MENU

Where the world comes to study the Bible

Chương trình cứu rỗi của Đức Chúa Trời

Related Media

I Giăng 5:11-12 Chừng ấy tức là Đức Chúa Trời đã ban sự sống đời đời cho chúng ta, và sự sống ấy ở trong Con Ngài. Ai có Đức Chúa Con thì có sự sống; ai không có Con Đức Chúa Trời thì không có sự sống.

Đoạn kinh thánh này cho chúng ta biết rằng Chúa đã ban cho chúng ta sự sống đời đời và sự sống ấy ở trong Con Ngài, là Đức Chúa Giêsu. Nói cách khác, để có sự sống đời đời thì ta phải tin nhận Đức Chúa Giêsu. Vấn đề ở đây là, làm thế nào một người có thể tin nhận Đức Chúa Giêsu?

Vấn đề của loài người

Xa cách Chúa

Ê-sai 59:2 Nhưng ấy là sự gian ác các ngươi làm xa cách mình với Đức Chúa Trời; và tội lỗi các ngươi đã che khuất mặt Ngài khỏi các ngươi, đến nỗi Ngài không nghe các ngươi nữa.

-ma 5:8 Nhưng Đức Chúa Trời tỏ lòng yêu thương Ngài đối với chúng ta, khi chúng ta còn là người có tội, thì Đấng Christ vì chúng ta chịu chết.

Theo -ma 5:8, Đức Chúa Trời đã bày tỏ lòng yêu thương của Ngài đối với chúng ta qua sự chết của Con Ngài. Tại sao Chúa Giêsu vì chúng ta mà chịu chết? Bởi vì Kinh Thánh viết rằng mọi người đều có tội. "Tội lỗi" có nghĩa là sa ngã. Kinh Thánh viết "vì mọi người đều đã phạm tội, thiếu mất sự vinh hiển (sự thánh khiết) của Đức Chúa Trời," (Rô-ma 3:23). Nói cách khác, tội lỗi của chúng ta đã làm chúng ta xa cách Chúa thánh khiết (công bình và chánh trực) và vì thế Chúa phải xét đoán tội nhân.

Habacúc 1:13 Mắt Chúa thánh sạch chẳng nhìn sự dữ, chẳng có thể nhìn được sự trái ngược

Việc làm vô ích của chúng ta

Kinh Thánh cũng dạy rằng không có phẩm chất, việc làm, đạo đức và đức tin nào của con người được Chúa chấp nhận hoặc Chúa không cho phép ai vào thiên đàng. Người có hoặc không có đạo đức và đức tin cũng giống nhau. Tất cả họ đều không có được sự công bình của Đức Chúa Trời. Sau khi bàn về người có đạo đức, người vô luân và người có đức tin trong sách Rô-ma 1:18-3:08, Môn đồ Phaolô tuyên bố rằng cả người Do Thái và Hy Lạp đều phạm tội, rằng "Chẳng có một người công bình nào hết, dẫu một người cũng không." (Rô-ma

Ê-phê-sô 2:8-9 Vả, ấy là nhờ ân điển, bởi đức tin, mà anh em được cứu, điều đó không phải đến từ anh em, bèn là sự ban cho của Đức Chúa Trời. Ấy chẳng phải bởi việc làm đâu, hầu cho không ai khoe mình;

Tít 3:5-7, không phải cứu vì việc công bình chúng ta đã làm, nhưng cứ theo lòng thương xót Ngài, bởi sự rửa về sự lại sanh và sự đổi mới của Đức Thánh Linh 6 mà Ngài đã rải ra trên chúng ta cách dư dật bởi Đức Chúa Jêsus Christ, Cứu Chúa chúng ta; 7 hầu cho chúng ta nhờ ơn Ngài được xưng công bình, trở nên con kế tự của Ngài trong sự trông cậy của sự sống đời đời.

Rô-ma 4:1-5 Vậy, chúng ta sẽ nói Ap-ra-ham, tổ phụ chúng ta, theo xác thịt đã được ích gì? 2 Thật thế nếu Ap-ra-ham đã được xưng công bình bởi việc làm, thì có cớ khoe mình; nhưng trước mặt Đức Chúa Trời không có như vậy. 3 Vì Kinh Thánh có dạy chi? Ap-ra-ham tin Đức Chúa Trời, và điều đó kể là công bình cho người.4 Vả, đối với kẻ nào làm việc, thì tiền công không kể là ơn, nhưng kể như là nợ, 5 còn kẻ chẳng làm việc chi hết, nhưng tin Đấng xưng người có tội là công bình, thì đức tin của kẻ ấy kể là công bình cho mình.

Con người không có đức tính tốt như Đức Chúa Trời. Ngài thật công bình. Chính vì điều này, Ha-ba-cúc 1:13 cho chúng ta biết Chúa không thể có mối tương giao với những ai không có sự công bình. Để được chấp nhận bởi Đức Chúa Trời, chúng ta phải có đức tính tốt như Ngài. Trước mặt Chúa, tất cả chúng ta đều trần truồng, bất lực và vô vọng. Chúng ta không có đời sống tốt đẹp để được nhận vào thiên đàng hay được ban sự sống đời đời. Vậy, giải pháp là gì?

Giải pháp của Đức Chúa Trời

Đức Chúa Trời không chỉ thánh khiết ( sự thánh khiết mà con người chúng ta không tự có được hay nhờ việc làm công bình) mà còn có lòng yêu thương vô bờ và đầy ân điển và lòng thương xót. Vì lòng yêu thương và ân điển của Ngài, Ngài để lại cho chúng ta niềm hy vọng và một giải pháp.

-ma 5:8 Nhưng Đức Chúa Trời tỏ lòng yêu thương Ngài đối với chúng ta, khi chúng ta còn là người có tội, thì Đấng Christ vì chúng ta chịu chết.

Đây là tin lành của Kinh Thánh, là thông điệp của Phúc Âm. Đây là thông điệp về một món quà đó chính là Con Đức Chúa Trời, được sai xuống làm người (người của Chúa ), sống một cuộc sống vô tội, đã chết trên thập tự giá vì tội lỗi của chúng ta, và đã sống lại từ ngôi mộ để chứng minh cho hai sự thật: Người là con của Đức Chúa Trời và ý nghĩa sự chết của Ngài là chết thay cho chúng ta.

Rô-ma 1:04 theo thần linh của thánh đức, thì bởi sự sống lại của Ngài từ trong kẻ chết, được tỏ ra là Con Đức Chúa Trời có quyền phép, tức là Đức Chúa Jêsus Christ, Chúa chúng ta,

Rô-ma 4:25 Ngài đã bị nộp vì tội lỗi chúng ta, và sống lại vì sự xưng công bình của chúng ta.

II Cô-rinh-tô 5:21 Đức Chúa Trời đã làm cho Đấng vốn chẳng biết tội lỗi trở nên tội lỗi vì chúng ta, hầu cho chúng ta nhờ Đấng đó mà được trở nên sự công bình của Đức Chúa Trời.

I Peter 3:18 Vả, Đấng Christ cũng vì tội lỗi chịu chết một lần, là Đấng công bình thay cho kẻ không công bình, để dẫn chúng ta đến cùng Đức Chúa Trời; về phần xác thịt thì Ngài đã chịu chết, nhưng về phần linh hồn thì được sống.

Chúng ta tiếp nhận Con Đức Chúa Trời bằng cách nào?

Chúa Giêsu hy sinh cho chúng ta trên thập tự giá, Kinh Thánh có viết "Ai tin Con Ngài thì được sống." Chúng ta hãy tiếp nhận Con Ngài, là Đức Chúa Giêsu, làm Cứu Chúa bởi đức tin của mình, bởi đức tin nơi Đấng Christ sự chết thay cho tội lỗi của chúng ta.

Giăng 1:12 Nhưng hễ ai đã nhận Ngài, thì Ngài ban cho quyền phép trở nên con cái Đức Chúa Trời, là ban cho những kẻ tin danh Ngài,

Giăng 3:16-18 Vì Đức Chúa Trời yêu thương thế gian, đến nỗi đã ban Con một của Ngài, hầu cho hễ ai tin Con ấy không bị hư mất mà được sự sống đời đời.. 17 Vả, Đức Chúa Trời đã sai Con Ngài xuống thế gian, chẳng phải để đoán xét thế gian đâu, nhưng hầu cho thế gian nhờ Con ấy mà được cứu. 18 Ai tin Ngài thì chẳng bị đoán xét đâu; ai không tin thì đã bị đoán xét rồi, vì không tin đến danh Con một Đức Chúa Trời.

Điều này có nghĩa là mỗi chúng ta phải đến với Chúa theo cùng một cách: (1) như một tội nhân đã nhận ra tội của mình, (2) nhận ra rằng việc làm của con người không thể có được sự cứu rỗi, và (3) tin cậy hoàn toàn vào Chúa bởi đức tin vì sự cứu rỗi của chúng ta .

Nếu bạn muốn tin nhận Đức Chúa Giêsu làm Cứu Chúa, bạn có thể bày tỏ đức tin trong Đức Chúa Giêsu bằng một lời cầu nguyện đơn giản thừa nhận tội lỗi của bạn, chấp nhận sự tha thứ của Ngài và đặt niềm tin của bạn trong Chúa Giêsu vì sự cứu rỗi.

Nếu bạn chỉ tin cậy Chúa Giêsu, bạn cần để tìm hiểu về cuộc sống mới của bạn và làm thế nào để bước đi với Chúa. Chúng tôi đề nghị bạn hãy bắt đầu bằng cách nghiên cứu ABCs for Christian Growth trực tuyến trên www.bible.org. Loạt bài sẽ này từng bước giúp bạn nắm được một số chân lý cơ bản của Kinh Thánh và giúp bạn xây dựng một nền tảng đức tin vững chắc trong Đấng Christ.

Plano de Salvação de Deus

 

(Este artigo foi traduzido por computador)

1 João 5:11-12 E este é o testemunho: Deus nos deu a vida eterna, e esta vida está em seu Filho. Aquele que tem o Filho tem a vida eterna, a quem não tem o Filho de Deus não tem a vida eterna.

 

Esta passagem nos diz que Deus nos deu a vida eterna, e esta vida está em seu Filho, Jesus Cristo. Em outras palavras, a maneira de possuir a vida eterna é possuir o Filho de Deus. A questão é, como uma pessoa pode ter o Filho de Deus?

 

O problema do homem

Separação de Deus

Isaías 59:2 Mas seus atos pecaminosos ter alienado vós eo vosso Deus; seus pecados levou a rejeitá-lo e não ouvir as suas orações.

 

Romanos 5:8 Mas Deus prova o seu próprio amor para conosco, em que, quando éramos ainda pecadores, Cristo morreu por nós.

 

De acordo com Romanos 5:8, Deus provou o Seu amor por nós através da morte de Seu Filho. Por que Cristo tem para morrer por nós? Porque a Bíblia declara que todos os homens são pecadores. Para o "pecado" significa errar o alvo. A Bíblia declara "todos pecaram e estão destituídos da glória (a perfeita santidade) de Deus" (Rm 3:23). Em outras palavras, o nosso pecado nos separa de Deus que é perfeita santidade (retidão e justiça) e Deus, tem que julgar o homem pecador.

 

Habacuque 1:13 a Está também apenas a tolerar o mal, você é incapaz de tolerar erros.

 

 

God's Plan of Salvation

 

A futilidade das nossas obras

Escritura também ensina que nenhuma quantidade de bondade humana, trabalhos humanos, moralidade humana, ou atividade religiosa podem ganhar aceitação de Deus ou podem levar alguém ao céu. O homem moral, o homem religioso, eo imoral e não religioso estão todos no mesmo barco. Todos eles ficam aquém da perfeita justiça de Deus. Depois de discutir o homem imoral, o homem moral, eo homem religioso em Romanos 1:18-3:8, o Apóstolo Paulo declara que judeus e gregos estão debaixo do pecado, que "não há um justo, nem um sequer" ( Rom. 3:9-10). Além disso, há as declarações dos seguintes versículos da Bíblia:

 

Efésios 2:8-9 Porque pela graça sois salvos, mediante a fé, e isto não vem de vós, é dom de Deus; 9 não é de obras, para que ninguém se glorie.

 

Tito 3:5-7, ele nos salvou, não por obras de justiça que temos feito, mas com base em sua misericórdia, pela lavagem do novo nascimento e da renovação do Espírito Santo, 6 que ele derramou sobre nós no plena medida por meio de Jesus Cristo, nosso Salvador. 7 E assim, uma vez que foram justificados pela sua graça, nos tornamos herdeiros com a confiante expectativa de vida eterna.

 

Romanos 4:1-5 O que diremos então que Abraão, nosso pai segundo a carne, descobriu sobre este assunto? 2 Porque, se Abraão foi justificado pelas obras da lei, ele tem de que se gloriar (mas não diante de Deus). 3 Pois o que diz a Escritura? "Abraão creu em Deus, e isso lhe foi creditado como justiça." 4 Ora, ao que trabalha, o salário não é creditado devido a graça, mas, devido à obrigação. 5 Mas ao que não trabalha, mas crê naquele que declara o justo ímpio, sua fé lhe é creditada como justiça.

God's Plan of Salvation

Nenhuma quantidade de bondade humana é tão boa quanto Deus. Deus é a justiça perfeita. Devido a isso, Habacuque 1:13 nos diz que Deus não pode ter comunhão com qualquer um que não tenha retidão perfeita. Para ser aceito por Deus, devemos ser tão bons quanto Deus é. Diante de Deus, todos nós nos encontramos nus, desamparados, e sem esperança em nós mesmos. Nenhuma quantidade de boa vida vai nos levar ao céu ou dar-nos a vida eterna. Qual é então a solução?

 

Solução de Deus

Deus não é só a santidade perfeita (cujo caráter santo nós nunca poderemos igualar ao nosso próprio caráter por nossas obras de justiça), mas Ele também é amor perfeito e cheio de graça e misericórdia. Por causa do Seu amor e graça, Ele não nos deixou sem esperança e sem solução.

 

Romanos 5:8 Mas Deus prova o seu próprio amor para conosco, em que, quando éramos ainda pecadores, Cristo morreu por nós.

 

Esta é a boa notícia da Bíblia, a mensagem do evangelho. É a mensagem do presente do próprio Filho de Deus que se tornou homem (o Homem-Deus), viveu uma vida sem pecado, morreu na cruz por nossos pecados, e foi levantado da tumba provando tanto o fato de que Ele é o Filho de Deus eo valor de Sua morte por nós como nosso substituto.

 

Romanos 1:4, que foi nomeado o filho-de-Deus-no-poder, segundo o Espírito Santo, pela ressurreição dos mortos, Jesus Cristo, nosso Senhor.

 

Romanos 4:25 Ele foi entregue por causa das nossas transgressões e ressuscitou por causa da nossa justificação.

 

2 Coríntios 5:21 Deus fez o único que não conheceu pecado, o fez pecado por nós, para que nele nós seria o eousness direita de Deus.

 

1 Pedro 3:18 Porque também Cristo padeceu uma vez pelos pecados, o justo pelos injustos, para levar-nos a Deus, por ter sido condenado à morte na carne, mas por ser vivificado no espírito.

 

Como Receber o Filho de Deus?

Por causa do que Jesus Cristo realizou por nós na cruz, a Bíblia diz: "Aquele que tem o Filho tem a vida." Nós podemos receber o Filho, Jesus Cristo, como nosso Salvador pela fé pessoal, crendo na pessoa de Cristo e Sua morte por nossos pecados.


João 1:12 Mas, a todos os que o receberam - aqueles que crêem no seu nome - ele deu o direito de se tornarem filhos de Deus


João 3:16-18 Porque esta é a maneira que Deus amou o mundo que deu o seu Filho unigênito que todo aquele que nele crê não pereça, mas tenha a vida eterna. 17 Porque Deus não enviou o seu Filho ao mundo para condenar o mundo, mas para que o mundo fosse salvo por ele. 18 Aquele que crê não é condenado. A pessoa que não acredita que já está julgado, porquanto não crê no nome do Filho único e de Deus.


Isto significa que cada um deve ir a Deus do mesmo modo: (1) como um pecador que reconhece o seu pecado, (2) percebe nenhuma obra humana pode resultar em salvação, e (3) confia totalmente em Cristo pela fé para a nossa salvação .


Se você gostaria de receber e confiar em Cristo como seu Salvador pessoal, você pode querer expressar a sua fé em Cristo por uma oração simples que reconheça seu pecado, aceitando o perdão dEle e pondo sua fé em Cristo para a sua salvação.


Se você já creu em Cristo, você precisa aprender sobre sua nova vida e como caminhar com o Senhor. Podemos sugerir que você comece estudando o ABC para on-line disponível no Crescimento Cristão www.bible.org. Esta série irá levá-lo passo-a-passo através de verdades básicas da Palavra de Deus e vai ajudá-lo a construir uma fundação sólida para sua fé em Cristo.

 


Note: We would like to have this article/tract translated into all the languages of the world. So if you do not see your language listed below, please translate it and send us a note to http://bible.org/contact?category=Translations. We will reply with an email address you can send attachments to. To help us create translated graphics, here is a document with the words from the graphics. Translate these words and we will make new graphics for your translation of the text.

AD or CE?

Related Media

The older terminology for dividing time was AD and BC, the one meaning anno domini (in the year of our Lord) and the other meaning “before Christ.” All time in the western world has been looked at through this lens. It is a distinctively Christian view of things. In the last few years, some Christian scholars (and several non-Christian writers) have begun to use CE and BCE, which refer to the “Common Era” and “Before the Common Era” respectively. Such a perspective is not necessarily hostile to the Christian faith. Rather, it simply does not affirm the explicitly Christian demarcations for time.

What are we to make of these things? First, it should be observed that AD/BC did not come into vogue until well into the fifteenth century, though by the ninth century AD was fairly popular (without an accompanying BC). As early as the sixteenth century, “AD,” “Christian era,” “common era,” and “Dionysian era” were all used interchangeably. Thus, it is hardly new to use “common era” for “AD.” In AD 525 (or 525 CE), Dionysius Exiguus invented the anno Domini nomenclature. Two hundred years later, in 731, the Venerable Bede was the first to utilize both AD and BC.

