (2) en l’embobinant par la séduction ; (3) en lui faisant concevoir le péché ; (4) en produisant la réalisation palpable du péché et (5) en mettant fin ou complétant le péché par la mort. Regardons de plus près la première phase présentée ci-dessus.

Les Deux Devoirs de l’Esprit

Selon Owen, l’esprit a deux devoirs relatifs à son rôle de guide et directeur de la conscience. D’abord l’esprit doit maintenir l’âme toute entière dans une attitude d’obéissance. Deuxièmement, l’esprit doit assurer que tous nos devoirs spécifiques à Dieu soient exécutés selon les désirs de Dieu, c’est-à-dire que tous les actes d’obéissance soient exécutés au moment, de façon et à la période adéquate. Le reste de ce chapitre se basera sur une considération de ce premier devoir.

Devoir global : faire en sorte que l’Ame Toute Entière soit Préparée à Obéir

Le premier devoir de l’esprit est un peu global si nous le comparons au second, un devoir plus spécifique. En bref, le premier devoir est de conserver l’âme toute entière dans un état ou une attitude d’obéir sur le champ et de façon méticuleuse au Seigneur. Pour ce faire être, l’esprit doit très vigilant aux manipulations du péché.

A présent, selon Owen, ce devoir global de l’esprit revêt deux aspects. Ils sont : (1) s’examiner soi-même, le péché et sa bassesse honnêtement, et (2) méditer longuement sur les Paroles de Dieu, sur Sa Grâce et Sa Bonté. Le péché inhérent à l’homme travaille dur à détourner l’esprit de ces deux éléments du devoir primaire.

Premièrement, le péché cherche à détourner l’esprit d’une considération continuelle et correcte de sa bassesse et du danger qui l’accompagne. Owen dit :

… une considération nécessaire, nécessaire et assidue du péché, de sa nature, de toutes ses circonstances aggravantes, de ses conclusions et ses tendances, spécialement ce qui est mis en évidence dans le sang et dans la croix du Christ, devrait toujours être présent dans notre esprit… Chaque péché répudie Dieu notre Seigneur. Oh combien il est inique et amer que le cœur ne sache pas, s’il n’examine pas : inique en soi-même et amer dans ses effets, fruits et résultats ; on ne sera plus jamais protégé contre le péché. 7070

Cette considération nécessaire et constante de la bassesse du péché peut être acquise seulement par ceux qui vivent avec humilité dans le respect du Seigneur (Esaïe 57:15). Il s’agit naturellement de ce que l’Ecriture stipule comme précepte et exemple. Pierre dit que nous devrons vivre nos vies ici, tels des étrangers, enclins à une peur vertueuse --- peur de pécher contre Dieu et crainte de subir des pertes de la part du Juge Impartial (1 Pierre 1:17-19). Joseph est l’exemple classique de quelqu’un qui, quand il est incité à commettre l’adultère, se demande comment il pourrait faire pareille chose contre Dieu (Gen. 39:9 ; cf. Job 28 :28).

Maintenant, le péché tente de détourner l’esprit de sa mission de protecteur de l’âme dans cette condition humble. Il cherche à empêcher l’esprit d’examiner le péché, ses développements, ses progrès et conséquences, en donnant des excuses mensongères à n’en plus finir. Ceci de deux manières : (1) au moyen d’un « abus monstrueux de la grâce de l’Evangile », et (2) en accord avec l’état et la condition des hommes du monde. Arrêtons-nous un moment sur ces deux idées.

Premièrement, le péché abuse de la grâce offerte dans l’Evangile. L’Evangile est le remède tous les péchés, et nous révèle la volonté de Dieu envers les pécheurs. Cependant, certaines personnes, à cause de la manipulation du péché, comprennent mal l’efficacité naturelle de la grâce et déforment la bienveillance de Dieu en s’en servant comme d’une autorisation. Mais ceci ne constitue certainement pas l’Evangile de la grâce de Dieu. Au contraire, écoutez ce que dit Paul à propos de ce que la grâce produit et la conclusion qu’il en tire :

Titus 2:11 En effet, la grâce de Dieu s'est révélée comme une source de salut pour tous les hommes. 2:12 Elle nous éduque et nous amène à nous détourner de tout mépris de Dieu et à rejeter les passions des gens de ce monde. Ainsi nous pourrons mener, dans le temps présent, une vie équilibrée, juste et pleine de respect pour Dieu, 2:13 en attendant que se réalise notre bienheureuse espérance: la révélation de la gloire de Jésus-Christ, notre grand Dieu et Sauveur. 2:14 Il s'est livré lui-même en rançon pour nous, afin de nous délivrer de l'injustice sous toutes ses formes et de faire de nous, en nous purifiant ainsi, un peuple qui lui appartienne et qui mette toute son ardeur à accomplir des œuvres bonnes.

Philippiens 1:27 Quoi qu'il en soit, menez une vie digne de l'Evangile du Christ, en vrais citoyens de son *royaume. Ainsi, que je vienne vous voir ou que je reste loin de vous, je pourrai apprendre que vous tenez bon, unis par un même esprit, luttant ensemble d'un même cœur pour la foi fondée sur la Bonne Nouvelle,

Ephésiens 4:20 Mais vous, ce n'est pas ainsi que vous avez appris ce que signifie pour vous le Christ, 4:21 puisque vous avez compris ce qu'il est et qu'on vous a enseigné, à vous qui êtes chrétiens, ce qui est conforme à la vérité qui est en Jésus. 4:22 Cela consiste à vous débarrasser de votre ancienne manière de vivre, celle de l'homme que vous étiez autrefois, et que les désirs trompeurs mènent à la ruine, 4:23 à être renouvelés par le changement de ce qui oriente votre pensée, 4:24 et à vous revêtir de l'homme nouveau, créé conformément à la pensée de Dieu, pour mener la vie juste et sainte que produit la vérité.

Il est clair de ces passages que la Grâce de Dieu, exprimée dans et au moyen de l’Evangile, conduit à la Sainteté et non à la permission. Ceux qui affirment connaître l’Evangile et qui continuent malgré tout à suivre leurs désirs charnels, n’ont pas encore compris le message de l’Evangile. Ces personnes utilisent souvent la doctrine du pardon intégral et gratuit comme opportunité propice au péché. Il s’agit naturellement de la tromperie que Paul dénonce dans Romains 6:10 : « Persisterons-nous dans le péché pour que la grâce abonde? ». Paul dénonce justement une telle opinion : « Loin de là! » Néanmoins, Judas dit qu’il en est certains qui pervertissent la Grâce de Dieu en une doctrine indécente (Judas 4). D’autre part, quand la méditation sur la Grâce de Dieu rend le cœur humble devant Lui, prudent et haineux envers le péché, il s’agit d’une preuve réelle comme quoi la vraie lumière de l’Evangile et sa sagesse ont pénétré l’âme.

