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Lesson 20: Three Impossible Commands (1 Thessalonians 5:16-18)

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December 11, 2016

All of God’s commandments in the Bible are beyond our ability to obey in the flesh, so we must rely on His indwelling Holy Spirit. But some of the Bible’s commands are not just difficult, but impossible. Matthew 5:48: “Therefore you are to be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.” In all of history, no one except Jesus has ever come close to keeping that command! Or, could anyone claim to have achieved perfect obedience to the two great commandments, to love God with your total being and to love others as much as you love yourself (Matt. 22:37-39)?

Our text gives us three impossible commands (1 Thess. 5:16-18): “Rejoice always; pray without ceasing; in everything give thanks; for this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus.” If Paul had only said, “Rejoice a lot, pray often, and try to be thankful,” I maybe could say, “Okay, I’ll try to do that!” But no one honestly can say, “I rejoice always, pray without ceasing, and in everything give thanks!” And you can’t resolve, “I’ll start obeying those commands today!” Next week, you couldn’t honestly say, “I’ve kept those commands this past week. There wasn’t a single moment when I wasn’t rejoicing, praying, and giving thanks!”

So what do we do with these impossible commands? Curiously, John Stott (The Message of 1 & 2 Thessalonians [IVP Academic], p. 124) argues that these commands are not directed to us individually, but rather to the church regarding our public worship. He says that joy and happiness are not at our command, to turn “on and off like a tap.” But there are many biblical commands to rejoice and be glad in the Lord. And while our corporate worship should be filled with joy, prayer, and thanksgiving, we will not do these together in worship if we haven’t been doing them individually during the week. So I think that they must apply to us individually first.

It’s interesting that Paul doesn’t offer any explanation or help here on what these commands mean or how we can obey them. He just states them in staccato fashion and moves on! But other Scriptures do offer some help in understanding what these commands mean and how we can begin to develop the attitudes and habits that will help us move toward the mark, even if in this life we will never obey these commands perfectly. Paul’s idea is easily stated:

God commands us to rejoice always, pray without ceasing, and give thanks in everything.

With each command, I want to explain what it means and give some help on how to grow in obeying it. Note, also, that Paul says (1 Thess. 5:18), “for this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus.” Virtually all commentators agree that “this” refers to the previous three commands, not just to the third. You may have trouble discerning God’s will in some areas of your life. But, rejoicing always, praying without ceasing, and giving thanks are always God’s will for you in Christ Jesus.

That last phrase gives the underlying clue as to how we can begin to obey these commands: We must be “in Christ Jesus.” Without being in union with Him through His indwelling Holy Spirit, we could never come close to obeying these commands. We are placed into union with Christ the moment that we trust in Him to save us from God’s judgment that we deserve because of our sins. As Paul says (1 Cor. 1:30), “But by His doing you are in Christ Jesus, who became to us wisdom from God, and righteousness and sanctification, and redemption.”

So to obey these impossible commands, we must have experienced the new birth so that we are in Christ and He dwells in us. As we learn to abide in Him and trust in Him to work through us, we will progressively become conformed to His image. Jesus was always rejoicing, always praying, and always thankful. So being in Him and relying on Him are the keys to becoming like Him in these three qualities.

1. God commands us to rejoice always.

What does this command mean?

Does “rejoicing always” mean that you always go around with a smile on your face and an upbeat “Tigger” bounce in your steps? Are you sinning if you ever feel sad, depressed, upset, or grieved? I have met Christians who seem to think so. One man I used to know had some major problems in his life. But whenever I asked, “How are you doing?” he would reply, “I’m just praising the Lord!” He seemed to think that it would be unspiritual to reply, “I’m really struggling with some things.” I think he had bought into the positive confession heresy that our words create reality. So he always put on a happy face and said that he was praising the Lord. But he seemed to be denying reality.

If “rejoicing always” means always being upbeat and never feeling sadness, then we have a problem, because neither Jesus nor Paul were always happy. It’s interesting that the shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is (1 Thess. 5:16), “Rejoice always,” but the shortest verse in the English New Testament is (John 11:35), “Jesus wept.” As He faced the cross, Jesus prayed “with loud crying and tears” (Heb. 5:7). In 2 Corinthians 6:10, Paul described himself, “as sorrowful yet always rejoicing.” In Romans 12:15, he tells us, “Rejoice with those who rejoice and weep with those who weep.” He does not say, “Exhort those who weep to stop weeping and start rejoicing!”