Before AD/BC were used, Christian scribes either marked time from creation (or the birth of Adam or even Abraham) or from the ruling powers. Of course, if their assessment as to the beginning of creation was wrong, then that dating scheme is skewed. And reckoning time from the reign of a sovereign lacked universality. Even if the ruler was an emperor, the calendar would typically start over with the next ruler.

When AD and BC began to become popular, their advantages became obvious to all. Now, finally, there was one clear demarcation that had universal applicability. Only one period in history was the starting point. Everything that was prior to this time started counting from this point as ground zero. This had the obvious advantage of being more open-ended concerning the beginning of the created world. In addition, it had sufficient flexibility for seeing a much earlier date for creation, as well as the beginnings of the universe. To be sure, this was not on the minds of those who promoted the new terminology. But today, when even evangelical Christians are all over the map regarding the origins of mankind (let alone the universe!), using “BC” has a great advantage over a scheme which begins with the creation of Adam!

As for “AD,” the great advantage here is that the focal point of all history is centered in the incarnation of Christ. Jesus Christ is surely infinitely more significant than either Adam or any emperor—or all the emperors who have ever lived. One German scholar wrote a commentary on Luke called Die Mitte der Zeit (“the center of time”). That says it well: Jesus Christ is the fulcrum of all of life and all of history. All chronology is split by whether it is before Christ or after Christ.

Why, then, should any evangelical use CE and BCE? There are at least three reasons for this. First, this nomenclature distinguishes our western tradition from biblical authority. None of the apostles ever used BC and AD. The terminology, as we have noted, was not invented for hundreds of years, and it took nearly a millennium after that before its usage became popular. As important as the concept of BC and AD are to believers, the terminology is not on the same level. All of the apostles conceived of time from the incarnation of the theanthropic person (or, more properly, from his death and resurrection), but they registered time in the same way that everyone else in their society did: from the reign of the current emperor. When evangelicals insist that others should use BC and AD, because to do otherwise is not Christian, they are inadvertently elevating tradition to the level of biblical authority. Second, in our pluralistic society, more and more people don’t even know what BC and AD mean! And it’s only going to get worse. Should an evangelical today be faulted for utilizing societal conventions which aid in communication? That is partially what is at issue in this debate. Third, the reasons I use CE and BCE are simply that I tend to write to a broad readership. Many of them are already offended at the Christian message. There is no need to put more stumbling blocks in their path. Rather, I want folks to wrestle with the real arguments and the real substance of what I’m talking about. If using CE and BCE will open the doors for even one unbeliever in the real discussion, while using AD and BC would so prejudice him from the start that he cannot see the arguments, then I will use CE and BCE. After all, if anything in our message should be a stumbling block it should be Jesus Christ himself, not the symbols of our implicit belief in him.

As an imperfect analogy, consider this: There are some good Christian southerners who are proud of the Confederate flag. In the deep south, many of them prominently fly that flag over their homes. To them, the Confederate flag symbolizes a fierce independence, a highly defined cultural ethos, a regional pride. But to others who are not from the south, it symbolizes racism, slavery, prejudice, hate. Indeed, the Confederate flag symbolizes this to many, if not most, African-American southerners. I have yet to see any black man hoist a Confederate flag on his front lawn! The sad thing is that there are many good Christian southerners who have no racial prejudice—and yet they fly the flag. The question I have for them is this: If you are trying to reach your black neighbors for Christ, don’t you think putting up the flag is an unnecessary roadblock? How can they possibly see this flag as representing anything but racial prejudice?

Now, admittedly, that’s a very imperfect analogy. Using “BC” and “AD” is directly related to our convictions of Jesus Christ as the most significant figure in all of human history. The message is clear; the symbol itself points to him as the stumbling block. In these respects, BC/AD is unlike the symbol of the Confederate flag. At the same time, there is an attractiveness, a winsomeness, about wooing someone to Christ without having to parade our convictions before them. In short, I have no problem with those who use BC and AD, but in my writings that are intended for a broader audience, I prefer to use the less offensive BCE and CE. People will get offended enough by the content of what I have to say (if they don’t, I’m not doing my job!), but I see no need in offending them with the symbols.

Related Topics: Terms & Definitions

La "Teoría de la Brecha" Acerca del Capítulo Uno de Génesis

Related Media

Traducido por Luis Quirindongo

 

Prefacio

Cuando esta obra se escribió originalmente en el 1975, el libro Sin Forma y Sin Habitantes de Weston W. Fields no había sido publicado aún. Si lo hubiera sido, es dudoso que esta obra jamás se hubiera comenzado. Sin embargo, el trabajo del Dr. Fields es el resultado de su tesis doctoral, y está escrita para un alto nivel académico. Esta presentación está diseñada para el nivel de comprensión de la persona común y corriente. Su servidor está agradecido de que su tesis original haya sido apoyada por una obra tan erudita como aquella. Sin embargo, todavía es cierto que cuando a la mayoría de los cristianos se les pide su opinión sobre la “Teoría de la Brecha”, su contestación es algo como “¿Qué teoría es esa?” Esta contestación indica que a pesar de todo lo que se ha escrito acerca de la evolución teísta hasta la fecha, muy poco se ha enseñado en las Escuelas Dominicales o desde el púlpito sobre este tema. Esto es aún más peculiar, ya que esta teoría era una parte integral de las Anotaciones a la Biblia de Scofield. Ya que los versos iniciales de la Biblia son tan fundamentales para la comprensión y la aplicación correcta del resto de las Escrituras, nos incumbe el tener una comprensión correcta tocante al asunto de los orígenes del mundo (de aquí en adelante los orígenes) relatado allí.

Mi propósito al producir una obra de este tipo es de naturaleza doble. Por un lado, mi entrenamiento científico me motiva a ello, y por otro lado mi compromiso hacia la Biblia como la Palabra verbalmente inspirada e infalible del Dios vivo me sirve como un fuerte incentivo. Como persona entrenada en las ciencias que soy, he investigado tan exhaustivamente como me fué posible las alegaciones de la ciencia en el área de los orígenes y de la evolución. He encontrado que el concepto evolucionista del origen natural y el desarrollo de toda la materia en el universo está destituído de cualquier prueba científica verdadera y que no tiene tan siquiera una respuesta filosófica para explicar el origen, propósito y destino del hombre. La conectividad entre la evolución y la teoría de la brecha se hace evidente en los alegatos de la teoría que demuestran un deseo de proveer para los extensos períodos de tiempo, o “edades” y “eras”, requeridas para los conceptos evolutivos y de armonizar estas eras con la narración bíblica de la creación. Mi rechazo científico de las premisas básicas y del razonamiento que hay detrás de la teoría de la brecha es una razón para este esfuerzo.

En cuanto a la Palabra de Dios, la Biblia, quizás la mejor manera de resumir mis entimientos es el referir al lector a un pasaje muy citado de la Escritura, 2da. de Timoteo 2:15. “Estudia para mostrarte aprobado ante Dios, como obrero que no tiene por qué avergonzarse, trazando correctamente la Palabra de verdad” (VKJ). Este verso señala tres facetas muy importantes al tratar con la Palabra de Dios. Primero, la Palabra debe ser estudiada “apasionadamente” y con “entusiasmo”, que es lo que la palabra estudiar implica. La Palabra debe ser más que sólo leída, ya que el estudio implica aprendizaje, y el aprendizaje solo nace de la comprensión. Es cierto que uno tendrá que invertir más esfuerzo y profundizar seriamente para llegar a esta comprensión, pero este esfuerzo prooverá una base sólida para cualquier acción resultante. Segundo, yo debo de emprender este estudio con el propósito de agradar a Dios y no para satisfacer las demandas de los hombres, ni para lograr que exista un detente entre las declaraciones de un Dios todopoderoso y omnisciente y el relativismo de las filosofías seculares y humanistas. Este propósito del estudio bíblico debe ser reconocido siempre, y no solo en el estudio personal, sinó tambien en el estudio en grupo. Tercero, se me amonesta de que debo trazar la Palabra correctamente. La idea es que debo usar una línea recta en mi caminar a traves de las Escrituras y no un camino tortuoso que pueda llevar a la confusión y al malentendido. Es evidente que este verso de Timoteo implica que hay muchos que trazan la Palabra incorrectamente, y de este error debemos guardarnos. El permitir que una teoría secular decida el significado de muchos pasajes y versos importantes de la Escritura no es consistente con la amonestación antedicha. Este verso en 2da. de Timoteo es la segunda causa por la que he escrito.

Tengo confianza en que lo siguiente será comprensible, útil y significativo en su estudio de la narración bíblica acerca de las acciones de Dios durante la creación.

Definición

La teoría de la brecha postula que existe un lapso indefinido de tiempo entre Génesis 1:1 y Génesis 1:2. Este lapso de tiempo usualmente se entiende como uno bastante extenso (millones de años) y también se dice que abarca las llamadas “eras geológicas.” Los proponentes de la teoría de la brecha postulan que un juicio cataclísmico fue decretado sobre la Tierra como resultado de la caída de Lucifer (Satanás) y que los versos subsiguientes de Génesis capítulo 1 decriben una re-creación o reformación de la Tierra a partir de un estado caótico y no un esfuerzo inicial de creación por parte de Dios.

Historia y Propósito

La teoría de la brecha no es una de orígen reciente, sinó que se remonta hasta el principio del siglo XIX cuando la nueva disciplina de la geología estaba entrando en la escena del mundo científico. Los teólogos no estaban en una posición intelectual para discutir, desde una base científica, las alegaciones de los geólogos de que los procesos responsables por la formación de los rasgos físicos de la superficie terrestre estaban ocurriendo en forma casi imperceptible como siempre lo habían hecho en el pasado (el principio de uniformidad). En vez de aceptar la acusación de que la narración bíblica ahora era inválida a la luz de los alegatos científicos, ellos escogieron acomodar la presentación escritural a las nuevas teorías geológicas. Un lugar había que encontrar para las amplias eras del pasado, mucho más allá de las narraciones acerca del primer hombre y su ambiente como se registra en la Biblia, y el lugar más cómodo para hacerlo era entré los dos versos antedichos del Génesis.

Aunque la teoría de la brecha (o la teoría de reconstrucción de ruinas, como en ocasiones se le llama) no es el único esfuerzo de hacer este tipo de ajuste, es la teoría más popular entre aquellos que entienden que la narración bíblica de los orígenes merece su atención. Aún hay algunos que han propuesto la colocación de la brecha antes de Génesis 1:1, pero insisten en que haya una “brecha” de todas maneras.

Es la opinión de este su servidor que aunque estos esfuerzos por reconciliar la Biblia con los postulados geológicos son muy entusiastas y sinceros, son con todo innecesarios. El Texto, como está dado, es lo suficientemente capaz de mantenerse en pie ante toda la crítica que pueda ser engendrada por por los llamados “argumentos científicos” e interpretaciones teológicas. Debemos tener en mente un hecho importante al considerar la teoría de la brecha. Esta interpretación de Génesis y de los pasajes asociados de la Escritura no se desrrolló en un esfuerzo de resolver problemas aparentes con el Texto. No fue alguna dificultad con la caída de Satanás o la condición de la Tierra durante los seis días lo que precipitó el advenimiento de la teoría. Fué y todavía es un esfuerzo para resolver el problema del tiempo. El tiempo de la formación de la Tierra, según las ciencias naturales, es extremadamente largo y tendido, mientras la narración de la Biblia describe una formación relativamente reciente y rápida. Habían, y todavía hay, muchos que son bastante reacios a hacer una elección definitiva entre estas dos versiones y, por tanto, se refugian en la teoría de la brecha.

Las Edades Geológicas y la Evolución

Como se ha señalado previamente, la teoría de la brecha, junto con otras teorías de acomodación, es un intento de reconciliar una edad sumamente grande para la Tierra, según es profesada por los geólogos, con la edad relativamente corta del registro bíblico. Ya que muchos proponentes de la teoría de la brecha negarían su creencia en un proceso evolutivo para la historia de la Tierra, nos es pertinente evaluar las “edades geológicas” para determinar si pueden, de hecho, ser separadas de la teoría de la evolución,.

Las edades geológicas representan la escala de tiempo de la columna geológica clásica. Esta llamada “columna” se compone de restos fósiles de animales y plantas encontrados en capas de roca sedimentaria e ígnea. Estos restos se organizan en capas y son interpretados por los geólogos y paleontólogos como un registro de secuencias de desarrollo gradual que se proponen demostrar el cambio evolutivo gradual de la vida vegetal y animal de formas sencillas hasta formas diferentes y más complejas. El registro de la ascendencia se entiende como que empieza con formas elementales en tiempos muy antiguos y sigue hasta las formas más complejas en los tiempos modernos. La Figura 1 muestra un diagrama simplificado de la columna geológica con las formas de vida que encierra y sus edades y eras de existencia. Lo más importante es entender que en la “columna geológica” las edades de las varias capas son determinadas por la forma de los restos fósiles encontrados en ellas. Niveles más antiguos en la columna son antiguos sólo porque contienen lo que se piensa son organismos más sencillos, más primitivos, menos desarrollados o no del todo evolucionados. Se presume que los invertebrados evolucionaron primero, seguidos de los peces, anfibios, reptiles y mamíferos, en ese orden. Debe ser obvio que la base de la estructura y el arreglo de la columna geológica es el concepto de organismos que evolucionan lentamente, lo que en realidad y hecho es la TEORÍA DE LA EVOLUCIÓN según planteada por Carlos (Charles) Darwin en el 1859.

Uno puede fácilmente negar su adherencia a, o su creencia en, la evolución, pero la aceptación de la columna geológica con sus “edades” dependientes contradice esta afirmación. La situación es una de exclusión mutua entre ambas. Como correctamente expresa el viejo refrán: “dos leones machos no caben en la misma cueva”.

Problemas Científicos

Los teóricos de la brecha sostienen que la necesidad de una neo-creación, como dicen en su interpretación de Génesis capítulo uno, se basa en la pérdida de las plantas, la vida animal y los rasgos topográficos de la alegada creación anterior a causa de un juicio mundial, total y catastrófico decretado sobre la Tierra a causa de la caída del ser llamado “Lucifer”. El alegado juicio se vería como tan absoluto que aún causaría la pérdida de la luz en la superficie de la Tierra. Esto, por supuesto, implica que todo el sistema solar, si no todo el universo, fue destruído. No cabe duda de que tal acto judicial también tendría un efecto serio, si no desastroso, sobre los rasgos topográficos y geológicos de la Tierra entonces existente. La mayoría de los defensores de la brecha colocan este juicio catastrófico justo antes del esfuerzo neo-creativo. Sin embargo, su colocación en referencia al tiempo geológico, al principio o al final, no elimina el gran problema mencionado a continuación.

La teoría de la brecha existe con el propósito de permitir las “edades” geológicas según propuestas por la maqueta dada en la columna geológica. Esos geólogos que creen en la veracidad de esta “columna” en cuanto a su testimonio del desarrollo de la Tierra y de la vida no creen ni aceptan una causal catastrófica para las formaciones encontradas allí. Estos geólogos, siendo uniformitarios, rechazan de plano la teoría de la brecha como carente de validez alguna en describir la Tierra del pasado. Este es el primer problema. La teoría es rechazada por los mismos individuos a los que desea aplacar.

La Columna
Geológica y las Edades Geológicas1

ERAS

PERÍODO

CARACTERÍSTICAS

AÑOS QUE HAN PASADO

Cenozoica

Cuaternario

Plantas modernas, animales y el hombre

25,000 a 975,000

 

Terciario

Surgen los mamíferos y las plantas más avanzadas

12,000,000 a 70,000,000

Mesozoica

Cretáceo

Insectos modernos y la extinción de los dinosaurios

70,000,000 a 200,000,000

 

Jurásico

Primeros pájaros reptilianos

 
 

Triásico

Prmeros dinosaurios y corales modernos

 

Paleozoica

Permio

Reptiles primitivos

 
 

Pennsylvanio

Primeros insectos

 
 

Mississípico

Surgen los anfibios

 
 

Devonio

Primeras plantas de semilla, peces con esqueleto cartilaginoso

200,000,000 a 500,000,000

 

Silurio

Primeros animales terrestres y peces

 
 

Ordovicio

Primeros vertebrados y plantas terrestres

 
 

Cámbrico

Sólo invertebrados, vida marina pequeña

 

Proterozoica

 

Plantas y animales acuáticos primitivos

500,000,000 a 1,000,000,000

Arqueozoica

 

Vida desconocida

1,000,000,000 a 1,800,000,000

Figura 1

El segundo problema es que los efectos de un evento catastrófico de tal magnitud en la historia de la Tierra, según lo postula la teoría de la brecha, pone en duda la supervivencia de los mismos fenómenos geológicos que la teoría trata de explicar. Una fuerza destructiva como para dejar la Tierra “desordenada y vacía” (terminología de la teoría de la brecha) en su totalidad de seguro alteraría o destruiría cualquier evidencia usada para tan siquiera aducir la columna geológica o las edades geológicas.

Si, como afirman algunos teorístas de la brecha, este juicio fue el responsible de la formación del registro fósil, entonces la columna geológica debió de haberse formado rápidamente contrario a la opinión de los geólogos evolucionistas. Entonces no hubieron ningunas edades geológicas extensas en primer lugar. Sin importar qué camino trate de emprender la teoría de la brecha en cuanto al juicio catástrófico usado para castigar a “Lucifer” antes o después de las edades geológicas, la teoría se niega a sí misma. O sea, el mismo concepto que la originó es eliminado por ella. A esto se le puede llamar un concepto “suicida”. A pesar de este impase en lógica y la presencia de problemas tan imponentes, se cree que la teoría de la brecha es apoyada por referencias de la Escritura. Esto parece contradecir la misma naturaleza y carácter del Dios que dice “...razonemos juntamente...”

Pruebas de la Teoría de la Brecha

Ya que muchos defensores de la teoría de la brecha creen en la validez de las Escrituras, hacen un esfuerzo por sustanciar las alegaciones acerca de la “brecha” apelando a estudios textuales y referencias bíblicas conexas a los comentarios y frases encontradas en la narración del Génesis. Estas referencias no son muy numerosas, y podemos esencialmente discutirlas todas en este artículo.