Pour être plus précis, le péché abuse de la Grâce de l’Evangile de nombreuses manières. Il nous pousse à traiter avec légèreté le réconfort offert par l’Evangile. L’âme peut se lasser, besogneuse comme elle est, à aller de nombreuses fois par jour vers le trône de la Grâce pour demander pardon, la miséricorde et le soutien. Il pourrait en résulter qu’elle puisse commencer à traiter de tels devoirs de façon superficielle et comme s’il s’agissait d’une simple formalité. Nous devons être prudents à cet égard. Le péché pousse aussi l’âme, sur la base de la miséricorde de l’Evangile, à s’aventurer au-delà des limites que Dieu a établi pour nous, plus précisément, des limites qui ont un rapport avec la sensualité. Enfin, le péché cherche aussi à inciter l’esprit à ne pas lutter correctement contre la tentation. Souvent il le fait en mettant en évidence à nos yeux le pardon de Dieu, tout en continuant à nous encourager à pécher. Il arrive même à pervertir la connaissance que nous avons du fait que Dieu ne nous abandonnera jamais ; ceci aussi devient une excuse pour céder à la tentation. Aujourd’hui, la doctrine du pardon total et gratuit est attestée, mais ne pousse pas, si elle est correctement comprise, à l’anarchie.

Voyons maintenant la seconde manière dont le péché cherche à nous empêcher de considérer sa bassesse de façon appropriée. Ceci a un rapport avec le changement de condition des hommes quand ils vieillissent. Au cours de la jeunesse des hommes (par « hommes » Owen veut dire tout le monde) les émotions opèrent plus intensément et avec une force supérieure que quand ils prennent de l’âge. Mais de la même manière que les passions ressenties dans les choses physiques commencent à diminuer, cela arrive aussi pour les choses spirituelles. Pourtant, en même temps que la diminution de ces émotions, arrive aussi la diminution de la sensation de la présence du péché et de la faute qu’il représente. L’esprit est dévié de cette manière de l’observation nécessaire de la bassesse et de l’infamie du péché au moyen de la décroissance des passions. Owen dit :

Personne n’est pécheur chez celui qui a balayé ses propres convictions autour du péché. Quelle en est la raison ? Le sens du péché, dans leurs convictions, était basé sur leurs propres passions. En se délabrant, Celles-ci n’ont pas pris garde de les avoir encrées profondément et avec grâce dans leurs esprits. C’est de cela que la tromperie du péché les démunit, et ainsi ruine leurs âmes. A un certain degré, il en est de même pour les croyants. Si, quand l’identification des passions diminue et qu’elles deviennent pesantes et léthargiques, on n’a pas recours à la sagesse profonde et à la grâce pour réparer la signification correcte du péché dans l’esprit et dans le jugement, ce qui est susceptible de provoquer, d’exciter, d’animer et d’attiser de façon quotidienne les émotions. 7171

Deuxièmement, le péché cherche à dévier l’esprit de son devoir saint de méditer sur Dieu et sur Sa Grâce qui est « la source d’obédience évangélique ». Le péché fait ceci en remplissant l’esprit de choses et de considérations matérialistes. Cependant, l’apôtre conseilla vivement aux Chrétiens de diriger leurs esprits sur les choses célestes, et non sur les choses terrestres (Col. 3:2). Nous ne pouvons aimer aussi bien le monde que le Seigneur. Nous devons choisir. Jean nous dit de n’aimer ni le monde ni les choses du monde (1 Jean. 2:15).

Ainsi l’esprit doit à choisir qui sera le maître. Mais le péché cherche à obscurcir ce choix et détourne l’esprit de l’attention juste que l’on doive à Dieu et à sa grâce. Le fait est que le péché utilise souvent ce qui est bon et juste pour atteindre ce but. Par exemple, les personnes qui ont évité de répondre au message de Jésus parce qu’elles devaient aller labourer leurs champs et s’occuper de leurs bœufs, sont les figures types de ceux qui, tout en étant bons et responsables dans ce monde, permettent à ces tâches d’usurper la place de Dieu dans la vie. Comme dit Paul, celles-ci se sont privées de la compréhension du fait que le monde n’est pas fait pour durer alors qu’elles en faisaient usage comme s’il devait exister éternellement.

Remède spécifique : S’assurer que Ces Devoirs Particuliers Sont Exécutés comme Dieu le Souhaite

Nous allons traiter les devoirs distinctifs de l’esprit dans les chapitres suivants. Ce titre est présent ici afin que le lecteur puisse facilement suivre et si possible se rappeler par la suite des grandes lignes de la thèse d’Owen.

Résumé du Chapitre Huit

La thèse initiale l’Owen à travers ce commentaire était de démontrer le pouvoir du péché inhérent aux croyants. Owen a montré que le péché tirait beaucoup de forces du fait qu’il réside dans le cœur (qui est trompeur et en fin de compte incompréhensible) et qu’il est complètement hostile à l’âme, de façon générale envers tout ce que Dieu représente. De plus, le péché exprime sa propre inimitié de deux manières qui sont liées, et cependant bien distinctes : (1) l’hostilité et la haine vis-à-vis de Dieu, et (2) l’opposition à Dieu. Il ajoute d’autre part que le péché s’oppose à Dieu de deux manières : (1) par la force et (2) par la tromperie. Nous avons vu que la force est à l’origine des convoitises du péché, du fait qu’il lutte et contrarie, ainsi que ses tentatives pour emprisonner l’âme et la folie inséparablement. Dans ce chapitre, nous avons commencé à parler du pouvoir que le péché inhérent à l’homme reçoit grâce à sa tromperie.

Que le péché poursuive son œuvre la plupart du temps au moyen de la tromperie est indubitable. De nombreux textes bibliques ceci rendent cela très clairs. Et cette tromperie commence dans l’esprit et procède par étapes, en recherchant toujours la mort du pécheur et en progressant à travers les tentations. Jacques 1:14-15 met le doigt sur cette réalité.

Donc le péché cherche à détourner le rôle de guide de l’âme, c’est-à-dire de l’esprit, allant à l’opposé de ses deux devoirs cardinaux : (1) conserver son âme toute entière dans une attitude d’obéissance, et (2) s’assurer que tous nos devoirs spécifiques ou méticuleux envers Dieu soient exécutés en accord avec ce que Dieu souhaite, c’est-à-dire que tous les actes d’obéissance soient accomplis au moment, et de façon et à la période adéquate.

Maintenant, selon Owen, il y a deux aspects dans le premier devoir de l’esprit de conserver l’âme dans une attitude d’obéissance. Ceux-ci sont : (1) considérer sa propre personne, le péché, et sa bassesse de façon adéquate, et (2) méditer constamment sur Dieu, sa Grâce et sa bonté. L’objectif d’Owen dans ce chapitre était de traiter seulement ces deux aspects du premier devoir de l’esprit. Il traitera les autres aspects de ce premier devoir, et même le second devoir, dans les chapitres suivants.

En ce qui concerne nous considérer nous-mêmes, le péché et sa bassesse, le péché inhérent à l’homme cherche à pousser l’esprit à abuser la grâce (quand nous traitons nos devoirs avec légèreté ou quand nous utilisons la miséricorde comme opportunité pour pécher) et détourner l’attention de la l’observation convenable de la bassesse du péché quand nous devenons plus vieux et que nos émotions diminuent. Le péché inhérent à l’homme détourne l’esprit de la méditation sur Dieu et Sa Grâce en la remplaçant par des préoccupations terrestres, préoccupations qui tendent à faire taire Dieu et sa volonté dans nos vies. De ce bref chapitre, il est clair que les Chrétiens doivent observer scrupuleusement (mais non pas avec une attitude impatiente) les manières dont le péché cherche à tromper l’esprit.


64 VI:158-59.

65 VI:211.

66 VI:212.

67 67 VI:213.