So “rejoice always” does not mean, “Deny your feelings, put on a happy face, and never feel sad.” Regarding the trials that God brings into our lives to train us as His children, the Bible acknowledges (Heb. 12:11), “All discipline for the moment seems not to be joyful, but sorrowful; yet to those who have been trained by it, afterwards it yields the peaceful fruit of righteousness.”

So, what does Paul mean when he commands, “Rejoice always”? First, it’s important to remember that he wrote this to new believers who were suffering persecution because of their faith (1 Thess. 3:3-4). And the command follows Paul’s exhortation that we should not get even when someone mistreats us. Probably Paul had taught them Jesus’ words (Matt. 5:11-12):

“Blessed are you when people insult you and persecute you, and falsely say all kinds of evil against you because of Me. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward in heaven is great; for in the same way they persecuted the prophets who were before you.”

Or, as James (1:2-3) put it: “Consider it all joy, my brethren, when you encounter various trials, knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance.” In Romans 5:3-5, Paul wrote, “And not only this, but we also exult in our tribulations, knowing that tribulation brings about perseverance; and perseverance, proven character; and proven character, hope; and hope does not disappoint, because the love of God has been poured out within our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us.”

So, given their difficult circumstances, this command to rejoice always has to be viewed not primarily as a matter of feelings, but rather of obedience. When we are in difficult trials or if people have mistreated us because of our faith, we have a choice: either we can focus on our trials and lapse into self-pity. Or we can set our minds on the things above, where Christ is at the right hand of God, where our life is hidden in Him (Col. 3:1-4), and rejoice. As Paul commanded the Philippians (4:4), “Rejoice in the Lord always; again I will say, rejoice!” That little phrase, “in the Lord” is the key. Since we are eternally “in the Lord” through faith in Christ, we can always rejoice “in the Lord.” Our joy cannot be totally oblivious to circumstances, but neither should it be governed by them.

So “rejoicing always” is a conscious attitude of contentment, hope, and happiness that comes from deliberately focusing on Christ and the eternal treasures that we have received freely from Him. Sometimes, as John Piper puts it (When I Don’t Desire God [Crossway]), we have to “fight for joy” in the Lord. We see this often in the Psalms. The psalm begins with the psalmist crying out to God for help in the midst of some life-threatening trial. But by the end of the psalm he’s praising the Lord and rejoicing in Him, even though his circumstances haven’t yet changed. What changed was his deliberate focus on the Lord. For example, Psalm 5 begins with David mentioning his groaning and his cry for help. As the psalm unfolds, we see that he was groaning because of enemies, whose inward part was destruction and their throats an open grave (Ps. 5:9). But having meditated on God’s abundant lovingkindness (Ps. 5:7), David concludes on this triumphant note (Ps. 5:11-12):

But let all who take refuge in You be glad,
Let them ever sing for joy;
And may You shelter them,
That those who love Your name may exult in You.
For it is You who blesses the righteous man, O Lord,
You surround him with favor as with a shield.

Of course, Paul himself had displayed this deliberate joy in the Lord when he was unjustly arrested, beaten without a trial, and thrown into the stocks in the Philippian jail. At midnight, he and Silas were praying and singing hymns of praise to God (Acts 16:25). The same was true of the apostles. After the Jewish leaders flogged them for preaching the resurrection of Jesus, we read (Acts 5:41), “So they went on their way from the presence of the Council, rejoicing that they had been considered worthy to suffer shame for His name.” So to rejoice always means that we must make this deliberate choice to focus on the Lord and the unfathomable riches that we have in Him, not on our difficult circumstances. And this joy shines the brightest in dark situations. If we do all things with joy in the Lord rather than grumbling or complaining, we will stand out as lights in this dark world (Phil. 2:14-15).