La primera “prueba” ofrecida es usualmente un esfuerzo para generar una distinción impenetrable entre las palabras “crear” y “formar” mencionadas en el primer capítulo del Génesis. El argumento es entonces que solo la palabra “crear” (bará en hebreo) puede sigrificar el generar algo de la nada y por consiguiente las palabras “hacer” o “formar” (asah en hebreo) debeb ser interpretadas como indicando una remodelación o el formar algo a base de material preexistente. La teoría de la brecha supone que este material preexistente es la sustancia o el escombro que quedó luego de que la Tierra sufriera el juicio divino que hemos descrito anteriormente. Aunque es cierto que las dos palabras en cuestión no son iguales y pueden tener significados separados y distintos, también se usan como sinónimos a través de las Escrituras. De hecho, “bará ” no siempre es usado para describir el formar de la nada. La palabra es usada en Isaías 65:18 como referente a una Jerusalén restaurada y no a la creación original de esta ciudad. La distinción hecha en apoyo de la brecha es artificial y forzada en el mejor de los casos. El que ambas palabras son usadas para expresar el mismo concepto en cuanto a las capacidades creativas de Dios se puede ver comparando a Génesis 1:1, que usa “bará ” con los siguientes versos (todos de la VKJ) que usan “asah.”

Génesis 1:31; 2:2-4
Éxodo 20:11
2 Reyes 19:15
2 Crónicas 2:12
Nehemías 9:6
Salmos 33:6; 96:5; 115:15; 121:2; 124:8; 134:3; 136:5; 146:6
Proverbios 8:26
Eclesiastés 3:11
Isaías 37:16; 44:24; 45:12, 18
Jeremías 10:12; 27:5; 32:17; 51:15

De los veintiseis versos mencionados arriba, todos usan la palabra “asah” (formar) y no “bará ” (crear) para describir las mismas acciones de Dios en Génesis 1:1, donde se usa “bará”. Mientras lee estos versos, notará usted que la mayoría de los pasajes citados se refieren explícita y marcadamente a la “creación” de los cielos como se menciona en la narración de Génesis 1:1. Claramente las dos palabras son sinónimas al momento de describir las acciones creativas de Dios. Las dos palabras en cuestión , “crear” y “formar,” también se usan con el mismo propósito y significado cuando los animales y el hombre son creados. Compare Génesis 1:21 con el 1:25, y luego el 1:26 con el 1:27. No es debatible que el verso 1:21 solo se refiere a “vida consciente,” aún cuando el cuerpo físico de los animales también está incluído en el acto mencionado. Así que es imposible concluír que hay suficiente distinción entre “bará ” y “asah” como para interpretar esta última en un sentido que la restrinja solamente a un significado de “remodelación” en la narración del Génesis. Cada palabra puede ser y es usada para describir los actos creativos “ex nihilo” (de la nada) de Dios

Una segunda “prueba” propuesta para sostener la teoría de la brecha es la declaración de que la palabra “estaba” en Génesis 1:2 debe traducirse se volvió. Esto, por supuesto, se hace para permitir que ocurra un cambio de estado entre el verso uno y el verso dos. O sea que la creación inicial y perfecta del verso uno “se volvió” desordenada y vacía, indicando que hubo una transición. Es cierto que la palabra usada aquí en el texto de Génesis puede ser traducida como “estaba” o “se volvió”, pero es el contexto del pasaje el que indica cual palabra debe usarse. Esto significa que la trancisión o cambio de estado debe entenderse claramente desde el principio a base de la imágen (o contexto) general que se presenta en el pasaje. Quizás con unos pocos ejemplos será suficiente. Pasajes como Génesis 3:22; 19:26; 21:20 y Éxodo 7:19; 8:17; 9:10 demuestran el uso correcto de “se volvió” en su contexto.

En cada caso se observa un cambio de estado. Adán llega a ser como Dios; la esposa de Lot se vuelve una estatua de sal; Ismael se vuelve un arquero; el agua se convierte en sangre; el polvo de la tierra se convierte en piojos; las cenizas se vuelven una úlcera. “Volverse” es obviamente la palabra correcta en cada uno de estos pasajes ya que ninguno de los sujetos existía originalmente en la condición mencionada. De hecho, estos pasajes representan en su totalidad el uso de volverse como traducción de la palabra en cuestión a través de todo el Pentateuco. Un paralelo gramático exacto de Génesis 1:2 se encuentra en Jonás 3:3 donde leemos, “Y Jonás se levantó y fué a Nínive . . . y Nínive era una ciudad grande en extremo.” (VKJ). Es obvio que Nínive no se volvió una gran ciudad cuando Jonás entró en ella, sinó que su grandeza describe su condición existente en el momento de su entrada. Este es el caso en Génesis 1:2. La Tierra estaba, desde el evento creativo descrito en el verso uno, en una condición descrita como “desordenada y vacía.” Esta era la condición presentemente existente y no representa un cambio de estado o condición. No hay palabras en el texto inmediato o circundante que guiarían al lector a ver la condición de la Tierra en un contexto que exija el uso de la frase “se volvió” en lugar de la palabra “estaba.” La traducción “estaba” ocurre varios cientos de veces en el Pentateuco, cada vez en el contexto de un estado existente. El “y” o el “ahora pues” que da apertura al verso dos parece tener un propósito doble. Uno, el de hacer una trancisión suave y fluída desde el verso uno, o sea, mantener el diálogo fluyendo sin interrupción; y el otro es el dirigir nuestra atención de la creación de Dios que todo lo abarca, cielos y tierra, y dirigirla a una perspectiva más específica, la tierra misma. El resto de la discusión, y de hecho la mayoría de la Biblia misma, trata con eventos que incumben a la Tierra. Por tanto, la afirmación de que la Tierra “se volvió” y que no “estaba” en realidad no puede usarse para apoyar los postulados de la teoría de la brecha. Sí logra, con todo, al igual que otros de estos llamados “textos prueba”, añadir peso al conocido dicho de que “un texto fuera de contexto es un pretexto.”

Apoyo adicional para la teoría de la brecha se recluta, o mejor dicho, se conscribe, de la frase “desordenada y vacía.” Se hace un llamado a considerar otros textos bíblicos donde se encuentran estas dos palabras juntas y se señala que estos pasajes, Isaías 24:1 y Jeremías 4:23, expresan juicio en cuanto a carácter y contexto. Esta alegación solo es cierta si se limita el contexto a los versos, porque cuando son considerados en su contexto completo el apoyo empieza a desvanecerse. En ambos de los pasajes citados el juicio decretado es para el futuro y no es una mención de una acción de Dios en el pasado. Los sujetos del juicio son Israel y Edom y no toda la Tierra. No solo es un juicio futuro limitado a pueblos específicos, sinó que el juicio mencionado es en sí mismo limitado, no un juicio absoluto y mundial como el requerido por la teoría de la brecha. Tanto Isaías como Jeremías, en el contexto de los juicios individuales, muestran que habrán supervivientes en la tierra (o la nación) que ha de ser dejada “desordenada y vacía.” Esto definitivamente no sería cierto para la condición propuesta como consecuencia de la catástrofe mundial.

Estos dos versos no son los únicos que contienen estas dos palabras en el Antiguo Testamento. Son usadas en muchos lugares y traducidas como varias palabras diferentes. Sin entrar en un análisis exhaustivo de estos versos, es suficiente decir que todos se traducen satisfactoriamente usando el hebreo “tohu” y “bohu” (sin forma, vacío) como “desértico” y “sin vida”. Usualmente la implicación es la de un lugar inapropiado para la vida, como un desierto, por ej. Esta condición puede ser el resultado de la ejecución de un juicio, pero nuevamente, el contexto debe demostrar que ese sea el caso. Es difícil, si no imposible, exegetar un contexto de juicio divino a partir de Génesis capítulo uno. Es claro a partir del texto que las cualidades necesarias y deseables de una Tierra que fuera apta para la vida humana estaban ausentes en Génesis 1:2, sin embargo, esto no justifica la interpretación de “desordenado y vacío” como arruinado, caótico o juzgado.

Una apelación adicional es hecha por los teóricos de la brecha a Isaías 45:18 sonde se dice que la Tierra no fué creada en “vano” (tohu). Ellos reclaman que como esto es así en Isaías, el “tohu” de Génesis 1:2 imposibilita el que la acción de Génesis 1:1 sea contigüa. Pero cuando se considera el resto de Isaías 45:18 el contexto se hace claro. El verso continúa señalando que “Él (Dios) la formó (la Tierra, asah) para que fuese habitada.” La palabra opuesta a vano es habitado, así que permite la interpretación de “tohu” como inhabitado. El verso, por ende, no habla de una condición, sinó de una intención o propósito. No era el propósito de Dios el crear la Tierra para seguir deshabitada y el resto de la narración de Génesis cuenta de como Dios logró Su fin deseado, una creación completa habtada por aquellos creados a Su propia imágen. El concepto de desierto o vacío todavía es válido. Por tanto, la frase “desordenada y vacía” no indica un estado caótico, sinó que la Tierra está en orden y espoerando instrucciones subsiguientes de Dios.

Algunos teóricos de la brecha continúan en el verso dos del primer capítulo de Génesis interpretando la palabra “tinieblas” como describiendo una condición maligna o inmunda. Esto, sin embargo, es un significado forzado de la palabra a causa de la teoría y no el significado del texto. Si procedemos al verso cinco nos encontramos a las tinieblas recibiendo un nombre, “noche”, y siendo consideradas como parte del día de veinticuatro horas como definen las palabras tarde y mañana. No hay nada en el texto que indique el que las tinieblas materiales, y esto es lo que tenemos en persepectiva aquí, tenga cualquier connotación maligna. De hecho, el Salmista declara en el Salmo 104:20: “Tú (Dios) creas las tinieblas . . . ” y luego continúa en el verso 24, todavía en contexto, a declarar “Oh Señor, cuan admirables son tus obras, en sabiduría las has hecho todas” (VKJ). La referencia, por supuesto, es a las tinieblas materiales o la noche, y no hay connotación maligna implicada. El decir que existe una condición maligna en Génesis 1:2 a causa de las tinieblas materiales es darle un significado a la palabra que no se encuentra en ninguna otra parte de las Escrituras. Las tinieblas espirituales son otro asunto por completo, pero no hay causa para hacer este tipo de inferencia a partir del verso de Génesis analizado.

Otro lugar a donde fercuentemente se dirige la atención es a la palabra “llenad” en Génesis 1:28, que algunos interpretan como re-llenar o restaurar en un esfuerzo por apoyar el postulado de la teoría de la brecha de que esta es la segunda oportunidad para la vida en la Tierra. Al buscar en un léxico hebheo bastante comprensivo, fuí incapaz de encontrar una sola palabra que denotara “restaurar” o “volver a llenar.” Solo la palabra “llenar” se menciona y nuevamente el contexto del pasaje es el que debe determinar si debe entenderse una llenura inicial o subsiguiente. Dentro del verso en cuestión no hay causa textual para usar la frase “volver a llenar”, como sí podría hacerse en Génesis 9:1 coando Noé y sus hijos tienen el trabajo de empezar nuevamente. No puede dejar de enfatizarse la importancia de la consideración contextual al investigar el significado, uso o implicación de palabras o frases en las Escrituras.

Quizás la “prueba” más usada que se ofrece a favor de la teoría de la brecha está en la especulación de que la “brecha” provee un lugar excelente para insertar cronológicamente la caída y juicio de Lucifer en la historia de la Tierra. Se evocan detalles muy elaborabos para visualizar la creación perfecta en el verso uno damnificada por un juicio cataclísmico sobre el pecado en el verso dos que fué consecuencia de la actitud soberbia de Lucifer hacia Dios y el castigo (de Lucifer) que siguió a esto. Este argumento es probablemente el má impresionante de todos ya que Satanás (Lucifer) es una realidad viable para aquellos que creen en las Escrituras, y su actitud hacia Dios y la actitud de Dios hacia él se revela claramente. Los textos de “prueba” que se ofrecen en esta ocasión son, por supuesto, Isaías 14:12 al 15, y Ezequiel 28:12 al 19. Estos textos han sido citados con el fin mmencionado anteriormente tantas veces que hemos desarrollado una tendencia de aceptarlos como tales. Sin embargo, es aparente que un estudio muy cuidadoso de todo el contexto y de las palabras usadas en los textos antedichos nos muestra una imágen un tanto diferente. Primero considere el pasaje en Isaías. Para completar el contexto, lea por lo menos desde el capítulo 13 y lea hasta el verso 23 del capítulo 14. Uno inmediatamente notará que el objeto de todo el juicio declarado en este pasaje es el reino de Babilonia. La profecía se declara como concerniente a Babilonia (capítulo 13:1) y su juicio, y en el capítulo 14 se menciona por primera vez la restauración de Israel, y entonces la porción bíblica desde el verso 4 hasta el 23 se le llama un “proverbio” o “discurso de escarnio” (VKJ, nota marginal). Esto ha de ser un “refrán”, por decirlo así, de Israel acerca de su enemigo y antiguo conquistador durante la cautividad. Con Israel, el reino pisoteado, ya restaurado en los versos 1 y 2 y Babilonia la grande totalmente destruída, Israel puede jactarse ante las otras naciones del favor (el de Israel) delante del Señor (quizás como una advertencia) y han de hacerlo con el pasaje en consideración. El verso 12 del capítulo 14 no empieza con un nuevo comentario acerca del tema, sinó que es una parte integral de una narración fluída que describe a Babilonia como vencida y demolida. Quizás es la palabra “Lucifer” del verso 12 que hace que este verso se saque de su contexto y se use para describir un evento totalmente distinto. Las palabras hebreas que se traducen “Lucifer” soignifican literalmente nada más que “estrella de la mañana”, “el brillante” o “el sol del amanecer,” y se usan para describir al rey de Babilonia. Los babilonios le atribuían mucha credibilidad a la astrología y quuizás hay alguna implicación de esto en este pasaje. El lenguaje usado en el texto es uno que el rey de Babilonia con toda probabilidad usaría para describirse a sí mismo, y por tanto se vuelve aún más cáustico (el propósito del refrán) al compararse con su aciago final. El lenguaje de los versos 13 y 14 también reflejan el pensar extremadamente egocéntrico que usualmente permea la mente de un monarca absolutista y tiránico. El propósito de tales descripciones es el de establecer un contraste muy vivo y marcado entre las dos condiciones del reino de Babilonia, desde las alturas de la grandeza y la prosperidad hasta las profundidades del infierno eterno.

El pasaje continúa describiendo algunas de las acciones del rey, como “hacer temblar los reinos” y “destruír ciudades”. Esto, por supuesto, requeriría que una civilización (humana) estuviera presente en el momento, y al juicio de tales personas. Si la brecha existe, presenta unos problemas teológicos muy difíciles en cuanto a su destino eterno, que no se discutiran en este artículo. El rey tambien es descrito como uno que “. . . a sus cautivos nunca abrió la cárcel”. Esto sin duda, se refiere a la cautividad de Israel en Babilonia y no a una acción del mismo Satanás. El texto continúa describiendo reyes que han muerto antes de la caída del monarca en cuestión, (versos 18-20) y que no fueron destruídos en un juicio mundial. Un hecho adicional debe señalarse para establecer que el sujeto del pasaje es un rey humano y no Satanás. El verso 22 declara que Dios evitará que cualquier pariente del depuesto monarca jamás vuelva a ocupar el trono del reino. Dios dice, en efecto, que Él va a terminar la dinastía. Ciertamente no hubiera habido necesidad de tal acción si Satanás hubiera sido el monarca en cuestión. Los ángeles del cielo no tienen descendencia. La conclusión, entonces, es que el pasaje que analizamos se refiere de una manera bastante expícita a un gobernante humano que vive, reina y muere luego de los eventos de Génesis capítulo uno.

En cuanto al pasaje de Ezequiel, quizás hay más debate en cuanto a la aplicación de este texto que en cuanto al mismo pasaje de Isaías a causa del lenguaje que se usa. Sin embargo, el texto mismo nos dice a quien debe ser aplicado el mensaje: “una lamentación sobre el rey de Tiro”. De hecho, el contexto de este pasaje se remonta hasta el principio del capítulo 26 donde comienzan las profecías en contra de Tiro. También debe notarse que la sección de Ezequiel que comienza con el capítulo 19 y continúa hasta el capítulo 39 consiste de una serie de profecías contra varias naciones y ciudades-estado, específicamente Israel, Jerusalén, Samaria, Babilonia, Amón, Tiro, Egipto, Seir, Gog, Magog y otros individuos y lugares. Todas estas profecías están dirigidas al futuro de reinos reales, terrenales y humanos, y no hay ninguna sugerencia de que a Ezequiel se le haya encomendado decir una profecía contra ninguna criatura celestial. Aunque se argumenta que el lenguaje del capítulo 28:12-17 no puede ser aplicado a ningún rey terrestre, sinó que debe referirse a uno que posea cualidades angélicas, tambien puede decirse que se está desarrollando el mismo contraste que en el pasaje de Isaías. Aunque el lenguaje es altamente simbólico y figurado, es un esfuezo por demostrar que la elegancia de la posición y posesión de autoridad no debe irse a la cabeza del que la tiene. No importa cuan exaltado sea el lugar o la persona ante los ojos del hombre, siempre hay una responsabilidad hacia Dios ligada a la condición bendecida. Toda autoridad es dada por Dios (Romanos 13:1) y por tanto la autoridad es responsible ante Dios. Cuando el líder de una nación o cualquier autoridad comienza a verse a sí misma como la fuente de tal autoridad y se llena de un amor propio inmerecido, usualmente es derribada de manera humillante.

Lenguaje similar al del capítulo 28:12-17 se encuentra en el capítulo 31:3-17 donde los ya caídos asirios se describen como la envidia de “todos los árboles del Edén que estaban en el jardín de Dios. Su caída a causa de su arrogancia se describe en el verso 10 de este pasaje. El verso 18 indica que se está usando simbología referente a todos los árboles del Edén ya que se dice que fueron cortados y echados en las partes más oscuras de la Tierra. Es este mismo tipo de simbología que se usa durante todo el discurso de Ezequiel, y no puede ser ligada firmemente a la descripción de una caída previa de Satanás y la entrada del pecado al universo. Cómo Satanás llegó a ser lo que es, es un completo misterio, pero el juicio y la caída del cielo se describe y es un evento futuro, no historia del pasado. Satanás todavía tiene acceso al cielo según la narración de Job 1:6,7 indica claramente. Satanás tabmién se presenta como parado delante del trono celestial acusando a los hermanos. Apocalipsis 12:7 al 13 describe esto y la caída de Satanás a la Tierra. Apocalipsis 20:10 describe el juicio impuesto sobre Satanás. El comentario de Jesús en Lucas 10:18 solo puede interpretarse como una declaración profética a la luz de los versos de Apocalipsis. No hay otros versos en toda la Biblia que impongan una interpretación histórica, contrario a una profética, de estos versos.