68 VI:213-14.

69 VI:215.

70 VI:217.

71 VI:222.

Related Topics: Hamartiology (Sin)

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Fruit of the Spirit

Having demonstrated to the Galatians that true freedom comes through faith in Christ, Paul begins to exhort them to exercise properly the spiritual freedom that was theirs. No longer slaves to sin or bound to the constraints of the Jewish law, they are encouraged to "stand firm" in the freedom, which Christ has provided for them (Gal. 5:1). This, however, does not mean a life of selfishness or spiritual license; rather, they should "serve one another. For the whole law is summed up in a single commandment, namely, `You must love your neighbor as yourself'" (Gal 5:13-14). This can be gained by a life lived through the power and direction of the indwelling Holy Spirit (Gal 5:16). Under His guidance the believer need no longer be controlled by carnality or false religion (vv. 17-21), but rather produce the fruit of the Spirit-led life (vv. 22-25). In Galatians 5:22-23, "Paul draws an intended contrast between the naturally growing fruit of God's Spirit and the sin that is the outcome of humanity's actions independent of God."1

Paul's teaching concerning a fruit-filled spiritual life centers on a set of 9 virtues. To be sure, the imagery of fruit to portray the outcome a person's activities is a familiar metaphor to those who are acquainted with the Old Testament (e.g., Ps. 1:3; Prov. 1:31; 12:14; 13:2; 18:20; 31:21) and was often used by Jesus himself (Matt. 7:15-20; cf. John 15:1-8,16). As Morris observes, " The man who so abides in Christ and has Christ abide in him keeps on bearing fruit in quantities.... These are strong words which emphasize the necessity of remaining in vital contact with Christ if fruitfulness is to continue."2

The metaphor of the fruitful life thus takes on fresh spiritual vigor in the New Testament.3

The Soul's Well Being

Love

Several words or word pairs are used in the New Testament to express love. One familiar word pair is philia/philein. These two words are always employed with a special sense of warmth and deep affection. Although they commonly deal with matters of the heart-the emotional aspect of man-these words are not restricted to purely human love. They are used at times in respect to God's love for his dear Son (John 5:20) and for God's love for those who also love Jesus (John 16:27). They describe Christ's love for Lazarus (John 11:3, 36), for John his disciple (John 20:2), and for the reproved believer (John 3:19).

A word pair formed from the same root occurs in two compound nouns: philadelphos (1 Pet. 3:8) and philadelphia (2 Pet. 1:7), both of which speak of brotherly love. The latter is the more frequent term and speaks of, "the love of Christians one to another growing out of a common spiritual life."4 Still another noun from this root is the word philostorgos, which also occurs in Romans 12:10 (NET, "mutual love"). Building upon the preceding philadelphia, this word carries the implication that in a real sense believers constitute a family. Therefore, Christians are to treat one another with all the love and closeness of members of their family.5

The other word pair that occurs with great frequency in the New Testament to express love is agapē/agapein. As noted in a previous study, the noun agapē, is used of God's love and also of genuine Christian love, which reflects and acts in accordance with God's love (e.g., 1 John 4:7-8). Indeed, "A Christian's whole soul attitude toward others is to love others and seek their highest good-no matter who or what-just as God does (Matt. 5:43-48)."6 As Rapa remarks, "'Love' is listed first because Paul undoubtedly believed it to be the most important of the virtues (cf., 1 Co 13:13") and because all of the others may be understood to be included in it and to flow out from it. Indeed, love is to be the operative dynamic of the Christian life."7

Joy

Joy is an oft-attested theme in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. True joy comes with the believer's salvation. The joy of celebrating such a life is frequently recorded in the Psalms (e.g., Pss. 21:1, 6; 33:21; 40:16) as that which God supplies (Ps. 36:7-9). Well does the David exclaim, "You lead me in the path of life; I experience absolute joy in your presence; you always give me sheer delight" (Ps. 16:11).8 Yet, " Joy is not found by seeking it as an end in itself. It must be given by God (Job 8:21; Pss. 4:7; 36:8)." 9

The New Testament adds further that the joy of salvation is found in Jesus Christ (1 Pet. 1:8-9) and continues as the gracious gift of the Holy Spirit. Paul reminds the Thessalonian believers that they became imitators of Paul and the Lord, "When you received with joy the message that comes from the Holy Spirit" (! Thess. 1:6; cf. Rev. 14:17; 15:13). That joy is further advanced with time spent in God's presence in prayer (Phil. 1:4; cf. Col.1:11-14) aided by the power of the Holy Spirit in as much as we often "do not know how we should pray" (Rom. 8:26).

Joy is thus a distinctive feature of every aspect of the believer's life. "Joy is experienced through God's means of grace in the midst of life. . . . Worship evokes it (Ps 42:4; 43:4; 46:4; 71:23; 100:1; Lk 24:52; Jas 5:13), obedience discovers it (Ps 32:11; 64:10; 68:3; 69:32; 87:15; 119:1; Prov 10:28; 13:9; 29:6) and work fosters it (Deut 12:18; Ezra 6:22; Eccles 2:24, 25)."10 Because of the fullness of life, which Christians enjoy in Christ and with the Holy Spirit's guidance, they may rejoice even in difficult times (Phil. 1:12-21; James 1:2-3; 1 Pet 1:8-9; cf. Ps. 51:12; Hab. 3:17-19). Even in such times joy should occasion songs of praise (Ps. 51:14). Thus the Psalmist declares, " As for me, I will sing about your strength; I will praise your loyal love in the morning; for you are my refuge and my place of shelter when I face trouble" (Ps. 59:16). Indeed, rejoicing in the Lord should be a regular feature of the Christian life (Phil. 3:1; 4; 4; 1 Thess. 5:16; cf. Ps 33:1).

Moreover, Christians have at their disposal God's guidebook for a rewarding life, which gives instruction in how to live a consistent life before the Lord (Pss. 19:8; 119:16, 111, 162, 165). Joyful Christians should therefore live and serve the Lord together in harmony (Phil. 2:1-2). As do those in heaven, believers can experience special joy in seeing others come to Christ so that they may also experience the joy of a Christ filled life (Luke 15:7; 1Thess. 1:6). Christian joy is also lived out in full anticipation of that greater joy, which believers shall experience when Christ returns for the church, his spiritual bride (Rev. 19:6-8). It is small wonder, then, that Paul encouraged his believers to love and honor one another but to, "Rejoice in hope, endure in suffering, persist in prayer" (Rom. 12:11-12) In light of all the above Scriptural teaching many Christian hymns take on an even greater meaning. The words of Charles Wesley have served as a classic example: "Rejoice the Lord is King; Your Lord and King adore! Rejoice, give thanks and sing, and triumph ever more."11

Peace

Probably most everyone is aware of the Hebrew word for peace-shalom (Heb. šālôm). This word is routinely used as a word of greeting or farewell (e.g., 2 Kings 10:13). Its usual translation, however, is the English word peace. By peace is meant more than the absence of war or strife (e.g., 1 Kings 4:24). Therefore, our English translations must sometimes use several other words to render the Hebrew such as: prosperity, safety, health, or completeness. Interestingly, this last rendering comes the closest to the meaning of the Hebrew root (_ālēm, "whole/perfect") behind the word commonly translated peace. Thus to know true peace is both to attain personal fulfillment and to enjoy full and healthy relationships with others. Ultimately, the true peace is found in God (Num. 6:26; Judg. 6:24; Pss. 29:11; 35:27; Jer. 33:6).