Leon Morris (The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians [Eerdmans], p. 172) observes about these first century believers:

Persecution was always threatening and often actual. The believers were usually in straitened circumstances and compelled to work hard for a living. Their lot can rarely have been other than hard. But if we fasten our attention on these things we put our emphasis in the wrong place. They thought more of their Lord than of their difficulties; more of their spiritual riches in Christ than of their poverty on earth; more of the glorious future when their Lord should come again than of their unhappy past.

So the question becomes,

How can we develop a habit of rejoicing always?

First, daily focus on the riches that God has freely given you in Christ. For example, Ephesians 1:3-14 says that you have all spiritual blessings in Him. God chose you in Him before the foundation of the world. In love, He predestined you to adoption as His child. He freely bestowed His grace on you in Christ. In Him you have redemption and forgiveness of all your sins, lavished upon you by His grace. He has made known to you the mystery of His will. He has given you an inheritance and has sealed you with the Holy Spirit of promise. Now, what is your problem?

Second, walk in the Spirit, not the flesh. Joy is a fruit of the Holy Spirit (Gal. 5:22). To walk in the Spirit means daily to yield to Him and to rely on Him to control your life in every situation. It takes time to produce fruit. It doesn’t pop out on a tree the day after you plant it! But if you walk consistently by the Spirit, eventually the fruit of joy will be yours.

Third, sing! If you’re feeling down, get out a hymnbook or put on some solid Christian music and sing of God’s goodness, grace, and love. Singing is one way of implementing the first strategy—focusing on the riches that God has freely given to you in Christ. I have not verified it, but I heard once that the most frequent command in the Bible is, “Sing!” The longest book in the Bible is a songbook. Use it often to set your mind on the things above.

2. God commands us to pray without ceasing.

What does this command mean?

Does this mean that you must pray every waking moment? Obviously, not, because neither Paul nor the Lord Jesus did that. It is helpful to know that the word translated “without ceasing” was used of a hacking cough. A person with a bad cough doesn’t cough continuously, but often and repeatedly. It was also used of repeated military attacks. An army would attack a city but not succeed. They would regroup and attack over and over until they won the victory.

Even so, our prayers should be frequent and persistent. Like the friend who came at midnight to ask for a loaf of bread (Luke 11:5-13), we keep knocking until we get what we’re after. Like the widow who kept bothering the unjust judge (Luke 18:1-8), we keep coming back until we obtain what we were asking for.

Rejoicing always and praying without ceasing are related, because it is through prayer that we lay hold of the riches that we have in Christ, which are the source of true joy. Prayer claims the promises of God in our trials. Laying hold of God’s promises brings joy, because we know that He is for us. As Paul wrote (Rom. 8:31-32), “If God is for us, who is against us? He who did not spare His own Son, but delivered Him over for us all, how will He not also with Him freely give us all things?”

How can we develop a habit of praying without ceasing?

It’s a lifelong process. But, first, (in the words of Paul Miller, A Praying Life [NavPress], p. 44), “Know that … you can’t do life on your own.” In other words, recognize your need to depend on the Lord in every situation. Prayer is the language of trusting in the Lord.

Second, send up short prayers whenever you can. When you think of a loved one or friend, send up a short prayer for him or her. When someone asks you to pray for some need, don’t promise to pray later and then forget. Pray right there with the person. I love the scene where Nehemiah, the cupbearer to the pagan King Artaxerxes, had been sad in the king’s presence. This was a serious offense and Nehemiah was afraid. He explained to the king that he was sad because his home city, Jerusalem, was desolate and destroyed. The king asked what Nehemiah would request. Nehemiah (2:4-5) reports, “So I prayed to the God of heaven. I said to the king ….” I’m sure he didn’t excuse himself for a few minutes of prayer! Rather, he shot up a silent prayer to God and then spoke to the king.

Third, spend time in God’s word and prayer each morning. Pray the word back to God. The Psalms are helpful in this way, but also all of Scripture (see Donald Whitney, Praying the Bible [Crossway]). Keep asking until you receive, seeking until you find, and knocking until the door is opened unto you (Luke 11:9-10).