Los versos de Génesis capítulo 1 definitivamente describen el principio del universo material (el tiempo, la materia/energía, y la dimensión) apropiado para ser habitado por el hombre. Job 39:7 dá lugar a la inferencia de que hubieron seres espirituales presentes durante este evento. Por supuesto, sabemos que todas las cosas fueron creadas (Col. 1:16, Juan 1:3), pero la cronología de los seres espirituales creados no es dada. Debe de notarse que aunque Satanás ya estuviera caído antes de la creación del universo físico, al universo físico todavía podía llamarse muy bueno. Uno puede especular que cuando cantaban las estrellas del alba y los hijos de Dios gritaban de alegría; Satanás, viendo la creación de la Tierra y de los habitantes de ella, quiso gobernar sobre ellos. Esto, por supuesto, no apoyaría el postulado de la Teoría de la brecha de una caída entre los versos 1 y 2 de Génesis. El encontrar a Satanás en su estado degenerado en Génesis 3 siempre ha sido un acertijo teológico.

Regresando por un momento a los textos prueba de Isaías y Ezequiel, no encontramos en estos textos ningúna fraseología o comentarios que impliquen o expresen que el juicio decretado sobre los varios reyes y reinos fuera mundial en escala o efecto. Así que aún si se fuera a permitir un paralelo entre estos versos y la caída de Satanás, no hay justificación textual para estipular un juicio mudial y cataclísmico sobre todo la Tierra en tiempos antiguos. El único juicio de tal naturaleza hasta la fecha se encuentra en Génesis capítulo 7 y este evento es sucesivo al de Génesis 1:1 y 2.

En cuanto al hecho de la caída de Satanás y la “brecha” del Génesis, puede hacerse la pregunta: “Si la brecha es un intervalo de tiempo necesario durante el cual sucede la caída, cuanto tiempo toma el lograr tal caída y el juicio subsiguiente?” Uno en realidad no puede contestar esta pregunta. Sin embargo, las descripciones de la caída (Lucas 10:18 y Apocalipsis 12:19) implican definitivamente un descenso rápido, y el juicio (Apocalipsis 20:20) no aparenta ser un evento duradero. Así que si permitimos, para efectos del analisis, que este evento futuro sí ocurriera entre Génesis 1:1 y el 1:2, no hay necesidad de postular edades extensas de tiempo, fuera de permitir las edades geológicas de las suposiciones evolutivas.

Problemas de Armonía Textual

Ya hemos examinado en algún detalle los versos citados por los teóricos de la brecha en apoyo de su postura. Hay muchos otros problemas escriturales que la teoría de la brecha también debe enfrentar. Al entender la Palabra de Dios debemos considerar cada parte del texto revelado en relación a cada otra parte. O sea, las Escrituras deben presentarse como un todo unido, que no es contradictorio y es comprensivo en todas sus partes. Cada precepto y doctrina es apoyado por cada parte pertinente de la Biblia y cuando ocurren conflictos, debemos cuestionar nuestra interpretación o entendimiento del objeto en cuestión. La teoría de la brecha debe ser analizada de la misma forma. Las afirmaciones descriptivas promulgadas en apoyo de la teoría debe ser comparadas con toda la Escritura, no solo con los textos “prueba” que ya hemos considerado. Con esto en mente le ofrecemos lo siguiente para su análisis.

La secuencia del desarrollo de la creación (seis días) no solo debe entenderse en un sentido cronológico, sinó que tambien debe considerarse como un evento cumulativo. O sea, las condiciones que existieron al final del día uno todavía están presentes en el día dos, y los resultados al final del día dos en realidad representan la suma de las acciones del día uno y dos, y así sucesivamente a través de la semana. Los teóricos de la brecha tienen a Satanás caído a la Tierra antes del día uno, pero todavía presente en la semana subsiguiente. Ellos postulan, por ejemplo, que el día dos no se describe como bueno porque la atmósfera fue hecha en ese díá, y Satanás es el príncipe de la potestad del aire (Efesios 2:2). Hay dos problemas que enfrenta este razonamiento. Primero, Satanás también es conocido como el príncipe de este mundo tres veces solamente en el Evangelio de Juan, y la Tierra (mundo) es con todo llamada buena en Génesis 1:10. Segundo, si Satanás esta presente ––y todos estamos de acuerdo que él es la encarnación de todo lo que es malo e inmundo–– ¿porqué la oración de resumen en Génesis 1:31 declara que todo lo que Dios había hecho durante esa semana no era solo bueno sinó muy bueno? Por casualidad, este verso también incluye los actos creativos del segundo día, cuando la atmósfera fué hecha, así que también ella es considerada “muy buena”. Se supondría que habrían condiciones presentes en la Tierra (el registro fósil) sucesivas al juicio de la teoría de la brecha y durante la semana de la cración que darían testimonio explícito a la muerte y destrucción de la supuesta ira de Dios. Como pudieran estas condiciones, que todavía estarían presentes en el “registro fósil”, ser llamadas “muy buenas” con la causa (Satanás) de la destrucción todavía rondando libremente por la Tierra; es difícil de entender.

Los teóricos de la brecha desean que creamos que hubo un gran quiebre cronológico entre Génesis 1:1 y 1:2 y luego en el verso tres la semana de la “neo-creación” comienza. Este razonamiento separaría la “creación de los cielos y la Tierra” del resto de la semana por un período de tiempo indefinido, y entonces por esto, con su propio razonamiento, la creación de los cielos y Tierra” no se pueden considerar parte de la semana neo-creativa que sigue. Hay algunas Escrituras que estan en desacuerdo con esta lógica, específicamente Génesis 2:1 al 4 y Éxodo 20:11 y 31:17. Estos versos claramente incluyen la creación o la formación de los “cielos y Tierra” dentro de los seis días creativos. El insistir en una creación de “cielos y Tierra” separada de los seis días mencionados anteriormente es hacerle una gran injusticia a estos textos. Cabe señalarse que la afirmación de Génesis 1:1 es la única afirmación creativa en todo el primer capítulo que hace referencia a los “cielos”. Si van a entenderse las palabras de los versos del Éxodo en el sentido de su significado claro y sencillo y en su uso usual y ordinario entonces debemos concluír que el primer día comenzó con Génesis 1:1, y por tanto no hubo brecha.

El juicio postulado del mundo pre-Adámico, según los teóricos de la brecha, es un trato total y catastrófico del pecado como resultado de la caída de Satanás. Este juicio se presenta como destruyendo una Tierra perfecta y a todos sus habitantes. Se asume que esta destrucción culminó en la muerte de aquellos seres primitivos que poblaban la Tierra en aquel entonces. Ya que obviamente estamos tratando con la Tierra y no con todo el universo, nace un conflicto severo entre la teoría y las demás Escrituras. Un estudio del capítulo quinto de Romanos revela que la muerte no apareció en la tierra antes de la transgresión de Adán. Además de esto están las afirmaciones de 1ra. de Corintios 15:21 y 22 de que “por un hombre vino la muerte” y “en Adan todos mueren”. Puede verse fácilmente a base de estas Escrituras que la muerte en la Tierra no precedió al pecado de Adan, sinó que fué una consecuencia de él. El insistir en que cualquier cosa murió antes del juicio de Adán es estar en contradicción con estos pasajes de. Romanos y Corintios. Recordemos que una de las razones para tener una teoría de la brecha en primer lugar es acomodar las edades geológicas con sus extensos registros fósiles. El registro fósil que se dice fué desarrollado a través de los siglos y las eras testifica clara y elocuentemente de la muerte y la destrucción, y si se permite que estas se encuentren anes de la caída de Satanás o de Adam como reclaman los adherentes de la teoría, entonces la lógica nos lleva a concluír que la muerte no es el resultado del pecado de nadie, sinó que debe ser parte del diseño y propósito de Dios en Su alegada creación “original”. Este raciocinio es bastante contrario a la personalidad y el caracter de Dios. En un contexto de juicio y muerte merecida (Ezequiel 18:32 y 33:11), Dios declara “No tomo ningún placer en la muerte de aquel que muere” (VKJ, énfasis mío).

Parece a base de los alegatos de la teoría de la brecha que el registro fósil puede explicarse en una de dos formas. Primero, el concepto evolutivo clásico de la formación y desarrollo gradual a base de procesos que se observan en el presente (?) actuando en escalas presentes (uniformitarismo), o como resultado del mencionado cataclismo por el juicio de Satanás. El primer concepto, que necesita las “edades” geológicas y es creído por una gran parte de la humanidad, lo rechazamos como un conepto a todas luces anti-científico para expliar la muerte súbita y la preservación de las partes blandas de las estructuras animales. El segundo concepto permite un cambio abrupto en el ambiente que pudiera lograr el resultado deseado. Hay, sin embargo, un problema significativo con este concepto ya que ubica la catastrofe mundial antes del gran diluvio universal en los tiempos de Noé, que en realidad es la verdadera explicación para la mayoría del registro fósil. Si el evento ruinoso de Génesis 1:2 es la causa del registro fósil que vemos hoy día, que efecto tuvo la inundación de Génesis capítulo 7 sobre la Tierra? En un esfuerzo por resolver este problema, muchos teóricos de la brecha han propuesto una de dos visiones del diluvio. El primero, y el más absurdo, es el de un diluvio tranquilo. En este concepto el agua que cubrió la Tierra subió y bajó con poco mas que unas olas pequeñas. Se presume que la caída de las aguas fue tan suave que no tuvo efecto alguno sobre la superficie de la Tierra. Esto imposibilita el efecto del oleaje, así que la luna, cuya atracción de gravedad es responsible por el oleaje marino, no debía de haber existido tampoco. También, el solo observar una gran tormenta de lluvia refuta este concepto. La segunda y más empleada visión es que el diluvio del tiempo de Noé fué un diluvio “local” y no mundial en alcance ni efecto. Esata idea está en conflicto con muchos poasajes de la Escritura descriptivos del diluvio, pero el problema más serio que crea se encuentra al leer las afirmaciones de Dios hechas en Génesis 8:21 y 9:15. Dios dice en estos versos, que Él nunca más inundará la Tierra como lo hizo en los días de Noé. Ahora pues, si Su acción fué solamente el causar una inundación local en el valle de Mesopotamia, entonces la promesa de no volver a hacer tal cosa jamás ha sido rota una y otra vez en los siglos siguientes. ¡Esta explicación del diluvio no hace nada más que poner en tela de juicio la veracidad de Dios!

Como un último ejemplo de la incapacidad de la teoría de la brecha de armonizar con el contenido entero de las Escrituras, veamos un momento un verso particularmente importante, Romanos 14:12. Este verso habla de la responsabilidad individual del hombre delante de Dios. Yo no soy responsible por el pecado de usted ni usted lo es del pecado mío. Mi pecado es un acto de mi voluntad y expresa mi naturaleza corrupta que he heredado de Adán. De todas maneras, soy yo solo quien debo rendir cuentas por mi relación con Dios. Puedo reclamar la sangre de Jesucristo como pago por mis pecados y ser tenido por aceptable para entrar en la presencia de Dios o, como muchos han hecho, rechazar la misericordiosa provisión ofrecida por Dios. El punto es que es un acto y decisión individual de cualquier forma. Este concepto no está escondido en textos bíblicos oscuros que requieran interpretaciones complicadas para descifrar, sinó que es la afirmación explícita de todas las Escrituras. Con este pensamiento en mente, es difícil concebir la venida de un juicio desastroso sobre la Tierra y todos sus habitantes por el pecado de un ángel cuyo hogar no era la Tierra para comenzar. Esto parece ser contrario a las acciones judiciales perfectas de Dios como se registran a través de la Biblia. Abraham lo expresó muy bien cuando estaba rogando (en realidad negociando) con Dios para que no destruyera a Sodoma. En Génesis 18:25 leemos, “Lejos sea de ti el hacer tal cosa, matar al justo junto con el impío: . . . ¿No hará el Juez de toda la Tierra lo que es justo? (VKJ) El haber matado a todos los que habitaban en la Tierra por la mala conducta de un ángel sería caprichoso en el mejor de los casos. No hay versos que declaren que toda la Tierra se volvió pecaminos luego de una caída de Satanás. Cada ángel es responsible por sus propias acciones ante el Dios que lo creó, como lo soy yo.

Conclusiones

Las secciones anteriores de esta obra han procurado demostrar que la llamada “teoría de la brecha” es inaceptable desde diferentes puntos de vista. Desde una perspectiva científica no hay apoyo ni de los hechos de la ciencia ni de los postulados evolucionistas de las “edades geológicas.” En cuanto a la relación de la teoría con el contenido escritural, se ha demostrado que las “pruebas” reclamadas son superficiales y mayormente contradictorias al contexto inmediato y general de los versos aplicados. Estos problemas no son inesperados, y la aceptación incompleta de esta teoría por la comunidad biblica no es sorprendente al considerar que el propósito principal de la teoría es un intento de reconciliación con la ciencia humanista. Este pacto de paz debe rechazarse en cualquier forma que se presente, ya que solo puede distraer la atención de las Sagradas Escrituras y no añade nada a ellas. No hay nada en el texto evaluado de Génesis que requiera un concepto como la teoría de la brecha. Nuestro entendimiento de la Palabra de Dios es importante y vital tanto en el el testimonio cristiano como en la conducta de nuestra vida personal.

Es de importancia entender que esta presentación no esta encaminada a atacar a los proponentes de la teoría de la brecha, sinó solo a la teoría misma. Esta teoría, originándose como lo hizo, cae dentro de la categoría de doctrina engañosa que puede tener un efecto adverso sobre aquellos que la crean. Es en este contexto que debemos hacer caso a la advertencia dada por el apóstol Pedro (2da. de Pedro 3:17-18):

“Vosotros pues, amados, puesto que ya sabéis estas cosas, guardaos con temor, no sea que arrastrados por el error de los inicuos caigáis de vuestra firmeza. Sinó creced en gracia y en el conocimiento de nuestro Señor y Salvador Jesucristo” (VKJ).

Bibliografíá

Los Cinco Libros de Moisés. Allis, Oswald T. Philadelphia. Presbiteriana y Reformada, PA; 1969.

.Teología Sistemática Vol. II. Chafer, Lewis Sperry. Prensa del Seminario de Dallas, Dallas, TX; 1964.

LA Profecía de Ezequiel. Feinberg, Charles Lee. Moody, Chicago, IL1969.

Sin Forma y Sin Habitantes. Fields, Weston W. Nutley, Presbiteriana y Reformada, NJ 1976.

Evolución: Los Fósiles DicenNo. Gish, Duane T. San Diego, CA: ICR, 1973.

Princiios de la Hermenéutica Biblica. Hartill, J. Edwin. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI; 1960.

Comentario a Toda la Biblia, Vol. 1: Génesis a Deuteronomio. Henry, Matthew. Revell, New York, NY.

Comentario al Antiguo Testamento, Vol. 1: El Pentateuco. Keil-Delitzsch. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI:.

Comentario al Antiguo Testamento, Vol. 7: Isaías. --------. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI.

Comentario al Antiguo Testamento, Vol. 9: Esequiel. --------. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI.

Estudios Científicos de la Creación Especial. Lammerts, Walter E. (ed.) Presbiteriana y Reformada, Nutley, NJ; 1971.

Exposición del Génesis, Vol. 1. Leupold, H. C. Baker, Grand Rapids, MI; 1975.

El Léxico Hebreo del Estudiante; basado en Gesenio y Furst. Mitchell, Edward C. (ed.) Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI; 1960.

La Cosmología Biblica y la Ciencia Moderna. Morris, Henry M. Craig, Nutley, NJ; 1972.

El Asombroso Nacimiento del Planeta Tierra. --------. ICR, San Diego, CA; 1973.

Creacionismo Cientifico. --------. (ed.) Vida Creación, San Diego, CA; 1974.

Caos y Tinieblas. In Slavic Evangel. Rumball, C. L. Julio-Agosto, 1958.

Jesucristo el Creador. Seagraves, Kelly L. Centro de Investigación de Ciencia Creacionista, San Diego, CA; 1973.

La Narración de la Creación en Génesis 1:1-3. Parte I. Waltke, Bruce, K. En Biblioteca Sacra. Vol. 132, No. 525. Seminario Teológico Dallas, Dallas, TX; Enero-Marzo 1975.

La Narración de la Creación en Génesis 1:1-3. Parte II. ___________. En Biblioteca Sacra. Vol. 132, No. 526. Dallas, TX: Seminario Teológico Dallas, Abril-Junio 1975.

Estudios en Génesis Uno. Young, Edward J. Baker, Grand Rapids, MI; 1964.

Concordancia Analítica a la Biblia. Young, Robert. Eerdmans; Grand Rapids, MI.

La Creación, la Evolución y la Palabra de Dios. Zimmerman, Paul A. (ed.) Concordia, St. Louis, MO; 1972.

Jack C. Sofield es Presidente de Servicios Científicos Sofield, Inc. y ha sido un físico consultor por muchos años. Jack es un activo exponente y conferenciante de Creación vs. Evolución en iglesias, escuelas superiores, debates, etc.


1 Adaptado de El Diluvio del Génesis. Morris, H., Whitcomb, J. Presbiteriana y Reformada, Filadelfia, 1973. p.133.

Related Topics: Creation

How to Cite Electronic Documents

For general recommendations and a comparison of the three major style citations for internet sources see the Purdue Online Writing Lab: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/949/01/


Would you like to link to a single NET Bible verse from your site?

Use this format: https://net.bible.org/#!bible/1+Kings+2:1

We use full names for book names. For books with multiple words or 1/2/3 designations separate them with a + sign (no space). This link will go directly to the verse specified in the Net Bible Study Environment.