Because Israel was in covenant relationship with God, it could know true peace (Deut. 29:9-29). Its spiritual leadership was to be composed of men who knew God's peace (Num. 25:10-13; Mal. 2:1-9). Israel's citizens could enjoy fellowship with God in a special way through that sacrifice known as the peace offering (Lev. 3:1-17; 7:11-38; cf. 22:17-30), which express the joy and full communion the believer enjoyed with God. By this and by living out God's revealed word in absolute trust they could experience peace, true well being, in their daily lives (Ps. 119:165; Prov. 3:1-4; Isa. 26:3-4).

Sadly, a willful Israel failed time and again to enter into the intended peace that was theirs to claim because of the peoples' sinfulness (Isa. 48:16-19). Therefore, Israel was exiled from its land (cf. Deut. 29:19-20). Nevertheless, a patient, faithful, and loving Heavenly Father assured faithful believers that he would one day send the Prince of Peace (Isa. 9:6, 7) who would redeem them, restore them to their land (Jer. 33:6-9), and enact with them a great new covenant of peace (Isa. 54:10; Ezek. 34:24-31; 37:26-28).

The New Testament makes it clear that the promised Prince of Peace has indeed come (Luke 1:68-79) and through his atoning work has effected peace for all believers (Rom. 5:1; Eph. 2:14-17; Col. 1:20). ). By living in daily communion with the Lord through prayer and study of his word believers may learn to think his thoughts after him and so experience peace in all its fullness (Phil. 4:4-9). Thus, as Jesus promised, full peace comes to all who follow the Lord (John 14:27; 16:33). As believers await the second coming of the Prince of Peace, the message of God's peace through saving faith in Christ is to be carried to all the world (Acts 10:34-36; Rom. 10:9-15; Eph. 6:15), while themselves enjoying this peace, "which guards one's mind (Php 4:7) and one's relationships (Col 3:15) and is to be the chief relational dynamic in the home (1 Co 7:15) and in the church (1 Co 14:33)." 12

The Believer's Relations With Others

Patience

The second triad of Christian fruit bearing patience. Patience is one of the most difficult areas of the Christian life. Constantly changing circumstances test people's patience; yet patience is presented in the Scriptures as essential to proper Christian living. Of the several words dealing with patience in the New Testament one of the most frequent is makrothumia, (or" longsuffering"). It is, perhaps, the key to the several words regarding patience, for it rightly points to the character of God. Because God is patient, he bore with the world of total spiritual bankruptcy in the days of Noah (1 Pet. 3:20). He is presently delaying the great Day of Judgment in order to prolong the day of salvation (2 Pet. 3:15). God's patience, therefore, should bring men to repentance (Rom. 2:4; 9:22-24).

Because God is patient, believers ought also to be patient (Matt. 18:21-35). Several examples of patience can be noted in the Old Testament. Perhaps the finest of these is that of Jacob who worked for some 14 years in order to marry Rachel and he continued to serve his untrustworthy father-in- law for still another 6 years.13 New Testament believers have a rich source of aid in being "longsuffering," for it is a fruit of the Spirit (Gal. 5:22). By knowing and obeying God's will believers are spiritually equipped "with all power according to his glorious might for the display of all patience and steadfastness, joyfully" (Col. 1:11). Not only the Christian ministers (2 Cor. 6:6), who most assuredly must develop this character trait (1 Tim. 1:16), but every Christian should be marked by godly patience toward all (1 Thess. 5:14). Patience enables the believer to walk worthy of his calling (Eph. 4:2; Col. 3:12) and helps reproduce the same performance of faith in other believers (Heb. 6:11-12). Moreover, as believers await the sure return of Christ for his church, godly patience conditions them to face all of life's trials. Thus James reminds his readers,

    So be patient, brother and sisters, until the Lord's return. Think of how the farmer waits for the precious fruit of the ground and is patient for it until it receives the early and late rains. You also be patient and strengthen your hearts, for the Lord's return is near (James 5:7-8).

A second word group for patience (hypomenē and related forms) is customarily rendered by such words as "endurance" or "endure." These describe an aspect of God's patience (Rom. 15:5) as well as that of his Son, Jesus Christ (Heb. 12:2). ). "Endurance" (or patience) is not simply a passive resignation to the inevitable, however, it is, "an unruffled expectancy of God's salvation, to be fulfilled in the coming of our Lord (1 Th 1:2f ; Rev 1:9). The motives behind it are hope attaining perfection and salvation. For its exercise Christ is our model." 14

Believers have a resident source of such endurance (or patience). Because of the Holy Spirit's empowering, believers can stand fast in afflictions and trials (2 Cor. 6:4; 2 Thess. 1:4), being assured that tribulation produces patience (Rom. 5:3). Although testing of the Christian's faith may come, this can produce endurance (or enduring patience, James 1:3). This kind of patience produces hope (Rom. 5:3-4) and joy (Col. 1:11), and receives God's commendation (1 Pet. 2:19-20). Such is necessary for Christian leaders (1 Tim. 6:11) and the whole church membership (Heb. 10:32-39). If Christians would reign with Christ, they must endure patiently (2 Tim. 2:12).

A third word that bears a related concept to the ideas of longsuffering and endurance to designate patience (kartereō) embodies several English meanings and emphases such as "be strong," "hold on to," and "endure," hence a sense of perseverance. Although it occurs but once in the New Testament, and that in connection with Moses' forsaking of Egypt (Heb. 11:27), it does provide a rich source of information. In the wider context of Greek literature, the above mentioned English understandings can be found in contexts dealing with the patient endurance of suffering where the ordinary and ethical emphases could be blended together. A prime example is found in the intertestamental book of 4 Maccabees. This book recounts the story of the savage martyrdom of seven brothers. It is reported that the brothers encouraged one another with such words as, "Courage, brothers! Hold on nobly!" (4 Macc.13:11). One of the brothers cried out to his persecutors that they could endure such sufferings because of their "training in divine virtue" (4 Macc. 10:10-11). The example of these brothers demonstrates that this word could convey a spiritual strength that enabled one to endure great persecution.

Thus as distinct from the previous two New Testament words for the concept of patience, kartereō underscores the idea of a proper and courageous God-given strength that sees one through anything, which life presents. Such a steadfast perseverance comes not from a mere holding out to the end but from a holding on to that which is right and, above all, to him who is the source of strength for the believer's life.

In his translation of Hebrews 11:27 Luther (Die Heilege Schrift) may have said it just right: "By faith . . . he held on to him whom he did not see as though he saw him." Indeed, the author of Hebrews focuses his attention on the unassailable fact that when Moses forsook Egypt and all the material gain it had to offer (cf. Acts 7:22), he did not leave through fear of the Pharaoh. His eyes of faith beheld the invisible One. No earthly king caused him fear because Moses had committed himself to the ultimate Ruler of the Universe.

It is no less the case for today's believers than it was for Moses. Neither human ruler nor earthly trial nor the uncertain future need hold any fear for Christians. For by faith they hold on to the One whom having not seen they love; "You do not see him now but you believe in him, and so you rejoice with indescribable and glorious joy, because you are attaining the goal of your faith-the salvation of your souls" (1 Pet. 1:8-9). Nor should mere material gain allure believers. Rather, they must courageously and steadfastly run with patience the race of life that is set before them, "Keeping our eyes fixed on Jesus, the pioneer and perfecter of our faith" (Heb. 12:2).

To be sure, it is only first term for patience that appears in Galatians 5:22,. Nevertheless, all three Greek words that we have examined occur in New Testament and have much to tell us with regard to patience. They teach us that although at times believers are called on to suffer long through the challenges, which life presents, they can steadfastly endure and with strong faith run the race they are called on to run. For ultimately genuine patience comes as the fruit of the Holy Spirit.

Kindness

The Greek noun used here has an interesting and noble history. In secular Greek the adjective from the same root conveys such meanings as "upright" or "decent," while the noun could bear such meanings as; "honesty, " " respectability, " "worthiness, " and "friendliness' as well as "kindness." In the Greek translation of the Old Testament (LXX) this noun regularly appears as the rendering of a Hebrew word for "good/goodness " and with few exceptions was reserved for the character and actions of God. Note, for example, Psalm 85:12: "The LORD will bestow his good blessings." The adjectival form likewise could be used of God; for example, "Give thanks to the LORD, for he is good and his loyal love endures"! (Ps. 106:1).15

It is in the New Testament, however, that we find some especially significant emphases for Christian faith in practice. Here the meanings "kind" and "kindness" can be richly discerned. Thus Romans 2:4 serves as a reminder that it is the rich kindness of God that leads people to repentance.16 In this passage we learn that God's kindness is accompanied by his forbearance and patience, while serving as further illustrations of the depth and breadth of God's kindness.17

Kindness thus provides for that first necessary step-repentance, which then leads to a person's salvation. As believers grow in their Christian life, which in turn is experienced via God's kindness, they should deeply desire to grow in the knowledge of God's Word (1 Pet. 2:3). Indeed, those who have experienced God's gracious kindness in being saved through Christ Jesus have the rich heritage of eternal life (Tit. 3:4-7). As saved by grace and beneficiaries of God's kindness Christians are not only greatly blessed (Eph. 2:4-8), but must be aware that they are "his workmanship, having been created in Christ Jesus for good works prepared beforehand so we may do them" (Eph. 2:10). This entails a continuing process of reflecting God's kindness in their Christian life (Rom. 11:22). Indeed, "This is clearly thought of as a dynamic process: In addition to the salvation already effected in Christ himself (and received by human beings in faith), it also includes the enduring attestation of this redemption in a person's life by that person's `continuing in kindness.'"18

Thus believers are to allow the fruit of the Spirit (Gal. 5:22) to be active in their lives. They should "be kind to one another, compassionate, forgiving one another, just as God in Christ also forgave you" (Eph. 4:32). With tender hearts of kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience they should support one another and allow God's lovingkindness through Christ to work itself out in them. Herein our word pair "kind/kindness" is reminiscent of our earlier remarks concerning the necessity of Christians to love one another as though they were family members. It is interesting to note in passing that the translation "kindly affectioned" (Rom. 12:10, KJV; NET, "mutual love" ) is particularly appropriate. For the English adjective "kind" and the adverb "kindly" are related to a root that has also produced the noun "kin." 19 Thus in treating a fellow believer kindly a Christian treats another Christian as he would a member of his own family, with all that full family membership entails. Rather than "biting" or "devouring" one another (cf. Gal. 5:15), those who claim Jesus' name would do well to remember Paul's injunction concerning family love (Rom. 12:10).20

Goodness

Building upon the influence of the LXX, the concept the concept of goodness takes on a special emphasis in the New Testament as an active virtue.21 As a noun, goodness, it occurs only four times in the New Testament-all four in the Pauline Epistles (Rom. 15:14; Gal 5:22; Eph. 5:9; 2 Thess. 1:4). It is less than surprising that the virtue goodness has its origin in the character of God. Indeed, "It is of the nature of God to be good. This characteristic is not changeable or diminishing, nor does it have a beginning or an end."22

In this regard, on Mount Sinai the Lord declared to Moses, "I will make all my goodness pass before your face and I will proclaim the LORD by name before you" (Exod. 33:19). Stuart points out that by saying this the goodness of God was, "not so much a thing to be seen at a certain time by looking in a certain direction but an ongoing experience of the nature of God as he manifest his nature for the benefit of his people through his beneficent covenant."23 The Psalmists repeatedly extol the fact that God is good (e.g., Pss. 25:8; 34:8; 73:1; 86:5; 100:5; 106:1; 107:1; 118:1; 135:3; 136:1), a theme echoed also by Nahum who points out that although God will surely equitably execute his judgment where it is needed (Nahum 1:2-6), to those who put their trust in him, "The LORD is good-indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him (Nahum 1:7).24 It is not only for times of distress, however, but God's goodness (and not just his beneficence) is ever available to faithful believers, for he cares for them much as a shepherd for his sheep (Ps.23). It is no less true with God's Son the Lord Jesus Christ, who is the Good Shepherd, who even laid down his life for the sheep (John 10:10-11; cf. Heb. 9:11-15).

Thus it is also the case that, not only Old Testament believers, but all "people, made in God's image and restored to that image by redemption, are also capable of good"... and "is one of the celebrated fruits of the Spirit that characterize those who belong to Christ."25 Indeed, because believers haven been taken into union with Christ, the Good Shepherd (col. 1:27), they are to be vehicles for reproducing God's goodness in their lives. The Apostle Paul commends the Roman Christians for being, "full of goodness" (Rom 15:14). In like manner Paul prays for the believers in Thessalonica that, "God will make you worthy of his calling and fulfill by his power your every desire for goodness and every work of faith, that the name of our Lord Jesus may be glorified in you, and you in him, according to the grace of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ" (2 Thess. 1:11-12).

As in our text in Galatians 5:22, so also in Ephesians 5:9 goodness appears in a list Christian virtues. Employing a mixed metaphor, Paul places goodness before righteousness and truth, thereby indicating that the outworking of genuine goodness will be evidenced in the manner in which believer's lives reflect God's character. That is, as they live in conformity with God's revealed mortal standards and apply them justly, with a genuine concern for avoiding any hint of falsehood, true goodness will be seen. In every way, then, believers are to conduct themselves so as to be witnesses to the power of God to produce a moral change in a person's character and life style (cf. Eph. 2:8-10; James 1:14-18).

And as they do so, Christians should " hold fast to that which is good (Gal 6:21) and seek to do good things (1Thess. 5:15) for all people (Gal 6:9-10. They should not neglect opportunities to be of help (Heb. 13:16) nor tire of doing so 2Thess. 3:13). Indeed, they should be `rich in good deeds' (1Tim. 6:18) and maintain a good walk before the Lord (1Pet. 3:16)."26 Surely such is in accord with the divine purpose for God's human family in giving his Son as the Redeemer of mankind (cf. Tit. 2:11-15). Indeed, the writer of Hebrews testifies to this truth in his closing benediction:

    Now may the God of peace who by the blood of the eternal covenant brought back from the dead the great shepherd of the sheep, our Lord Jesus Christ, equip you with every good thing to do his will, working in us what is pleasing before him through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever (Heb. 13:20-21)

Principles for Godly Living

Faithfulness

The various words and their associated forms associated with faith and faithfulness occur well over 300 times in the New Testament. As such they convey many associated meanings such as: believe, trust/trustworthiness, reliability, and confidence. Although the various emphases expressed in the several forms of the Greek root have been examined and discussed in such sources as detailed word studies, lexicons, dictionaries, and theological books and treatises, our goal here is to uncover the basic core idea underlying all these forms so as to understand faithfulness as a fruit of the Spirit and its implications for Christian living.

It should be observed at the outset that faithfulness must not be divorced from its relation to the believer's faith. By faith is meant neither unquestioning mental assent to creedal dogma, nor some vague impression, nor yet some emotional momentary feeling. Rather, faith involves a genuine belief and commitment to Christ, which results in an active and productive Christian life. Simply defined, faith is a whole-soul commitment to the person and work of Christ, resting in the sufficiency of the evidence. Genuine faith is life changing. Indeed, true faith produces faithfulness. Thus faith and faithfulness are inevitably bound together, faithfulness being the natural outflow of genuine faith and belief.