For other link abilities for your website visit our labs: http://labs.bible.org/. (Especially note the NetBibleTagger at the top for tagging all verse references on your site.)


 

American Psychological Association (APA)

  See the APA's Publication Manual (6th Edition), pgs 187-215.

 


The MLA

See the MLA's Handbook For Writers Of Research Papers (7th Edition), section 5.6, pgs 181-193.

 


Chicago and Other Simple Citations by Example

See Kate Turabian's A Manual For Writers (7th Edition), ch. 17, pgs 160-215. Especially pg. 185, 198, 204, and 215.

       


Bibliography 

    American Psychological Association. 2009. Publication Manual. 6th ed.
      Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 
    Modern Language Association. 2009. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
      New York: Modern Language Association. 
    Turabian, Kate. 2007. A Manual for Writers. 7th ed. Chicago,
      IL: University of Chicago.

Joshua 1

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

NASB NKJV NRSV TEV NJB
God's Charge to Joshua God's Commission to Joshua The Lord's Address to Joshua God Commands Joshua to Conquer Canaan The Summons to Enter the Promised Land
1:1-9 1:1-9 1:1-9 1:1-9 1:1-5
        God's Help Conditional on Faithfulness to the Law
        1:6-9
Preparations to Cross Jordan The Order to Cross the Jordan Joshua's Address to the People Joshua Gives Orders to the People Support From the Trans-Jordanian Tribes
1:10-11 1:10-11 1:10-11 1:10-11 1:10-18
1:12-18 1:12-15 1:12-15 1:12-15  
  1:16-18 1:16-18 1:16-18  

* Although they are not inspired, paragraph divisions are the key to understanding and following the original author's intent. Each modern translation has divided and summarized the paragraphs. Every paragraph has one central topic, truth, or thought. Each version encapsulates that topic in its own distinct way. As you read the text, ask yourself which translation fits your understanding of the subject and verse divisions.
 In every chapter we must read the Bible first and try to identify its subjects (paragraphs), then compare our understanding with the modern versions. Only when we understand the original author's intent by following his logic and presentation can we truly understand the Bible. Only the original author is inspired—readers have no right to change or modify the message. Bible readers do have the responsibility of applying the inspired truth to their day and their lives.
  Note that all technical terms and abbreviations are explained fully in the following documents: Brief Definitions of Greek Grammatical StructureTextual Criticism, and Glossary.

READING CYCLE THREE (from "A Guide to Good Bible Reading")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT THE PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects. Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired but it is the key to following the original author's intent which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

1. First paragraph

2. Second paragraph

3. Third paragraph

4. Etc.

 

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA JOSHUA 1:1-9
 1Now it came about after the death of Moses the servant of the Lord, that the Lord spoke to Joshua the son of Nun, Moses' servant, saying, 2" Moses My servant is dead; now therefore arise, cross this Jordan, you and all this people, to the land which I am giving to them, to the sons of Israel. 3Every place on which the sole of your foot treads, I have given it to you, just as I spoke to Moses. 4From the wilderness and this Lebanon, even as far as the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and as far as the Great Sea toward the setting of the sun will be your territory. 5No man will be able to stand before you all the days of your life. Just as I have been with Moses, I will be with you; I will not fail you or forsake you. 6Be strong and courageous, for you shall give this people possession of the land which I swore to their fathers to give them. 7Only be strong and very courageous; be careful to do according to all the law which Moses My servant commanded you; do not turn from it to the right or to the left, so that you may have success wherever you go. 8This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it; for then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have success. 9Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous! Do not tremble or be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go."

1:1 "Now it came about" This book begins with the Hebrew phrase "And it came to pass," which shows that Joshua is continuing the history which began in the Pentateuch (Torah), although it must be stated that ancient Hebrew regularly started books with "and."

▣ "after the death of Moses" The chosen leader is dead, but Israel's God is not! See Deuteronomy 34.

▣ "the servant of the LORD" The title "Servant of the Lord" is an honorific one which is used of Abraham in Gen. 26:24; of David in 1 Kgs. 8:66; and of Joshua only after his death in Jos. 24:29. This seems to be the background for the Servant Songs of Isaiah 40-53 and possibly the background of Paul's famous phrase "slaves of Christ."

For "Lord" see Special Topic following.

SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY

▣ "the Lord spoke to Joshua" Originally he was to consult the High Priest for guidance (cf. Num. 27:18-23). YHWH is said to have spoken to Joshua like He had to Moses (cf. Jos. 1:1; 4:1,15; 5:9; 6:2). He was one of the two spies who brought a positive report and he lived through the Wilderness Wandering period (cf. Num. 26:25). He was Moses' right-hand man from the time of the Exodus from Egypt to the crossing of the Jordan. This shows that although leaders come and go, God is the consistent power and strength of the people.

1:2 "Moses, my servant is dead" The question is often asked, "Why could Moses not enter the Promised Land after being such a faithful, effective leader?" The reason is seen in Num. 20:12; 27:14; Deut. 3:26. One major theological truth again and again in the history books of the OT is that when God reveals to someone what to do, but they slightly change it, the result is judgment. God is no respecter of persons. When Moses publically disobeyed God, he reaped the consequences.

▣ "arise, cross" Both of these verbs are Qal imperatives

1. arise - BDB 877, KB 1086, e.g., Deut. 2:13,24; 10:11

2. cross - BDB 716, KB 778, e.g., Jos. 1:11,14; 2:23: 3:1

The time had come. It was time to act!

▣ "Jordan" The term "Jordan" is from a word which means "descending" (BDB 434). This river plunged almost 1,500 feet in just 80 miles. At this particular time of the year it was at flood stage (cf. Jos. 3:15). It was just as much an act of faith to cross this torrent as it was to have trust in God during the Exodus.

▣ "to the land which I am giving to them" This was a significant act because of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 12, which was later repeated to Isaac and Jacob and then, through Moses, to all Israel. This was the promised land, given to them by God (cf. Gen. 15:12-21). In the OT and in Assyrian documents it is called "the land flowing with milk and honey" because of its fertility.

1:3 Notice the emphasis on God's sovereignty and His complete revelation to Moses concerning these matters. This reflects YHWH's promises to Abraham (cf. Gen. 12:7; 13:15; 15:18).

There are several places where the dimensions of the Promised Land are given:

1. Numbers 34:1-12

2. Deuteronomy 1:6-8; 3:12-20; 11:24

3. Joshua 1:3-4; 13:8-12

4. Judges 20:1

They are not all exactly the same. The only time Israel came close to these boundaries was during the kingdoms of David and Solomon.

1:4 "from the wilderness" The term"wilderness" (BDB 184) refers to "the Negev," which is usually translated "the south" (BDB 616). It refers to the semi-arid pastureland which was uninhabited, because of lack of ground water, located between Beersheba and the desert of Sinai.

▣ "Lebanon" This is literally "white" (BDB 526), which refers to (1) the snow-capped heights of Mt. Hebron or (2) the color of its cliffs. It designates the northern reaches of the Promised Land (cf. Deut. 1:7-8; 11:24).

▣ "as far as the great river, the river Euphrates" This refers not to the mouth of the Euphrates (BDB 832), but to the headwaters, which are northeast of the Sea of Galilee.

▣ "all the land of the Hittites" The exact location of this area is uncertain. It may refer to northern Syria. In the Bible there are three different groups of Hittites. The largest and most famous one was in central Turkey (Anatolia). There was a group by this name that also lived within Palestine. This same basic description is found in Deut. 11:24. Hittite names of these were found in written documents during the reigns of David and Solomon.

▣ "as far as the great sea" This refers to the Mediterranean, often called "the upper sea" and, therefore, is a designation for the west.

1:5

NASB"No man will be able to stand before you"
NRSV"No one shall be able to stand against you"
TEV"No one will be able to defeat you"
NJB"No one will be able to resist you"

Because of Deut. 7:24 and 11:25, this phrase has military overtones. Joshua passed this word of encouragement on to his army (cf. Jos. 10:8). The "you" is singular here and refers to Joshua. In Jos. 1:4 it was plural and referred to all the people.

▣ "just as I have been with Moses, I will be with you" What a tremendous promise! This is the same type of phrase used when God called Moses (cf. Gen. 26:3; 31:3; Exod. 3:12; Deut. 31:6,8; Jos. 3:7; Jdgs. 6:16; 1 Kgs. 11:38). The promise was YHWH's personal presence!

▣ "I will not fail you nor forsake you" The Hebrew word "fail" (DBD 951, KB 1276, Hiphil imperfect) implies "weakness" and the Hebrew word "forsake" (BDB 736, KB 806, Qal imperfect) implies "non abandonment." This reflects Deut. 31:6-7. These were covenant terms which imply that YHWH would be with Joshua (cf. Jos. 1:9), even though problems would arise. God's presence and promises are His greatest gifts!

1:6 "Be strong and courageous" This was Moses' message to Joshua (cf. Deut. 31:7,8,23). This is God's command to Joshua (BDB 304, KB 302, Qal imperative and BDB 54, KB 65, Qal imperative, cf. Jos. 1:6,7,9,18). This is Joshua's message to the people (cf. Jos. 10:25, same grammatical form). Notice the covenantal need for continuing human response.

▣ "the land which I swore to their fathers to give to them" The promise was given to Abraham in Gen. 12:7; to Isaac in Gen. 26:3; to Jacob in Gen. 28:13; and to all Israel in Exod. 6:8.

1:7 "be careful to do according to all the law which Moses My servant commanded you" The phrase "Be careful to do" is made up of two Qal infinitive constructs (BDB 1036, KB 1581 and BDB 793, KB 889). This is a repeated theme throughout this period of Israel's history. There is the covenant relationship between God and Israel which had stipulations on both sides (cf. Deut. 5:32-33; 6:1-4, 17, 24, 25).

God's covenant(s) are both conditional and unconditional. Some covenant promises are based solely on God, e.g., (1) Noah, cf. Gen. 8:20-21; 9:8-17; (2) Abraham, cf. Gen. 15:12-21. God will redeem mankind (cf. Gen. 3:15), but individuals are united to Him by personal faith and obedience (conditional covenant, cf. Gen. 12). The literary form of the conditional covenant is usually "if they. . .I will. . ." (cf. Deut. 28:1,2,9,13,15).

In my opinion the theological tension of the sovereignty of God versus the free will of humanity can best be explained in these covenantal categories.

▣ "do not turn from it to the right or the left" The verb (BDB 693, KB 747, Qal imperfect) is used in a jussive sense. This phrase (cf. Deut. 5:32; 17:11,20; 28:14; Jos. 23:6; 2 Kgs. 22:2; 2 Chr. 34:2; Pro. 4:27) reflects the Hebrew words for "sin," which were always a deviation from the standard (i.e., God Himself). The Hebrew term "righteousness" is literally "a measuring reed." All the terms for sin in Hebrew, and to some extent, followed by the terms for sin in Greek, mean "a deviation from the standard" or "crookedness" or "perverseness" or "falling short." God Himself is the standard!

SPECIAL TOPIC: RIGHTEOUSNESS

▣ "so that you may have success wherever you go" Physical prosperity was the covenantal promise (cf. Jos. 1:8; Deut. 27-28). God wanted to bless His people and thereby bring the world to Himself. See Special Topic below. God purposed blessing (cf. Deut. 29:9), but fallen mankind was incapable of obedience, reaping only judgment (cf. Deut. 28:29).

SPECIAL TOPIC: BOB'S EVANGELICAL BIASES

1:8 "this book of the law shall not depart from your mouth" There are three emphases made in Jos. 1:8 about covenant responsibility:

1. talk about it continually (cf. Deut. 6:6-9)

2. meditate (BDB 211, KB 237, Qal perfect, cf. Ps. 1:2; 77:12; 143:5) on it always

3. perform it continually (the same phrase, "be careful to do," from Jos. 1:7 is repeated, cf. Deut. 6:6-9; Ps. 1:2; 119:97)

 

▣ "for then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have success" The covenant blessings and cursings of Deuteronomy 27-29 make it plain that God wants to attract the world to Himself by blessing Israel! God's goal was prosperity, but the consequences of disobedience resulted in judgment. The world never saw the blessings of YHWH.

1:9 This includes both the positive aspect "to be strong and courageous" (cf. Jos. 1:6,7,9,18) and the negative aspect "to not tremble or be dismayed" (both of these verbs are negated Qal imperfects used in a jussive sense, [1] BDB 791, KB 888 and [2] BDB 369, KB 365, cf. Deut. 20:3; 31:6). The reason for this is that the Lord is going to go with them—the greatest promise is the presence of God (cf. Exod. 3:12).

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 1:10-11
 10"Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people, saying, 11Pass through the midst of the camp and command the people, saying, 'Prepare provisions for yourselves, for within three days you are to cross this Jordan, to go in to possess the land which the Lord your God is giving you, to possess it.'"

1:10 "the officers of the people" These were official scribes or military officers (BDB 1009, cf. Jos. 23:2; 24:1). They are mentioned as helpers of the elders in Num. 11:16. They were Joshua's way of communicating to the large number of Israelites.

1:11 This verse has three imperatives, two to the officers and one through them to the people:

1. the officers

a. "pass through the camp," BDB 716, KB 778, Qal imperative

b. "command the people," BDB 845, KB 1010, Piel imperative

2. the people: "prepare provisions," BDB 465, KB 464, Hiphil imperative

 

▣ "prepare provisions for yourselves" This refers to food (cf. Jos. 9:11; Gen. 42:25; 45:21; Exod. 12:39; Jdgs. 7:8; 20:10; 1 Sam. 22:10).

"three days" This seems to be the period required for ritual purification (cf. Exod. 19:10-11) as well as time for preparation of food and for travel. It referred to the remainder of the day on which it was spoken and all of the next day and part of the succeeding day (cf. Jos. 3:2).

"to go in to possess. . .to possess it" There are three Qal infinitive constructs:

1. go in, BDB 97, KB 112

2. possess, BDB 439, KB 441

3. possess, BDB 439, KB 441

The verb "possess" is used of the Promised Land several times:

1. Leviticus, 3 times

2. Numbers, 14 times

3. Deuteronomy, 71 times

4. Joshua, 27 times

5. Judges, 25 times

The immediate focus of the Abrahamic covenant for Israel was the land of promise! Genesis 15:12-21 is about to become a reality!

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 1:12-15
 12To the Reubenites and to the Gadites and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, Joshua said, 13Remember the word which Moses the servant of the Lord commanded you, saying, 'The Lord your God gives you rest and will give you this land.' 14Your wives, your little ones, and your cattle shall remain in the land which Moses gave you beyond the Jordan, but you shall cross before your brothers in battle array, all your valiant warriors, and shall help them, 15until the Lord gives your brothers rest, as He gives you, and they also possess the land which the Lord your God is giving them. Then you shall return to your own land, and possess that which Moses the servant of the Lord gave you beyond the Jordan toward the sunrise.

1:12 "the Reubenites the Gadites and the half-tribe of Manasseh" These three tribes wanted land on the eastern side of the Jordan because it was good pastureland (cf. Numbers 32). However, Moses commanded them to go to war with their brothers and claim the Promised Land (cf. Deut. 3:18-20) before going home to their land allocation. They even had to go first into battle.

▣ "half-tribe of Manasseh" This term may have two possible origins: (1) because Joseph's two children, Manasseh and Ephraim, inherited land equally, it may refer to Joseph having the right of double inheritance as the firstborn did; or (2) more likely, Manasseh had land on both eastern and western sides of the Jordan and so he is called the half-tribe, while Ephraim is never called a half-tribe.

1:13 "the Lord your God gives you rest" This was referred to in Deut. 3:18-20. The term "rest" (BDB 628, KB 679) is used in the sense of

1. a resting place

a. Exod. 33:14

b. Deut. 3:20

c. Jos. 1:13,15; 22:4

d. 1 Chr. 23:25

e. Isa. 63:14

2. freedom from enemies

a. Deut. 12:10; 25:19

b. Jos. 23:1

c. 2 Sam. 7:1,11

d. 1 Chr. 22:9

 

1:14

NASB"in battle array"
NKJV"armed"
NRSV"the warnings"
TEV"armed for battle"
NJB"in battle formation"

This (BDB 332) seems to come from the Arabic root which means "in a group of five" and possibly refers to the marching order of the army (cf. Jos. 4:12; Exod. 13:18; Num. 32:17; Jdgs. 7:11). The order would be (1) the advanced guard; (2) the main body; (3 and 4) two flanks and (5) a rear guard. This is similar to the marching order of the Egyptians (Rameses II) which shows the historicity of these accounts. Moses was trained at Pharaoh's court. The tribes whose families were safe and settled had to go into battle first (i.e., #1).

"valiant warriors" This term is used several times in Joshua to describe the soldiers (cf. Jos. 6:2; 8:3; 10:7; Jdgs. 6:12; 11:1).

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 1:16-18
 16They answered Joshua, saying, "All that you have commanded us we will do, and wherever you send us we will go." 17Just as we obeyed Moses in all things, so we will obey you; only may the Lord your God be with you as He was with Moses. 18Anyone who rebels against your command and does not obey your words in all that you command him, shall be put to death; only be strong and courageous.

1:16 "they" This refers to the three tribes that settled on the eastern side of the Jordan, Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh (the half tribe).

"all that you have commanded us we will do" This paragraph is a confirmation of the tribes' understanding that YHWH was speaking through Joshua. It is like a covenant renewal.

1:17 This is an affirmation and prayer (cf. Jos. 1:5,9).

1:18 Obedience was the key to covenant fidelity and military victory. The consequences of disobedience were terminal!

"only be strong and courageous" God reaffirms His charge to Joshua (cf. Jos. 1:5,7,9,18) through these three tribes' affirmation.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. Why could Moses not enter the Promised Land?