Such a concept is already evident in the Old Testament. Thus Habakkuk declares that unlike the unrighteous, whose "desires are not upright," the "person of integrity will live because of his faithfulness" (Hab. 2:4). Here the word "faithfulness" can also be understood as "faith." Thus a person of genuine faith, a true believer, is one in whom God's righteous character is being reproduced in a life of faithfulness before God and in all circumstances with others. A prime example of faith and faithfulness may be seen in Abram: "Abram believed the LORD, and the LORD considered his response of faith as proof of genuine loyalty" (Gen. 15:6). As Ross observes, "Abram accepted the Word of the Lord as reliable and true and acted in accordance with it; consequently, the Lord declared Abram righteous and therefore acceptable."27 Not only is Abram's belief and right standing with God seen in the Bible, but the outworking of his faith in his faithful walk before God (cf. Heb. 11:8-12; James 2:20-24). In sum, the one who truly has faith will be faithful!

The blending of faith and faithfulness can be further demonstrated in the use of Habakkuk 2:4 by the writers of the New Testament. Paul declares, "The righteous by faith will live" (Rom. 1:17). This stresses the fact that only the one who has believed God and has real faith in Christ's finished work is truly spiritually alive. The writer of Hebrews, however, places emphasis on the demonstration of faith in the life of the person of faith: "My righteous one will live by faith" (Heb. 10:37).28

Thus it may be said that faith, "in the vocabulary of Christians is not only belief and trust, but also faithfulness and loyalty. Put technically and linguistically, `faith' is both active and passive in sense. It is not only the inspiration of all religion but is also a moral excellence."29 Indeed, persons of true faith, real believers, will reflect God's own faithfulness (cf. Isa. 49:7; Lam. 3:23; 1 Cor. 1:9; 2 Thess. 3:3). Thus the fruit of the Spirit is attested in such areas of living as those which involve trustworthiness (1 Cor. 4:2), dependability or reliability (I Tim. 1:12), and a consistency of life that so testifies to their genuine faith that it receives an eternal reward (2 Tim. 4:7-8; Rev. 2:10). The hymn writer has expressed it well:

    My life, my love, I give to Thee,

    Thou Lamb of God, who died for me,

    O may I ever faithful be,

    My Saviour and my God!30

Gentleness

A second virtue in connection with godly living is gentleness. Gentleness begins with an inner quality of heart attitude. Thus Peter points out that it is not one's external appearance that is paramount, "but the inner person of the heart, the lasting beauty of a gentle and tranquil spirit, which is precious in God's sight" (1 Pet. 3:4). This kind of heart comes through the believer's union with Christ who describes his own self as "gentle and humble in heart" (Matt. 11:29). This was demonstrated in his life. As prophesied Jesus came to earth and lived in humble circumstances. Even later his triumphal entry into Jerusalem came not as a victorious warrior or riding on a charger or in a splendid chariot, but "unassuming and seated on a donkey, and on a colt, the foal of a donkey" (Matt. 21:5 cf. Zech. 9:9).31

Accordingly, as a fruit of the Spirit, gentleness begins with a heart attitude (1 Pet. 3:4) that flows out toward others. James remarks, "Who is wise and understanding among you? By his good conduct he should show his works in the gentleness that wisdom brings (James 3:13). Paul exhorts the Colossian Christians to have a Christ-like heart, which extends itself in a gentleness toward others and, when necessary, reaches out in forgiveness (Col. 3:12-13). Paul similarly in Ephesians 4:1-3 links gentleness of conduct with such virtues as humility, patience, and a love toward fellow believers which makes "every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace."

Such a heart attitude should be especially prominent in church leaders (1 Tim. 6:11). In cases where needed spiritual correction is called for, the more spiritually mature should "restore such a person in a spirit of gentleness" (Gal.6:1). As well, where defending the faith is involved believers should "always be ready to give an answer to anyone who asks about the hope you possess. Yet do it with courtesy and respect, keeping a good conscience" (1 Pet. 3:15-16). In both cases, then, the early proverb proves itself true: "A gentle response turns away anger but a harsh word stirs up wrath" (Prov. 15:1). In all these instances gentleness is not to be equated with weakness but rather involves an inner God-given strength of character, which shields a person from arrogance. Accordingly, gentleness is a fit accompaniment an introduction to the next virtue-self-control.

Self-Control

In secular Greek the noun translated here as "self-control" occurs quite frequently as do the verb "exercise self-control" and the adjective "self-controlled." All three are derived from a root meaning "strength." Their common thought involves that of a person's self-mastery that keeps him from being tempted or drawn away by any enticement, or anything that would divert him from his goal. This trilogy of words occurs but six times in the New Testament.

In addition to Galatians 5:23 the noun appears only in Acts 25 as a subject of discussion along the lines of righteousness and the coming judgment between Paul and the Roman Procurator (NET, governor) of Judea, and as a part of a catalog of virtues, which Peter exhorts his readers to exercise (2 Pet. 1:6). The adjective "self-controlled" appears as one of the qualifications of an elder in Titus 1:8. In his first letter to the Corinthians Paul uses the verbal form two times. In the first (1 Cor. 7:9) he urges the need for self-control of sexual desire.32 Paul second employment of the verb is perhaps the most familiar. Under the imagery of an athletic contest, Paul points out that in order to win, each athlete must exercise self-control (1 Cor. 9:25). As Hodge points out, each Christian can be a victor in the race of Christian living: "In the Christian race there are many victors; but the point of the exhortation is that all should run as the one victor ran in the Grecian games . . . If the heathen submitted to such severe discipline to gain a wreath of olive or garland of pine leaves, should not Christians do as much for a crown of righteousness which fadeth not away?"33

Much depends, therefore, on the believer's need for exercising discernment and discipline as much as did Paul in his service as an apostle and conveyor of the truth of the Gospel. Paul's use of the noun self-control as the last virtue in Galatians 5:23, however, adds to it the teaching of 1 Corinthians 9:25 by emphasizing the fact that personal success comes through the Spirit led life. As Christians yield to the leading of the Holy Spirit they will increasingly gain the ability to lead a consistently disciplines life for the Lord (cf. Gal. 5:25 with Rom. 7:5-6; 2 Tim. 1:4, 14) and live harmoniously together (Gal. 5:26).

Concluding Observations

In the above discussion it was noted that the list of nine virtues relative to the fruit of the Spirit in believers falls into three sets of three each: those that deal with the soul's well-being, those that deal with the believer's relations with others, and those that provide principles for the believer's proper conduct. Our examination of these nine virtues began with love. As we noted, the particular word group for love used here indicates a total soul's all-consuming reflection of God's love, which in turn reaches out to others and seeks God's best for them. As such it not only properly heads the list of virtues relative to the fruit of the Spirit, but also conditions all the other listed virtues.

It can also be suggested, therefore, that each of three virtues that stands at the head of each set of virtues in a sense conditions the two that follow, while the third in each set looks to the first virtue of the following set. Thus genuine love produces both an abiding joy of life that enables the Christian to rejoice in any and all circumstances as well as a valid sense of peace-a realization of well-being both with God and with others.