2. What is the significance of the term "servant"?

3. Why was the Promised Land so important to the Jewish people?

4. Did Israel ever fully possess the limits of the Promised Land?

5. Is the covenant conditional? What does this imply?

 

Joshua 2

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

NASB NKJV NRSV TEV NJB
Spies Sent to Jericho Rahab Hides the Spies Joshua's Spies at Jericho Joshua Sends Spies into Jericho Joshua's Spies at Jericho
2:1-7 2:1-7 2:1-7 2:1-3 2:1-7
      2:4-7  
Received by Rahab       The Pact Between Rahab and the Spies
2:8-14 2:8-14 2:8-14 2:8-13 2:8-13
      2:14 2:14-21
Promise to Rahab        
2:15-21 2:15-21 2:15-21 2:15-16  
      2:17-21 The Spies Return
2:22-24 2:22-24 2:22-24 2:22-24 2:22-24

READING CYCLE THREE (from "A Guide to Good Bible Reading")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT THE PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects. Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired but it is the key to following the original author's intent which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

1. First paragraph

2. Second paragraph

3. Third paragraph

4. Etc.

 

CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS

A. Rahab was a Canaanite harlot in Jericho, the rabbis say from age 10.

 

B. She hid the spies (that Joshua sent) from the city authorities because she feared Israel's imminent invasion.

 

C. She helped the spies escape over the walls.

 

D. Some say that she later became the wife of Salmon and the mother of Boaz, who is in the lineage of the Messiah (Matt. 1:5). Other Jewish traditions say she married Joshua.

 

E. She became very popular in Jewish writings (e.g., Sifre Numbers 78; Zuta' 75) as

1. one of the four most beautiful women in the world

2. the ancestress of 8 prophets, including Jeremiah and Huldah

3. a prime example of the power of repentance

 

F. In the NT she is mentioned twice as an example of faith, Hebrews 11:30-31 and James 2:24-26.

 

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 2:1-7
 1Then Joshua the son of Nun sent two men as spies secretly from Shittim, saying, "Go, view the land, especially Jericho." So they went and came into the house of a harlot whose name was Rahab, and lodged there. 2It was told the king of Jericho, saying, "Behold, men from the sons of Israel have come here tonight to search out the land." 3And the king of Jericho sent word to Rahab, saying, "Bring out the men who have come to you, who have entered your house, for they have come to search out all the land." 4But the woman had taken the two men and hidden them, and she said, "Yes, the men came to me, but I did not know where they were from. 5It came about when it was time to shut the gate at dark, that the men went out; I do not know where the men went. Pursue them quickly, for you will overtake them." 6But she had brought them up to the roof and hidden them in the stalks of flax which she had laid in order on the roof. 7So the men pursued them on the road to the Jordan to the fords; and as soon as those who were pursuing them had gone out, they shut the gate.

2:1 "Joshua. . .sent two men as spies" Joshua is following in Mosaic precedent, but he is doing so knowing how disastrous the first mission (the spies into Canaan, cf. Numbers 13) went. He had confidence that Israel was now ready to trust YHWH's word and presence to give them military victory.

"secretly" This was done secretly (or "quietly" BDB 361 I) because of the nature of the mission or because of the Jews' previous experience in sending spies.

▣ "Shittim" "Shittim" means "stream of Acacias" (BDB 1008, cf. Num. 33:49). This site was also the locale of Israel's idolatry with the Canaanite fertility cult (cf. Num. 25:1). It was located on the eastern side of the Jordan on the northern border of the land of Moab. It was part of "the Plains of Moab."

Acacia wood is dark, hard wood used extensively in the tabernacle (cf. Exod. 25, 26; it is often translated "Shittim wood").

In verse 2 Joshua gave them two orders.

1. "go," BDB 229, KB 246, Qal imperative

2. "view," BDB 906, KB 1157, Qal imperative

 

▣ "Jericho" This is the oldest city in this part of the world (about 7000 b.c.). It was called the city of palms. The name means "fragrance" (BDB 437). Archaeologically little can be known about this tel because of (1) weather erosion and (2) multiple levels of human habitation.

▣ "the house of a harlot" Later Judaism tried to make her an "innkeeper" (Meg. 14b,15a; Josephus; Rashi), but this is typical of their attempts to remove embarrassing events from the OT (cf. Exodus 32). The term is definitely "harlot" (BDB 275). This would have been one place the spies could go as strangers and be welcome without question.

▣ "Rahab" The name means "to be wide" (BDB 932 I) and may be a euphemism for her prostitution (cf. NIDOTTE, vol. 3, p. 1091 and vol. 4, pp. 1123-1126).

2:2 "king of Jericho" This was the common Canaanite governmental city-state title (like the Philistines). He was very nervous over such a large body of people camped so close to his city, especially in light of what they had done to the native kingdoms on the eastern side of the Jordan.

▣ "men from the sons of Israel" They were identified either by their dress or their speech.

2:3 "bring out the men" This verb (BDB 422, KB 425) is a Hiphil imperative. This king was afraid!

2:4 "but I did not know where they were from" Many commentators have been bothered by Rahab's lying (cf. Hard Sayings of the Bible, pp. 181-182). Why, is she not still a Canaanite prostitute? At what point does she become an informed believer? This is not God lying!

2:5 "Pursue them quickly" This is another lie to cover her deception (BDB 922, KB 1191, Qal imperative).

2:6 "stalks of flax" Flax (BDB 781 #2 f) was used to make linen. This indicates a possible date of March/April (flood stage for the Jordan), since this was when flax was sun dried.

▣ "on the roof" The flat roof was a place of social gathering as well as a work place in the summer.

2:7 "the fords" This referred to special shallow water crossing places in the Jordan river (BDB 721).

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 2:8-14
 8Now before they lay down, she came up to them on the roof, 9and said to the men, "I know that the Lord has given you the land, and that the terror of you has fallen on us, and that all the inhabitants of the land have melted away before you. 10For we have heard how the Lord dried up the water of the Red Sea before you when you came out of Egypt, and what you did to the two kings of the Amorites who were beyond the Jordan, to Sihon and Og, whom you utterly destroyed. 11When we heard it, our hearts melted and no courage remained in any man any longer because of you; for the Lord your God, He is God in heaven above and on earth beneath. 12Now therefore, please swear to me by the Lord, since I have dealt kindly with you, that you also will deal kindly with my father's household, and give me a pledge of truth, 13and spare my father and my mother and my brothers and my sisters, with all who belong to them, and deliver our lives from death." 14So the men said to her, "Our life for yours if you do not tell this business of ours; and it shall come about when the Lord gives us the land that we will deal kindly and faithfully with you."

2:9 "the Lord has given you the land" How did a Canaanite prostitute know (1) God's covenant name; (2) the covenant stipulations; and (3) their exodus experience? Apparently she heard by word of mouth from her customers.

▣ "the terror of you has fallen on us" The term "terror" (BDB 33) is often used of YHWH's supernatural intervention in battle (e.g., Exod. 15:16; 23:27; Job 20:25).

▣ "all the inhabitants of the land" The root of this Hebrew word means "to sit, remain, dwell" (BDB 442, KB 444, Qal active participle). Some scholars asset that it should be translated "rulers" or "those who sit on the throne," but no translation that I am aware of translates it like that. They assume it relates to the third meaning, "those who dwell in the land" (cf. Exod. 15:14).

▣ "I have melted away before you" This is parallel to "the terror of you has fallen on us." This verb (BDB 556, KB 555, Niphal perfect) is a metaphor of helpless disorganization or panic (cf. Jos. 2:11; 5:10; Exod. 15:15; 1 Sam. 14:16; Jer. 49:23). It is used to describe fear in Deut. 1:28 and also of the Israelites at their defeat at Ai in Jos. 7:5.

2:10 "Red Sea" This is literally "Sea of Reeds" or "Sea of Weeds." This term is used of

1. salt sea (cf. Jonah 2:5; 1 Kgs. 9:26)

2. fresh water reeds in the Nile (cf. Exod. 2:3; Isa. 19:26)

3. the large body of mysterious water to "the south" (cf. Num. 33:8,10)

thereby referring to the modern bodies of water called the Red Sea, Indian Ocean or Persian Gulf.

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE RED SEA

▣ "the two kings of the Amorites" The account of Israel's victory over Sihon and Og is recorded in Numbers 21 and Deuteronomy 2-3.

▣ "utterly destroyed" The verb (BDB 355, KB 353, Hiphil perfect) herem meant "under the ban." This was a holy war term for complete dedication to God. All that breathed became holy unto God and thereby had to be removed from human use. Examples are

a. limited ban - Deut. 2:34-35; 3:6-7

b. total ban - Josh 6:17,21

 

2:11 "He is God in heaven above and on earth beneath" This is a strong theological statement of God's transcendence and imminence. This is the paradox of YHWH as "the Holy One of Israel" and on the other hand, the ever present God of creation. This is an affirmation of monotheism.

2:12 "swear to me by the Lord" The verb (BDB 989, KB 1396, Niphal imperative) is common in Deuteronomy and Joshua.

1. God swears, 1:6; 5:6 (twice); 21:43,44

2. His people swear, 2:12,17,20; 6:22,26; 9:15,18,19,20; 14:9

3. do not swear by their gods, 23:7 

This was a common practice of involving God's name in daily life (cf. Jos. 9:15). The fact that she wants an oath in YHWH's name shows her faith in Him.

▣ "dealt kindly" Hesed (BDB 338) is the Hebrew word for God's covenant loyalty and love for His people. Here, however, it is used of a general sense of hospitality.

SPECIAL TOPIC: LOVINGKINDNESS (HESED)

NASB"and give me a pledge of truth"
NKJV"and give me a true token"
NRSV"Give me a sign of good faith"
TEV"and give me some sign that I can trust you"
NJB"and give me a sure sign of this"

This sign (BDB 16) of truth (BDB 54) is described in Jos. 2:18 and was honored by Joshua. Rahab and all of her family with her were spared, Jos. 2:13.

2:14 This is an oath formula assuring Rahab that the two spies could speak with authority for the Israeli army.

NASB, NRSV,
NJB"kindly and faithfully"
NKJV"kindly and truly"
NJB"treat you well"

These two terms are significant covenant terms:

1. "kindly," BDB 338, cf. note at Jos. 2:12

2. "faithfully," BDB 54 is the root for covenant faith, trust and steadfastness

 

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 2:15-21
 15Then she let them down by a rope through the window, for her house was on the city wall, so that she was living on the wall. 16She said to them, "Go to the hill country, so that the pursuers will not happen upon you, and hide yourselves there for three days until the pursuers return. Then afterward you may go on your way." 17The men said to her, "We shall be free from this oath to you which you have made us swear, 18 unless, when we come into the land, you tie this cord of scarlet thread in the window through which you let us down, and gather to yourself into the house your father and your mother and your brothers and all your father's household. 19It shall come about that anyone who goes out of the doors of your house into the street, his blood shall be on his own head, and we shall be free; but anyone who is with you in the house, his blood shall be on our head if a hand is laid on him. 20But if you tell this business of ours, then we shall be free from the oath which you have made us swear. 21She said, "According to your words, so be it." So she sent them away, and they departed; and she tied the scarlet cord in the window.

2:15 The exact location of her place of business and home is uncertain. Jericho was a double walled city. There may have been walkways from the roofs of buildings built against the inner walls to the top of the outer wall. Robert Bratcher and Barclay Newman in A Translators Handbook on the Book of Joshua by the United Bible Societies, have an interesting comment,

"Archaeological excavations reveal that at one time Jericho had two city walls, an inner one and an outer one, separated by a space of some 3.5 to 4.5 meters. Houses were built on heavy timbers laid from one wall to the other: the window through which Rahab let the men down looked out from the outer wall" (p. 32).

2:16 "go" This verb (BDB 229, KB 246) is a Qal imperative. Her advice was crucial in their escape.

▣ "the hill country" This referred to the rugged hill country to the west and south of Jericho. In other words, she instructed them to go the opposite direction from the camp of Israel.

2:18 The term "rope" (BDB 286 II) in Jos. 2:15 is different from the term (BDB 876 construct 296) used in Jos. 2:17. The first implies a corded strong rope, the second a much smaller, weaker rope, or thick thread (cf. Jos. 21). By putting out this small rope/thread it did not draw undue attention to her home by the inhabitants of Jericho.

The color scarlet is often associated with the tabernacle color, but must have also been a common color for thread (cf. Gen. 38:28,30). These spies may have had it with them. The dye color came from a worm (BDB 1040).

▣ "gather to yourself into the house your father and your mother and your brothers and all your father's household" In the OT salvation has to do with physical deliverance. Notice Rahab's whole family is delivered by her act of faith. This corporate concept is not only common in the OT, but extends to the "household" conversions of the NT (cf. Jos. 2:2; John 4:44,53; Acts 11:14; 16:14-15,31-33; 18:8; 1 Cor. 1:16).

2:19-20 Notice the conditional covenant related to the faith of Rahab (cf. Jos. 2:20) and her family (Jos. 2:19). If they believe in YHWH they will abide by the three conditions of the spies (cf. Jos. 2:18-20).

2:19 "his blood shall be on his own head" This is a Hebrew idiom of personal responsibility (cf. Ezek. 18:13; 33:5).

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 2:22-24
 22They departed and came to the hill country, and remained there for three days until the pursuers returned. Now the pursuers had sought them all along the road, but had not found them. 23Then the two men returned and came down from the hill country and crossed over and came to Joshua the son of Nun, and they related to him all that had happened to them. 24They said to Joshua, "Surely the Lord has given all the land into our hands; moreover, all the inhabitants of the land have melted away before us."

2:24 The spies told Joshua of the fear of the Canaanites (cf. Jos. 2:9). This is a fulfilled prophecy from Exodus 23:27 and Deut. 2:25.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. Why did these spies go to a prostitute's house?

2. Why did Rahab help them?

3. Is lying alright if used for God?

4. What concept of God did Rahab have?

5. What significance does the scarlet thread have?

 

Joshua 3

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

NASB NKJV NRSV TEV NJB
The People Stop at the Jordan Israel Crosses the Jordan The Crossing of the Jordan The People of Israel Cross the Jordan Before the Crossing
3:1-4 3:1-8 3:1-6 3:1-4 3:1-6
3:5-6     3:5-6 Final Instructions
3:7-13   3:7-13 3:7-8 3:7-13
  3:9-13   3:9-13  
The People Cross Jordan       Crossing the Jordan
3:14-17 314-17 3:14-17 3:14a 3:14-17
      3:14b-17  

READING CYCLE THREE (from "A Guide to Good Bible Reading")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT THE PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects. Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired but it is the key to following the original author's intent which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

1. First paragraph

2. Second paragraph

3. Third paragraph

4. Etc.

 

CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS

A. Chapters 3 and 4 describe the crossing of the Jordan. The accounts seem to be rather repetitive, but we must remember that it is characteristic of Hebrew literature that one general account is followed by a detailed account (cf. Genesis 1 and 2).

 

B. A brief outline of these two chapters is

1. Chapter 3:1-6—preparation for entering the Promised Land

2. Chapter 3:7-17—the crossing of the Jordan

3. Chapter 4:1-14—extra details concerning the crossing of the Jordan

4. Chapter 4: 15-24—the memorial stones

 

C. There are several examples of memorial stone piles in Joshua. The purpose of the memorials was to instruct the next generation about YHWH's faithful covenant acts and YHWH's reaction to covenant disobedience (cf. Jos. 4:20-24; 8:35); some are positive and some negative.

1. the positives are

a. twelve stones from the Jordan arranged at Gilgal (cf. Jos. 4:1-8)

b. twelve stones from the Jordan arranged on the brink of the Jordan (cf. Jos. 4:9)

c. stone piles record the Law at Mt. Ebal (cf. Jos. 8:30-35)

2. the negatives are

a. Achan and his family and cattle stoned to death for their disobedience (cf. Jos. 7:25)

b. Achan and his family buried by a great heap of stones (cf. Jos. 7:26)

c. King of Ai killed and buried by a great heap of stones (cf. Jos. 8:29)

d. large stones used to seal the cave where the five Canaanite kings were buried (cf. Jos. 10:27)

 

D. There are two memorial stones mentioned

1. the stone of Bochan (cf. Jos. 15:6; 18:17)

2. the covenant stone (cf. Jos. 24:26-27)

 

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 3:1-4
 1Then Joshua rose early in the morning; and he and all the sons of Israel set out from Shittim and came to the Jordan, and they lodged there before they crossed. 2At the end of three days the officers went through the midst of the camp; 3and they commanded the people, saying, "When you see the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God with the Levitical priests carrying it, then you shall set out from your place and go after it. 4However, there shall be between you and it a distance of about 2,000 cubits by measure. Do not come near it, that you may know the way by which you shall go, for you have not passed this way before.

3:1 "Joshua rose early in the morning" This is a Hebrew idiom which is used often in the Old Testament to describe someone who is preparing for a journey (cf. Gen. 19:2; 20:8; 21:14; 22:3; 26:31; 28:18; 31:55; Exod. 8:30; 9:13; 24:4; 32:6; 34:4; etc.). Here it implies that Joshua immediately performed his task (cf. Jos. 6:12; 7:16; 8:10).

▣ "Shittim" This seems to mean "from the acacias." Acacias are a rather hard, dark wood which was very common in the desert. This is basically the geographical area known as the Plains of Moab (cf. Num. 33:48,49,50).

3:2 "it came about at the end of three days" Some see this as being linked to the three-day ritual of Jos. 1:11, while other commentators assume that it is a different three-day period. Three days is the normal time necessary for ritual preparation (cf. Exod. 19:10-15).

▣ "officers" This means "scribes" and refers to the helpers of the elders who are mentioned in Jos. 1:10. These would be the administrative type officials who would help Joshua.

3:3 "the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God" A full description of this symbol of the presence of God is found in Exod. 25:10-22. The Shekinah Cloud of Glory had been the symbol of God's presence with His people during the Wilderness Wandering period, but now it was replaced by the ark of the covenant which sat in the Holy of Holies in the tabernacle. On its mercy seat (i.e., lid) were two winged cherubim. On the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16) the High Priest entered the Holy of Holies (twice) in order to sprinkle blood on the mercy seat (for his sin, then for the nation's) which was a sign of forgiveness for the entire nation. The rabbis believed that God dwelt in heaven and that His footstool was the ark of the covenant, the place where heaven and earth met!

▣ "Levitical priests carrying it" The ark and the cloud led them throughout the wilderness wandering period. Usually the ark was carried by the sons of Kohath (cf. Num. 4:4,15). The fact that it was carried here by the Levitical priests shows the significance of this particular event (also the cloud apparently was not visible).

3:4 "However, there shall be between you and it a distance of about 2,000 cubits by measure" A cubit is the distance between a man's longest finger and his elbow. It usually equaled about 18 inches. This meant that the distance referred to here was about 3,000 feet. Some see this as the source of the rabbis' limit for a Sabbath day's journey (cf. Acts 1:12). Apparently this was a symbol of reverence and a sign of who was leading the people into the promised land (i.e., God).

SPECIAL TOPIC: CUBIT

▣ "do not come near it" The verb (BDB 897, KB 1132, Qal imperfect) is JUSSIVE in meaning. There was a holiness about the ark which required utmost care (cf. 2 Sam. 6:6-7).

▣ "for you have not passed this way before" This shows that God was leading His people in fulfillment of His promise to Abraham (cf. Gen. 12:1-3).

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 3:5-6
 5Then Joshua said to the people, "Consecrate yourselves, for tomorrow the Lord will do wonders among you." 6And Joshua spoke to the priests, saying, "Take up the ark of the covenant and cross over ahead of the people." So they took up the ark of the covenant and went ahead of the people.

3:5 "consecrate yourselves" This verb (BDB 872, KB 1073, Hithpael imperative, cf. Jos. 7:13) is used for specific acts of purification in Exod. 19:10,14,22. This is the Hebrew root which is used for holiness.

SPECIAL TOPIC: HOLY

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 3:7-13
 7Now the Lord said to Joshua, "This day I will begin to exalt you in the sight of all Israel, that they may know that just as I have been with Moses, I will be with you. 8You shall, moreover, command the priests who are carrying the ark of the covenant, saying, 'When you come to the edge of the waters of the Jordan, you shall stand still in the Jordan.'" 9Then Joshua said to the sons of Israel, "Come here, and hear the words of the Lord your God." 10Joshua said, "By this you shall know that the living God is among you, and that He will assuredly dispossess from before you the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Hivite, the Perizzite, the Girgashite, the Amorite, and the Jebusite. 11Behold, the ark of the covenant of the Lord of all the earth is crossing over ahead of you into the Jordan. 12Now then, take for yourselves twelve men from the tribes of Israel, one man for each tribe. 13It shall come about when the soles of the feet of the priests who carry the ark of the Lord, the Lord of all the earth, rest in the waters of the Jordan, the waters of the Jordan will be cut off, and the waters which are flowing down from above will stand in one heap."

3:7 "that they will know that just as I have been with Moses, I will be with you" The human leader had changed but God was the same! God is going to show His support for Joshua by doing several things for him that He had also done for Moses. As God split the Red Sea in the Exodus, He now splits the Jordan in the Conquest. Another example of this same type of duplicated events is 5:13-15, which is comparable with Moses' burning bush experience in Exodus 3.

3:9 Joshua again commands the people.

1. "come here," BDB 620, KB 670, Qal imperative. This probably refers to the leaders who would pass on the information, but it could also refer to all the Israelites.

2. "hear the words of the Lord your God," BDB 1033, KB 1570, Qal imperative. This verb means to hear so as to do! These are God's words, not Joshua's.

 

3:10 "the living God" This is the meaning of the name "YHWH" (cf. Exod. 3:14). It is from the Hebrew verb "to be." He is the ever living, only living God. See Special Topic at Jos. 1:1.

▣ "the living God is among you" What a tremendous promise this is. The transcendent Holy One is with them (immanence). YHWH's miracle (splitting the Jordan) will convince them all that YHWH fulfills His promise (cf. Num. 16:28).

▣ "that He will assuredly dispossess from before you" This is an emphatic grammatical construction made up of the Hiphil infinitive absolute and the Hiphil imperfect of the verb for possess/drive out (BDB 439, KB 441). This verb is common in Deuteronomy, Joshua, and Judges.

▣ "the Canaanite, the Hittites, the Hivites, the Perizzites, the Girgashites, the Amorites, and the Jebusites"

SPECIAL TOPIC: PRE-ISRAELITE INHABITANTS OF PALESTINE

3:11 "the ark of the covenant of the Lord of all the earth" This is the name adon (BDB 10), which means "owner," "husband," or "master." Here again is that universal emphasis which is seen so often in the Pentateuch (cf. Jos. 3:13; 4:24; Gen. 3:15; 12:3; Exod. 9:29: 19:5). There is one and only one creator, sustainer, and redeemer, God (cf. Ps. 97:5; Micah 4:13). See Special Topic: Bob's Evangelical Biases at Jos. 1:7.

3:12 "take for yourselves twelve men from the tribes of Israel, one man for each tribe" Notice that this does not include the tribe of Levi. This emphasis on the inclusion of the tribes is a major theme throughout the book of Joshua. Their purpose is stated in chapter 4 (to gather stones as a memorial)

3:13 "when the soles of the feet of the priests who carry the ark of the Lord" These priests who were carrying the ark had to act in faith to enter the turbulent waters of the overflowing Jordan. All of them had to get their feet into the water before it would divide. This is another sign of the faith that God required of His people.

▣ "Lord, the Lord" See SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY at Jos. 1:1.

▣ "the waters of the Jordan shall be cut off" At a location north of the crossing (Jericho) the limestone cliffs caved in at the city of Adam and dammed up the Jordan (cf. Jos. 3:16). This was a natural event, but with supernatural timing (when it started and when it stopped) and locality. This was just like the plagues of Egypt, which they had heard about from their parents.

In Genesis 1 water is never said to be spoken into existence. It is present and covers the earth in Gen. 1:2. God's control of water (i.e., forming the dry land, splitting the Red Sea and the Jordan) shows that He is the God of creation. Water is so important to life, but can be so destructive. Too much is a problem and too little is a problem. YHWH controls the oceans (salt water) and the rivers, dew, and rain (fresh water). Water brings and sustains life (as does God)!

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 3:14-17
 14So when the people set out from their tents to cross the Jordan with the priests carrying the ark of the covenant before the people, 15and when those who carried the ark came into the Jordan, and the feet of the priests carrying the ark were dipped in the edge of the water (for the Jordan overflows all its banks all the days of harvest), 16the waters which were flowing down from above stood and rose up in one heap, a great distance away at Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan; and those which were flowing down toward the sea of the Arabah, the Salt Sea, were completely cut off. So the people crossed opposite Jericho. 17And the priests who carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord stood firm on dry ground in the middle of the Jordan while all Israel crossed on dry ground, until all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan.

3:14 "the people set out from their tents to cross the Jordan" This literally means "to pull tent pegs" (BDB 652, KB 704, Qal infinitive construct).

3:15 There is a distinct literary feature used throughout Joshua. Joshua regularly uses the same verb twice, mentioned once and then acted on (the verb "to be," BDB 224, KB 243, is used this way so often I will not list them):

1. 2:12  - "dealt kindly with you" (BDB 793, KB 889, Qal perfect, Qal perfect)

2. 3:6; 4:1 - "said. . .saying" (BDB 55, KB 65, Qal imperfect, Qal infinitive construct)

3. 3:15 - "carried the ark" (BDB 669, KB 724, 2 Qal active participles)

4. 4:11; 5:1 - "a crossing" (BDB 716, KB 778, Qal infinitive constructs, 2 Qal imperfects)

5. 4:14 - "revered" (BDB 431, KB 432, Qal imperfect, Qal perfect)

6. 5:3,4 - "circumcise" (BDB 557, KB 555, Qal imperfect, Qal perfect)

7. 6:3 - "march around" (BDB 685, KB 738, Qal perfect, Hiphil infinitive absolute

There are many more. It becomes a literary characteristic of this book.

▣ "for the Jordan overflows all its banks all the days of harvest" This was the time of the flax and barley harvest, not the later wheat harvest. This would mean that the Jordan was rushing out of its banks because of the melting snows from Mt. Hermon. Crossing it would be very difficult, almost impossible, at this time of the year. God would show them that He was still with them and for them by this miraculous crossing!

3:16 "and the waters which were flowing down from above stood and rose up in one heap, a great distance away at Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan" The method which God used was a cave-in of the limestone cliffs which were several miles upstream. The miraculous elements were (1) the supernatural timing of the landslide and (2) its releasing of the water. We know from history, both Arab (1267 b.c.) and modern history (a.d. 1297) that the Jordan River has been stopped by landslides in this area before. There is a difference in opinion concerning the location of the city of Adam. Some say that it is about sixteen miles north of Jericho, while others say it is as far north as thirty-six miles. This same city in mentioned in Hosea 6:7.

The word "heap" (BDB 622) is always used in connection with God's control of water.

1. Red Sea, Exod. 15:8; Ps. 78:13

2. gathering of water at creation, Ps. 33:7

 

"beside" Zarethan is several miles north of Adam. The Hebrew may imply that the water backed up to Zarethan, not that it was close to Adam (cf. W. F. Albright).

3:17 "the priests . . . stood firm on dry ground in the middle of the Jordan" The Hebrew term (BDB 892) in Jos. 3:15 means "on the edge or brink of the Jordan." Yet, in Jos. 3:17, the priest seems to have moved to the middle (BDB 1063) of the Jordan. However, if the men gathered two sets of twelve stones from the middle of the Jordan as a memorial in chapter four: (1) one set was placed at the first camp site, Gilgal and (2) the second set (cf. Jos. 4:9) was placed "in the middle" of the Jordan. But in this location they would never be seen. This must mean on the edge or brink as in Jos. 3:15 so that they were visible all year except during the few weeks of the flood stage.

▣ "until all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan" We learn from 4:10 that the people hurried across. Apparently the priests were growing very weary of holding the heavy, gold-covered ark for the hours it must have taken for the large number of people to cross.

"all the nation" See Special Topic below.

SPECIAL TOPIC: THOUSAND (ELEPH)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. Why is the crossing of the Jordan such a major event?

2. How is the crossing of the Jordan related to the crossing of the Red Sea?

3. How is God's presence symbolized after the people enter the promised land?

 

Joshua 4

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

NASB NKJV NRSV TEV NJB
Memorial Stones from the Jordan The Memorial Stones A Monument Commemorating the Crossing Memorial Stones are Set Up The Twelve Memorial Stones
4:1-7 4:1-7 4:1-7 4:1-7 4:1-9
4:8-14 4:8-14 4:8-9 4:8-14 The Crossing Ends
    4:10-13   4:10-18
    4:14    
4:15-18 4:15-18 4:15-18 4:15-18  
The Stones Set Up at Gilgal       Arrival at Gilgal
4:19-5:1 4:19-24 4:19-5:1 4:19-5:1 4:19-24

READING CYCLE THREE (from "A Guide to Good Bible Reading")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT THE PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects. Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired but it is the key to following the original author's intent which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

1. First paragraph

2. Second paragraph

3. Third paragraph

4. Etc.

 

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 4:1-7
 1Now when all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan, the Lord spoke to Joshua, saying, 2"Take for yourselves twelve men from the people, one man from each tribe, 3and command them, saying, "Take up for yourselves twelve stones from here out of the middle of the Jordan, from the place where the priests' feet are standing firm, and carry them over with you and lay them down in the lodging place where you will lodge tonight." 4So Joshua called the twelve men whom he had appointed from the sons of Israel, one man from each tribe; 5and Joshua said to them, "Cross again to the ark of the Lord your God into the middle of the Jordan, and each of you take up a stone on his shoulder, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Israel. 6"Let this be a sign among you, so that when your children ask later, saying, 'What do these stones mean to you?' 7then you shall say to them, 'Because the waters of the Jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the Lord; when it crossed the Jordan, the waters of the Jordan were cut off.' So these stones shall become a memorial to the sons of Israel forever."

4:1 "twelve" (cf. Exod. 24:40). See Special Topic below.

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE NUMBER TWELVE

4:1-3 We understand now why twelve men were chosen from each tribe, as was described in Jos. 3:12. It was for the purpose of taking large stones out of the bed of the River Jordan, where the feet of the priests were standing, and then carrying the stones to Gilgal, the first campsite in the promised land (cf. Jos. 4:8,19-20). The stones would become a memorial to the mighty work that God had done.

It is a bit confusing, but there are two memorial piles of stones mentioned. One group was taken to Gilgal (Jos. 4:1-8), but another was placed on the brink of the Jordan (Jos. 4:9). This second set of memorial stones could only be seen when the Jordan was not at flood stage. They were meant to remind the coming generations of God's promises and mighty acts of deliverance (cf. Jos. 4:6-7,21; Exod. 12:26; Deut. 4:9; 6:20-25; 11:19; 32:46).

This paragraph has several commands.

1. "take for yourselves twelve men," BDB 542, KB 534, Qal imperative, Jos. 4:2

2. "command them," BDB 845, K 1010, Piel imperative, Jos. 4:3

3. "carry them," BDB 669, KB 724, Qal imperative, Jos. 4:3

4. "cross again," BDB 716, KB 778, Qal imperative

5. "take up a stone," BDB 926, KB 1202, Hiphil imperative

Joshua is giving direct, specific commands, just as Moses did. We learn from Jos. 4:8 that they were from YHWH. This event is a major fulfillment of YHWH's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. These stones will be a perpetual monument to YHWH's faithfulness to His promises.

4:2,4 "take for yourselves twelve men. . .the twelve men he had appointed" Notice the balance between the selection by the tribal leaders and the official appointing (BDB 465, KB 464, Hiphil perfect) by Joshua.

4:6 "let this be a sign among you, that when your children later ask" The religious training of the children by the parents is a repeated theme of the writings of Moses (cf. Exod. 12:26; 13:14; Deut. 4:9; 6:20-25; 11:19; 32:46). YHWH's covenant and the historical acts which confirm it are meant to be passed from generation to generation.

NASB"later"
NKJV, NRSV"in time to come"
TEV, NJB"in the future"

This term (BDB 563) is used as an idiom for "some future, unspecified time" (cf. Exod. 13:14 [similar phrase in Jos. 4:8]; Deut. 6:20; Jos. 4:6,21; 22:24,27,28).

4:7 "forever" This is the Hebrew word 'olam. It can be translated "forever" or "for a long period of time." The context determines which meaning is preferred. See Special Topic below.

SPECIAL TOPIC: 'OLAM

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 4:8-13
 8Thus the sons of Israel did as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones from the middle of the Jordan, just as the Lord spoke to Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Israel; and they carried them over with them to the lodging place and put them down there. 9Then Joshua set up twelve stones in the middle of the Jordan at the place where the feet of the priests who carried the ark of the covenant were standing, and they are there to this day. 10For the priests who carried the ark were standing in the middle of the Jordan until everything was completed that the Lord had commanded Joshua to speak to the people, according to all that Moses had commanded Joshua. And the people hurried and crossed; 11and when all the people had finished crossing, the ark of the Lord and the priests crossed before the people. 12The sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh crossed over in battle array before the sons of Israel, just as Moses had spoken to them; 13about 40, 000 equipped for war, crossed for battle before the Lord to the desert plains of Jericho.

4:8 "the middle" This term (BDB 1063) must be translated "brink" (cf. Jos. 3:17; 4:3,5,8,9,10,18) because if the memorial was in the middle of the Jordan it would never be seen. The Levitical priests stood on the brink of the eastern side (cf. Jos. 3:8,13). If it was on the brink of the Jordan it would be visible for many months of the year when the water was down to its normal level. Many scholars assert that there are two different accounts of the same event here, but it seems obvious to me that there are two different piles of stones.

4:9 "and they are there to this day" This phrase "until this day" is used often in Joshua which implies a book edited at a later period. This may mean a relatively short time after the events (contemporary editor) or a longer, protracted time (cf. Jos. 4:9; 5:9; 7:26; 8:28-29; 9:27; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10). The scribes of Mesopotamia copied their texts without alteration, but the scribes of Egypt updated their texts. Israel's scribes were trained in Egypt. The Scripture was God's word, but it could be updated (as the difference between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 clearly shows).

4:10 The priests who carried the heavy gold-covered Ark of the Covenant were growing tired, so the people crossed rapidly (see end of Jos. 4:10).

▣ "according to all that Moses had commanded Joshua" The Jewish Publication Society of America (JPSOA) thinks this refers to Deut. 31:7-8.

4:12 "the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh crossed over in battle array before the sons of Israel, just as Moses had spoken to them" It would be very helpful at this point to read Num. 32:20-22 and Deut. 3:18-20 to see that although these tribes had their allocation on the eastern side of the Jordan, they were required to help their brothers to secure the Promised Land.

4:13 One wonders whether this number applies to only the three tribes who settled on the eastern side of the Jordan or to the whole Israeli army. The other major empires of the regions during this period had armies of about 40,000.

The Hebrew term "thousand" can mean (1) a literal thousand (cf. Gen. 20:16; Exod. 32:28); (2) a family unit (cf. Jos. 22:14; Jdgs. 6:15; 1 Sam. 23:23; Zech. 9:7); or (3) a military unit (cf. Exod. 18:21,25; Deut. 1:15; compare 2 Sam. 10:18 with I Chron. 19:18). See Special Topic at Jos. 3:17.

NASB"to the desert plains of Jericho"
NKJV, NRSV"to the plains of Jericho"
TEV"to the plain near Jericho"
NJB"towards the plain of Jericho"
JPSOA"the lowlands of Jericho."

Jericho was located in the Rift Valley that runs through Palestine. Often in the OT it was lush with foliage, but later it was mostly treeless.

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 4:14
 14On that day the Lord exalted Joshua in the sight of all Israel; so that they revered him, just as they had revered Moses all the days of his life.

4:14 "the Lord exalted Joshua in the sight of all Israel" This verb (BDB 152, KB 178, Piel perfect) was used in Jos. 3:7 to denote this very act.

NASB"revered"
NKJV"feared"
NRSV"awe"
TEV"honored"
NJB"respected"

This is one of the best verses in the Bible to see the meaning of the word "fear" (BDB 431, KB 432). It is used in the sense of "reverence" or "respect." This helps us to understand what it means when we read that we are to "fear" God.

The phrase, "as they had revered Moses all the days of his life," is a bit of an overstatement when one reviews the murmuring and rebellion of the people against Moses' leadership in Exodus and Numbers.

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 4:15-18
 15Now the Lord said to Joshua, 16 "Command the priests who carry the ark of the testimony that they come up from the Jordan." 17So Joshua commanded the priests, saying, "Come up from the Jordan." 18It came about when the priests who carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord had come up from the middle of the Jordan, and the soles of the priests' feet were lifted up to the dry ground, that the waters of the Jordan returned to their place, and went over all its banks as before.