Where such "peace" exists, the believer is more likely to enjoy good relations with others. This entails a patience, which can enable believers to face all of life's trials, endure patiently any and all circumstances they experience, and do so with God-given strength. Those who are truly patient are most likely to reach out in acts of kindness toward others and be desirous of doing good to all.

Those who thus reflect God's own goodness will in turn be those who are people of a genuine faith, which is demonstrated in faithfulness to God and in all earthly relationships. A person of active faith and faithfulness can characteristically be seen to reproduce a gentleness of heart like unto Jesus' own heart. Moreover, rather than being willfully independent, they will wish to lead a disciplined life, surrendered to the Spirit's leading and control. Thus the love of God, resident in the believer's life and experienced as a fruit of the Spirit, finds it goal in a disciplined, orderly, and productive life, which reflects his great love for a needy mankind.

As the believer experiences each of the virtues labeled the "fruit of the Spirit", it becomes clear to him that the Spirit-led life is the means to living a Christ-centered life. Indeed, Jesus himself taught that upon his departure he would send the Holy Spirit and, "when he, the Spirit of truth, comes, he will guide you into all truth" (John 14:26; 16:13). Because Christians stand spiritually united to Christ and are indwelled (John 14:16; 1 Cor. 3:16) and sealed (Eph. 1:13) by the Holy Spirit, his power (Eph. 3:16) is available to lead (Rom. 8:13-14) and guide them into a consistent, productive, and fulfilling life for Christ (John 16:13-16; Gal. 2:20; 5:24-25; Phil. 1:21). When the fruit of the Spirit becomes the believer's daily experience-a living reality-his life at last becomes a truly successful and rewarding one. May each believer reflect the hymn writer's thoughts:

        Holy Spirit, faithful Guide,

        Ever near the Christian side;

        Gently lead us by the hand,

        Pilgrims in a desert land;

        Weary souls for-e'er rejoice

        While they hear that sweetest voice,

        Whisp'ring softly, "Wand'rer come!

        Follow me, I'll guide thee home."34

                       

1 Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Temper Longman, III, eds., "Fruit, Fruitfulness," in Dictionary of Biblical Imagery (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998), 311.

2 Leon Morris, The Gospel According to John, The New International Commentary on The New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), 671. The Psalmist points out that committed believers will, like a palm tree, "bear fruit when they are old; they are filled with filled with vitality and have many leaves" Ps. 92:14). See further, Richard D. Patterson," Psalm 92:12-15: The Flourishing of the Righteous," Bibliotheca Sacra, 166 (2009): 271-88.

3 See further J. B. Lightfoot, The Epistle of St. Paul to the Galatians (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1957), 212-13.

4 Hermann Cremer, Biblico-Theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek, trans. William Urwick. Fourth rev. ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1954), 610.

5 The root behind the second half of this compound word comes from the root storgein and was employed particularly for family love. The resultant compound word this emphasizes the strong need for Christians to show genuine affection for each other. See also below the discussion under kindness.

6 Richard D. Patterson, "God So Loved the World," Biblical Studies Press (2010): 2.

7 Robert Keith Rapa, "Galatians," in The Expositor's Bible Commentary, eds, Tremper Longman III, and David E. Garland, Rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008) 11:630.

8 Unless otherwise noted, all English translations are taken from the NET.

9 Ryken, Wilhoit, and Longman III, " Joy, " in Dictionary, 465.

10 Ibid.

11 Charles Wesley, Rejoice the Lord is King.

12 Rapa, "Galatians," 11: 631.

13 Job's patience under difficult circumstances became legendary. A closer reading of the Job story, however, reveals that his patience did not always rise to the occasion. Thus although God commends Job for his blameless character (Job 1:8; 2:3) and Job maintains that such is the case (Job 27:5-6; 29:14), he often appears to be impatient with God's treatment of him (e.g., Job 9:23; 10:14; 23:10-16; 27:2-6), which Job himself comes to recognize (Job 42: 5-6). Nevertheless, James concedes the fact that Job displayed enduring trust in the Lord (James 5:11; cf. Job 13: 10,15; 14:14-17; 19: 24-27). See further, J. B. Mayor, The Epistle of James (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1954), 163-64.

14 Nigel Turner, Christian Words (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1980), 319.

15 For the Lord's kindness towards his own in times of testing, see Nahum 1:7. See further, Richard D. Patterson, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah (Richardson, TX, Biblical Studies Press, 2003), 39-40, 42;_______ "Nahum, " in Minor Prophets Hosea-Malach, Cornerstone Biblical Commentary (Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 2008) 10:366-67.

16 Elsewhere Paul speaks of the riches of God's grace (Eph. 1:7; 2:7) and of the riches of his glory (Eph. 3:16).

17 C. E. B. Cranfield (The Epistle to the Romans, The International Critical Commentary [Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1977] 1:144) observes that, "The piling up of synonymous or near-synonymous expressions is reminiscent of the language of prayer (cf., e.g., 1 Kgs 8:22ff; Neh 9:17; Dan 9:4ff; Wisd 15:1; Rev 4:11; 5:9, 12) and also of solemn exhortation (e.g., Deut 30).

18 J. Zmijewski, "Chrēstotēs," in Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament , 3:475.

19 All three words are ultimately related to a primitive root meaning "to produce" and to the German word for child, kind.

20 See the earlier discussion on love concerning the word philostorgos.

21 For details see Turner, Christian Words, 189-90; R. C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament, ninth edition (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953), 231-32.

22 Ryken, Wilhoit, and Longman III, ed., Dictionary, 344.

23 Douglas K. Stuart, Exodus, the New American Commentary, ed. E. Ray Clendenen (Nashville: Broadman &Holman, 2006), 706-07. Stuart adds further that Moses would learn something of the active nature of the fullness God's goodness subsequently in connection with the initiation of God's covenant with Israel (Exod. 34:4-7).

24 See further, Patterson, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, 40.

25 Ryken Wilhoit and Longman II, Dictionary, 344-45.

26 Richard D. Patterson, Psalm 145:A Psalm in `G Major' (Biblical Studies Press, 2009), 6.

27 Allen P. Ross, Creation and Blessing (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988), 310.

28 The NET translation of Galatians 3:11 likewise places emphasis on the aspect of faithfulness in the life of the person of faith, but also recognizes the emphasis of Romans 1:17 in the accompanying footnote. The order of the Greek text favors the emphasis of Romans 1:17.

29 Turner, Christian Words, 158.

30 Ralph E. Hudson, "I'll Live for Him."

31 No need exists to see a contradiction here in Matthew's account of Jesus' triumphal entry and those of the other Gospel writers, who mention one donkey. Although the other Gospel writers focus on the young donkey upon which Jesus was seated, Matthew's mentioning both the foal and the mother simply adds further details. Matthew does not picture Jesus riding into Jerusalem standing on both animals like a Roman charioteer. Rather, Matthew's mention of the mother donkey's being along is simply that she provided a steadying influence for the unbroken colt upon which Jesus sat. Interestingly enough, the tradition of royalty riding upon an unbroken or special colt is a very ancient Semitic custom. In any case, Jesus choice of animals displays his essential gentleness.

32 In this regard Rapa, "Galatians," 11:631 points out that "'self-control' is the quality of mastery over one's impulses and faculties lending aid in one's struggle in resisting temptation."

33 Charles Hodge, An Exposition of the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), 167-68.

34 Marcus M. Wells, "Holy Spirit, Faithful Guide."

Related Topics: Spiritual Life

Equipping the Saints Course

The Equipping The Saints Course consists of Nine Books covering Eleven Major Subject Areas essential to growth and discipleship in the Christian Life. These subjects are “layered” throughout the various courses so that a student is normally working on at least three areas simultaneously.