4:15-18 YHWH speaks to Joshua; Joshua speaks to the people (cf. Jos. 4:2-5). Chapter 4 is a series of flashbacks on the events of chapter 3.

Notice the series of commands.

1. v. 16, YHWH commands, BDB 845, KB 1010, Piel imperative

2. v. 17, Joshua commands, "Come up from the Jordan," BDB 748, KB 828, Qal imperative used in a jussive sense

3. v. 17, the order repeated in a Qal imperative

 

4:15 The Ark of the Covenant was housed in the Holy of Holies (the inner cubicle of the tabernacle). This tabernacle was portable. It was first constructed during the Exodus at Sinai and traveled with Israel throughout the wilderness wandering period. From the Plains of Moab (site of the writing of Deuteronomy) it moved to:

1. Gilgal, Jos. 4:15-5:12

2. Shiloh, Jos. 18:1; 19:51; 1 Sam. 2:22

3. Mispah (ark not specifically mentioned but implied), Jdgs. 20:1; 21:1,5,8; 1 Sam. 7:5-12; 2 Sam 10:17-24

4. Gibeon, 1 Chr. 16:39-40; 2 Chr. 1:3-6

5. Jerusalem, 2 Samuel 6; 1 Chr. 23:25-26

 

4:18 "and the soles of the priests' feet were lifted up to the dry ground" This Hebrew verb (BDB 683, KB 736, Niphal perfect) seems to have the connotation of "drawn out of the mud." The ark was very heavy and they had stood in the mud for a long time.

▣ "the waters of the Jordan returned to their place" God used a natural means of a cave-in of the banks of the limestone cliffs upriver, but the timing of when it began and when it ceased is certainly miraculous. God used natural events, but with supernatural timing, intensity, and location, just as He did in the Egyptian plagues!

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 4:19-24
 19Now the people came up from the Jordan on the tenth of the first month and camped at Gilgal on the eastern edge of Jericho. :20Those twelve stones which they had taken from the Jordan, Joshua set up at Gilgal. 21He said to the sons of Israel, "When your children ask their fathers in time to come, saying, 'What are these stones?' 22then you shall inform your children, saying, 'Israel crossed this Jordan on dry ground.' 23"For the Lord your God dried up the waters of the Jordan before you until you had crossed, just as the Lord your God had done to the Red Sea, which He dried up before us until we had crossed; 24that all the peoples of the earth may know that the hand of the Lord is mighty, so that you may fear the Lord your God forever."

4:19 "on the tenth of the first month" The first month would be Nisan. This refers to the early spring time. This was exactly the anniversary of the deliverance from Egypt (cf. Exod. 12:3). There is a purposeful parallel! See chart below.

ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN CALENDARS

Canaanite
(1 Kgs. 6:1, 37-38; 8:2)
Sumerian-Babylonian
(Nippur Calendar)
Hebrew
(Geezer Calendar)
Modern Equivalents
Abib ("green heads" of barley) Nisanu Nisan March-April
Zin (spring brilliance) Ayaru Iyyar April-May
  Simanu Sivan May-June
  Du-uzu Tammuz June-July
  Abu Ab July-August
  Ululu Elul August-September
Ethanim (permanent water source) Teshritu Tishri September-October
Bul (rains on produce) Arah-samna Marcheshvan October-November
  Kislimu Chislev November-December
  Tebitu Tebeth December-January
  Shabatu Shebat January-February
  Adaru Adar February-March

▣ "and camped at Gilgal" The word "Gilgal" (BDB 166) means "circle" and seems to imply that the twelve stones that Joshua will set up may have been in a circle. It is very hard to locate Gilgal because there were no permanent buildings there, just a campsite. However, it became a very holy place to Israel. Josephus tells us that it is five miles from the river and about a mile and a quarter from Jericho.

4:21-22 See note at Jos. 4:3 and 6.

4:23 "just as the Lord your God had done to the Red Sea" As God had miraculously brought His people out of Egypt, now He miraculously brings the people into the promised land.

For a discussion of the Red Sea, see Special Topic at Jos. 2:10.

4:24 "that all the peoples of the earth may know that the hand of the Lord is mighty" Again the purpose of God choosing Israel was to choose the world (cf. Gen. 12:3; Exod. 19:5-6). This is one of the many universal implications and specific statements to show that God wants all of the world to know and respect Him (cf. 1 Sam. 17:46; 1 Kgs. 8:41-43,60; 2 Kgs. 19:19; Ps. 46:10; 105:1; 145:12; Isa. 12:4-5; 32:20; Ezek. 36:23). See Special Topic at Jos. 1:7.

The "hand of the Lord" is an anthropomorphic idiom of YHWH's power and sovereignty (cf. Deut. 4:34; 5:15; 7:19; 11:2; 26:8). This may have been a way of referring to God's power seen in the staff in Moses' hand (e.g., Exod. 7:5,19; 8:5,6,16,17; 9:22,23; 10:12,13,21,22; 14:16,21,26,27). God uses human instrumentality to accomplish His will among men (e.g., Exod. 3:7-9 vs. 10-12).

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. How many groups of memorial stones are there and why?

2. Why does the term "middle of the Jordan" need to be translated "brink of the Jordan"?

3. Why is chapter 4 so helpful in our discussion of training our children in the matters of faith?

4. How do these two chapters show us that God cares about all the world and not just Israel?

 

Joshua 5

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

NASB NKJV NRSV TEV NJB
The Israelites Circumcised The Second Generation Circumcised The First Passover in the Land The Circumcision at Gilgal Terror of the Peoples west of the Jordan
  5:1     5:1
        Circumcision of the Hebrews at Gilgal
5:2-12 5:2-12 5:2-7 5:2-7 5:2-3
        5:4-9
    5:8-9 5:8-9 Celebration of the Passover
    5:10-12 5:10-12 5:10-12
  The Commander of the Army of the Lord A Theophany Joshua and the Man with a Sword Prelude: A Theophany
5:13-15 5:13-15 5:13-15 5:13 5:13-15
      5:14a  
      5:14b  
      5:15  

READING CYCLE THREE (from "A Guide to Good Bible Reading")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT THE PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects. Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired but it is the key to following the original author's intent which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

1. First paragraph

2. Second paragraph

3. Third paragraph

4. Etc.

 

CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS

A. Chapter 5:1-12 really describes two covenant acts:

1. The circumcision of the people of God (1-9)

2. The observance of the first Passover since they left Egypt (10-12)

 

B. Chapter 5:13-15 is an appearance of the angel of the Lord (theophany) in a very similar way to Exodus 3. It seems to be intentionally parallel to show that God was with Joshua as He was with Moses.

 

C. Circumcision was a command by God to Abraham (cf. Gen. 17:9-14). It was a physical symbol of the covenant between YHWH and Abraham and his descendants. It was performed on the eighth day after birth, even if that occurred on the Sabbath.

Most ancient peoples of the ancient Near East were circumcised (except the Philistines who were from the Aegean Islands). However, for all but Israel it was a puberty rite, a passage into manhood.

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 5:1
  1Now it came about when all the kings of the Amorites who were beyond the Jordan to the west, and all the kings of the Canaanites who were by the sea, heard how the Lord had dried up the waters of the Jordan before the sons of Israel until they had crossed, that their hearts melted, and there was no spirit in them any longer because of the sons of Israel.

5:1 "kings of the Amorites" These people had city-states, like the Philistines and Greek peoples. These native inhabitants of Canaan lived in the hill country (cf. Num. 13:29; Deut. 1:7,20; Jos. 10:6). See SPECIAL TOPIC: PRE-ISRAELITE INHABITANTS OF PALESTINE at Jos. 3:10.

"Canaanites" These people lived along the coastal plain (shephelah). Often Amorites and Canaanites are used as a collective term for all of the native tribes of the Promised Land.

"their hearts melted" The verb (BDB 587, KB 606, Niphal imperfect) was used earlier in Jos. 2:11. What a powerful metaphor (cf. Isa. 13:7; 19:1; Nah. 2:10). It is used of the Israelis' fear in Jos. 7:5 and Deut. 1:28; Ezek. 21:7. YHWH's acts encouraged the Israelites and terrified the Canaanites.

NASB, NKJV,
NRSV"there was no spirit in them any longer"
TEV"lost their courage"
NJB"lost all courage to resist"

This term (BDB 924) can mean "breath," "wind," or "spirit." Here it is used for the human spirit (person) being discouraged and intimidated (cf. Jos. 2:11; Ps. 76:12; 77:3; 142:3; 143:4; Pro. 18:14; Isa. 19:3). It is parallel to "their hearts melted."

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 5:2-7
 2At that time the Lord said to Joshua, "Make for yourself flint knives and circumcise again the sons of Israel the second time." 3So Joshua made himself flint knives and circumcised the sons of Israel at Gibeath-haaraloth. 4This is the reason why Joshua circumcised them: all the people who came out of Egypt who were males, all the men of war, died in the wilderness along the way after they came out of Egypt. 5For all the people who came out were circumcised, but all the people who were born in the wilderness along the way as they came out of Egypt had not been circumcised. 6For the sons of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, until all the nation, that is, the men of war who came out of Egypt, perished because they did not listen to the voice of the Lord, to whom the Lord had sworn that He would not let them see the land which the Lord had sworn to their fathers to give us, a land flowing with milk and honey. 7Their children whom He raised up in their place, Joshua circumcised; for they were uncircumcised, because they had not circumcised them along the way.

5:2 There are three Qal imperatives in Jos. 5:2:

1. "make," BDB 793, KB 889

2. "again" (literally "turn" or "return"), BDB 996, KB 1427

3. "circumcise," BDB 557, KB 555

This was an act of covenant obedience and an act of faith because they were so close to Jericho and would be unable to defend themselves for several days. Circumcision for adults is a painful and debilitating experience (cf. Gen. 34:25).

"make for yourself flint knives" These flint knives became a traditional instrument with which to perform circumcision because they are very sharp (cf. Exod. 4:25). It is unusual that the Septuagint of Jos. 24:30 tells us that these very flint knives were later buried with Joshua.

NASB"the second time"
NRSV"a second time"
TEV-- omits --
NJB"(a second time)"

It seems that for some reason the children of Israel did not circumcise during the wilderness wandering period. It is obvious from Exod. 12:48 that to partake of the Passover one must be circumcised. The term "the second time" (literally, "return," BDB 996, KB 1427) is not found in the Septuagint and probably in Hebrew means "return again" (shub) which refers to the institute of circumcision (cf. Genesis 17), not that someone would be circumcised a second time.

5:3 "So Joshua made flint knives and circumcised the sons of Israel at Gibeath-haaraloth" Joshua himself did not personally make all of the flint knives, nor did he circumcise all of the people. The priests or Levites may have circumcised the people. However, the men apparently separated themselves from the rest of the camp and performed the circumcision at a precise geographical place which came to be known as "the hill of the foreskins."

5:4 "and the reason why Joshua circumcised them; all the people who came out of Egypt who were males, all the men of war, died in the wilderness along the way" Because of the unbelief of the spies, all of the men who were twenty years old and older were condemned to die in the wilderness wandering period (cf. Num. 14:29-35; 26:64-65; Deut. 2:14-15).

5:5 "for all the people who came out were circumcised, but all the people who were born in the wilderness along the way as they came out of Egypt had not been circumcised" The Egyptians and most other Semitic people which surround the Jewish nation also circumcised their male children. The only uncircumcized group of people in this area were the Philistines who invaded Palestine about 1250 b.c. They were from the Aegean Islands (i.e., Greek culture). However, most other Near Eastern cultures viewed circumcision as a rite of passage from childhood to manhood, but for Israel it was a religious symbol of the covenant which was performed on the eighth day after birth (cf. Genesis 17).

5:6 "forty years in the wilderness" The number "forty" is very common in the Bible. Sometimes it should be taken literally, but at other times it is symbolic for a long period of indefinite time. The Hebrews stayed at Sinai two years and the wilderness wandering period lasted thirty-eight years.

▣ "they perished because they did not listen to the voice of the Lord" This goes back to the unbelief of the twelve spies (cf. Numbers 13-14). Only two of them, Joshua and Caleb, had faith to enter the promised land (cf. Num. 14:38). Biblical faith is based on trusting in God and His word.

▣ "the land which the Lord had sworn to their fathers to give us" This refers to the patriarchal blessing of Abraham in Gen. 12:1-3. The same promise of a land is given to both Isaac and Jacob and later to the children of Israel. The initial promise to Abraham involved a land and a seed. The Old Testament majors on the land while the New Testament majors on the seed (Messiah).

▣ "a land flowing with milk and honey" The land of Palestine was known by this descriptive title in both Assyrian and Persian documents. It was a very fertile place!

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 5:8-9
 8Now when they had finished circumcising all the nation, they remained in their places in the camp until they were healed. 9Then the Lord said to Joshua, "Today I have rolled away the reproach of Egypt from you." So the name of that place is called Gilgal to this day.

5:8 "they remained in their places in the camp until they were healed" The Hebrew term "healed" is literally "life" (BDB 310), but it is used in the sense of being revived (cf. 2 Kgs. 20:7) from the physical procedure of circumcision.

There seems to be somewhat of a difficulty when one understands the chronology based on 4:19 compared with 5:10. It seems that only four days intervened which would be much too short a period of time for the men to be healed unless there was a miraculous healing from God. When one looks at this chapter one wonders about the military strategy of circumcising all of your men of war in the face of a hostile Canaanite population. Jericho was only a mile or so away. But, again, one must remember (1) the supernatural presence of God; (2) the paralyzing fear that the Canaanites had of the Israelites; and (3) the fact that not all of the men needed to be circumcised (those who were under twenty at the rebellion).

5:9 "today I have rolled away the reproach of Egypt from you" The term "Gilgal," meaning "wheel" or "circle," may be a play on the word "rolled away" (BDB 164 II, KB 193, Qal perfect, cf. Ps. 119:22).  There has been some discussion about what is referred to here: (1) some see it as referring to the slavery of Egypt (cf. Gen. 15:12-21); and (2) others say that it refers to taunts by Israel's enemies that YHWH delivered from Egypt only to destroy them in the desert (cf. Exod. 32:12; Num. 14:13-16; Deut. 9:28).

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 5:10-12
 10While the sons of Israel camped at Gilgal they observed the Passover on the evening of the fourteenth day of the month on the desert plains of Jericho. 11On the day after the Passover, on that very day, they ate some of the produce of the land, unleavened cakes and parched grain. 12The manna ceased on the day after they had eaten some of the produce of the land, so that the sons of Israel no longer had manna, but they ate some of the yield of the land of Canaan during that year.

5:10 "they observed the Passover on the evening of the fourteenth day of the month on the desert plains of Jericho" Notice that they were in the promised land and this is apparently the first observance of the Passover since they left Egypt, Exodus 12. The Hebrew day began at evening, as in Genesis 1. This date becomes the time every year for Passover (cf. Exod. 12:18-19; Lev. 23:4-8; Num. 28:16-25).

5:11 "unleavened cakes" We learn from Exod. 12:15-20 that to the one day Feast of Passover was attached a seven day Feast of Unleavened Bread.

5:12 "the manna ceased on the day after they had eaten some of the produce of the land" This was predicted in Exod. 16:35. The manna (BDB 577) was a supernatural manifestation of God's provision which was collected every morning except for the Sabbath (cf. Exod. 16:16-24). It began at a precise time and ended at a precise time (YHWH's supernatural provision).

NASB (UPDATED TEXT): JOSHUA 5:13-15
 13Now it came about when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, a man was standing opposite him with his sword drawn in his hand, and Joshua went to him and said to him, "Are you for us or for our adversaries?" 14He said, "No; rather I indeed come now as captain of the host of the Lord." And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and bowed down, and said to him, "What has my lord to say to his servant?" 15The captain of the Lord's host said to Joshua, "Remove your sandals from your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy."

5:13 "Joshua . . . behold a man was standing opposite him with his sword in his hand" We learn from this account that the man was an angel or a physical form of God (theophany, cf. Hard Sayings of the Bible, pp. 191-92). It is significant that the term for "man" is not the normal term "adam" (BDB 9), but the term "ish" (BDB 35), which can refer to a spiritual being (cf. Exod. 15:3; Isa. 42:13). The same imagery of an angel with a drawn sword is also in Num. 22:31 and 1 Chr. 21:16. Apparently the drawn sword was to reassure Joshua that YHWH would fight for them (cf. Deut. 1:30).

▣ "Joshua went to him" Joshua moved towards this man; what a sign of bravery! He does not know if he is friend or foe. This old warrior was ready to fight any foe!

5:14 "No" This is understood in several ways: (1) "no" (NKJV, JPSOA); (2) "neither" (NRSV, TEV, NKB); or (3) "indeed" (grammatically it is possibly the emphatic Hebrew letter lamed).

▣ "I indeed come now as the captain of the host of the Lord" The term (BDB 978) "captain" can mean "prince" (cf. Isa. 9:5) This is the only place in the Old Testament where this full title is used. It is used of national angels in Dan. 10:13,20,21; 12:1. Jewish sources assert that this is Michael, the national angel (prince, e.g., Dan. 12:1) of Israel (Aggadat Bereshit 32.64).

NASB"the host"
NKJV, NRSV,
TEV, NJB"the army"

The term "host" (BDB 838) refers to (1) the "army of heaven" or (2) the heavenly bodies (stars, sun, moon, in past ages about astral worship). Here, in a military passage it would refer to the captain of the armies of YHWH.

▣ "Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and bowed down, and said to him, ‘What has my Lord to say to his servant'" Because Joshua is told to remove his sandals in verse 15 this account is very similar to Moses' meeting with God at the burning bush (cf. Exod. 3:5). The dialogue of this encounter is not really given until 6:2ff.

▣ "Remove your sandals" This was a command (BDB 675, KB 730, Qal imperative). Removing the sandals was a sign of respect, openness, or worship. Joshua was well acquainted with this account!

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. Why did the children of Israel not circumcise during the Wilderness Wandering period?

2. What does circumcision symbolize?

3. Why did they not observe the Passover in the wilderness?

4. Why did the manna cease?

5. Who is the person described in Jos. 5:13-15?

 

Pages