Below are the listing of books in the course. Each course has video, audio and pdf downloads available. You may purchase these courses in print form in the online store here Click the links below to visit the individual books.

Master Plan for Biblical Discipleship

Book 1A

Book 1B

Book 2A

Book 2B

Book 3A

Book 3B

Book 4A

Book 4B

Related Topics: Basics for Christians, Discipleship

Principles And Practice Of Prayer

Related Media

Course Description

The PURPOSE OF THE COURSE is fivefold:

    1. To examine the teaching of the Scriptures on the subject of prayer.

    2. To meet God together in prayer.

    3. To see the absolute necessity of a vital prayer experience in the life of the man/woman of God and of the Bride of Christ.

    4. To foster a sense of the urgency of prayer.

    5. To provide practical guidance in fostering a consistent and effective prayer life in the local church.

READING:

Only the reading listed below is required for this course. For your future use, an extensive bibliography is included in the syllabus. The four books listed below shall be read in their entirety. A brief written report on each book is to be turned in on the dates listed by each book. (If a student has read these, or one is unavailable, please suggest an alternate book to the professor for approval.) On each completion date, please turn in a brief typewritten report (no more than two pages) in which you discuss:

--the overall value of the book, and

--some special help you received by reading the book.

It is strongly recommended that the student own a copy of each of these books (available through Bibles and Books).

    1. FRESH WIND, FRESH FIRE by Jim Cymbala (Zondervan)

September 6

    2. THE PRAYER FACTOR by Sammy Tippit (Moody)

October 4

    3. DARING TO DRAW NEAR by John White (InterVarsity)

November 1

    4. PRAYING THE SCRIPTURES by Evan B. Howard (InterVarsity)

November 22

    5. PRAYER POWER UNLIMITED by J. Oswald Sanders (Moody)

December 6

Articles on prayer included with syllabus also to be read by Dec. 6 with 2 page (double spaced) reaction paper.

NO MID-TERM OR FINAL EXAMS will be given in this course.

ATTENDANCE:

Because this course purposely has the emphasis on learning a habit, students are EXPECTED TO BE AT EVERY CLASS SESSION. The habit of prayer is as much or more caught than taught, therefore any student missing a class can expect 3 points to be taken from the final grade. Missing class before or after vacation periods will cause a double loss (6 points) of points from the final grade.

ASSIGNMENTS

The five assignments are given below:

    Assignment #1 - due August 23, 2002

Prepare a list of questions you have about prayer: its nature and practice. The questions may involve interpretation of Scripture passage, practical problems, etc.

    1. The list must be typed.

    2. These questions can be of great help to the instructor in developing various areas of the course.

    Assignment #2 - due September 20, 2002:

Prepare a study on prayer from Acts 12. Suggestions for approaching this study:

    1. Master the contents of the chapter, noting carefully the matters relating to the prayer life of the Christians and the Church.

    2. You may consult commentaries or any other helps you desire.

    3. As you study and pray over the chapter, give attention to the following:

      a. Note the historical setting of the event. What is the significance of it in this very early period of the church?

      b. What is the problem involved?

      c. How is the problem solved?

      d. What do you see here of Satanic activity . . . of human weaknesses . . . of spiritual strength?

      e. By the extension of the problem and the solution revealed here, what important lessons on prayer do you find for the personal life and for the Church?

      f. What is the connection of verses 20-23 with the rest of the chapter?

    4. Write a brief paper entitled “Instruction on Prayer from Acts 12.” (Note: This is the item to be handed in; all the above is just to help in approaching the study.)

      a. Remember that you are handling a chapter of Scripture text on the theme of PRAYER. Each item in your outline will have a verse indicator.

      b. Use other Scripture (outside of Acts 12) to support, illuminate, or illustrate your points.

    5. Your paper must be a maximum of four pages in length, typewritten, double-spaced.

    Assignment #3 - due October 18, 2002:

Prepare a study on the prayer requests of the Apostle Paul.

    1. Study carefully Paul’s requests for himself in the following five passages:

Romans 15:30-32; Ephesians 6:18-20; Colossians 4:2-4; 1 Thessalonians 5:25; 2 Thessalonians 3:1-2

    2. Make a careful list of the requests that he makes. These should be in your own words, carefully referenced. There will be duplicates. This is to be handed in with your essay.

    3. Following the list of requests, write a short essay (maximum of four pages) entitled “Instructions for My Prayer Life from the Requests of the Apostle Paul.” Your paper should include such matters as:

      a. The predominant burden of his requests.

      b. Any light his requests throw upon the nature of the prayer itself.

      c. Compare and contrast with the “average” Christian’s praying today.

      d. Any determination to which you have come concerning your own prayer life.

    4. You may consult any “helps” you wish, but evidence of personal study and thought will be looked for in your work.

    5. Your paper should be a maximum of four pages in length, typewritten, double-spaced.

    Assignment #4 - due November 22, 2002:

Prepare a brief study on INSTRUCTIONS FOR PRAYING FOR MISSIONARIES FROM OUR LORD'S PRAYER FOR HIS APOSTLES IN JOHN 17:6-19.

    1. Read the passage carefully, remembering that Jesus was praying for the first missionaries (His apostles) to be sent out in the Christian era.

    2. Note carefully His petitions for them, the need expressed for the petitions, etc.

    3. Give thought to the answers to these petitions as seen in the subsequent history of the apostles' ministries.

    4. Prepare a paper (maximum four pages), presenting the lessons learned for praying for missionaries today. The paper may take the form of an essay, or a list (lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. in full-sentence, short-paragraph form).

    Assignment #5 - please report on this on a single sheet of paper by December 6, 2002:

Pray/praise/confess/intercede an hour a week with someone not in this class. Married and engaged students are to pray with spouse/fianc. Singles should seek to disciple a person (same gender) to pray with: This could be a new believer or someone who simply desires to grow in his/her prayer life. Pray for and with this person over a period of time, seeking to help them establish a habit of regular prayer. This hour of prayer is not to be measured with the stopwatch (no legalism allowed), but neither is chit-chat time to be viewed as part of the hour.

If a mentoring possibility does not exist, please seek a prayer partner to pray with and learn from and pray for and with this person. Please pray with a degree of frequency one could call intense or urgent.

The report (one sheet double spaced) should share about how often you met, but most importantly what you learned or experienced about God or about yourself or about praying in this time together.

Married students are to share major principles learned in this course with their spouse as well as spend considerable time praying with their spouse. They are to report, in writing (1-2 pages) on the fact that these things happened and the value derived from doing it together. Any feedback from the spouse regarding the benefit of this course will be greatly appreciated.

Those having questions about this should contact the teacher.

    Assignments are due on the following dates:

Aug. 23

List of questions on prayer

Sept. 6

FRESH WIND, FRESH FIRE reaction paper

Sept. 20

Acts 12 paper

Oct. 4

THE PRAYER FACTOR reaction paper

Oct. 18

Paul’s prayers - paper

Nov. 1

DARING TO DRAW NEAR reaction paper

Nov. 22

PRAYING THE SCRIPTURES reaction paper

Nov. 22

John 17 paper

Dec. 6

PRAYER POWER UNLIMITED reaction paper

Dec. 6

SYLLABUS ARTICLES reaction paper, AND Prayer Partnership report

Related Topics: Prayer

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