Fourth, read some good books on prayer. Two that I’ve found helpful are Paul Miller’s A Praying Life [NavPress] and Bill Thrasher’s A Journey to Victorious Praying [Moody Publishers]. Also, Answers to Prayer [Moody] from George Muller’s Journal, George Muller of Bristol [Revell], by A. T. Pierson, and the 70 pages in John Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion [Westminster Press], 3:20, are very helpful. On our church website, I have a short list of “Insights on Prayer” I gleaned from Calvin and Muller.

3. God commands us to give thanks in everything.

What does this command mean?

This command means that in every situation we are to give thanks to our sovereign and good God and Savior. In Ephesians 5:20, Paul puts it, “always giving thanks for all things in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ to God, even the Father.” Giving thanks in every situation does not mean that we must be happy with every situation or resigned to accept matters without praying and working for change. I was not satisfied when I was single at age 26, and so I prayed often that God would change that. But by faith I could still thank Him, knowing that He was using that lonely time in my life to deepen my relationship with Him. And, ever since He answered my prayer when I met Marla on January 5, 1974, I have been overflowing with thankfulness for His giving her to me.

Also, we don’t need to feel thankful before we give thanks. When God takes us through hard trials, we don’t feel thankful. But by faith we can say, “Lord, I trust that You are good and that You know what You’re doing in this difficult situation. I submit to Your sovereign hand and purpose, knowing that You will work it together for my good.” So, like rejoicing always, giving thanks in everything is often a choice to believe God in difficult circumstances.

How can we develop a habit of thankfulness to God in every situation?

First, and most importantly, deepen your understanding of God’s sovereignty and goodness. The story of Joseph (Genesis 37-50) illustrates this truth. Joseph’s brothers hated him and planned to kill him until they saw a caravan of traders heading toward Egypt. So they cruelly sold their brother into slavery. He ended up getting thrown in prison, even though he obeyed God by resisting the advances of Potiphar’s wife. He begged the cupbearer to mention his case to Pharaoh so that he could be released, but the cupbearer forgot. Two years later, Joseph interpreted Pharaoh’s dream and was instantly elevated to the second most powerful position in the country.

Later, he was able to be reconciled to his brothers and to see his aged father again. But after Jacob died, the brothers feared that Joseph would get even with them for what they had done. At that point, Joseph wept and asked, “Am I in God’s place?” Then he revealed the theological perspective that had sustained him during those awful years of slavery and imprisonment (Gen. 50:20): “As for you, you meant evil against me, but God meant it for good in order to bring about this present result, to preserve many people alive.” Joseph saw God both as sovereign and good. Submitting to the sovereign goodness of God in every situation the key to a thankful heart.

Second, thankfulness will be our habit when trust in God is our habit. Thankfulness and trust are bound together. If you are trusting God, you’re thankful. If you are not thankful, then you’re not trusting God. This is illustrated with the children of Israel. God delivered them from slavery in Egypt by the ten miraculous plagues on the Egyptians, while sparing Israel. He miraculously brought them through the Red Sea and then closed the water on top of the pursuing Egyptian army. You would think that by this point, they could thankfully trust in God. But we read (Exod. 15:22-24) that they then went three days into the wilderness, found no water, and grumbled at Moses, which really was grumbling at God. They didn’t trust that the God who had powerfully saved them from slavery could provide water in the desert.

If you’re grumbling, you’re not trusting. If you’re not trusting, you’re not thankful. Develop a habit of trusting God, especially in trials, and you will thank Him both for His great salvation and for the opportunity to see Him work in your time of need.

Conclusion

Thirteen years before his conversion, John Wesley had a conversation one night with a porter of his college that impressed Wesley that there was more to Christianity than he had found. The porter had only one coat. He had eaten no food that day and yet his heart was full of gratitude to God. Wesley said to him, “You thank God when you have nothing to wear, nothing to eat, and no bed to lie upon? What else do you thank him for?”

“I thank him,” answered the porter, “that He has given me my life and being, and a heart to love Him, and a desire to serve Him.” (A. Skevington Wood, The Inextinguishable Blaze [Eerdmans], p. 100)

“Rejoice always; pray without ceasing; in everything give thanks.” Even though we’ll never obey these commands perfectly, we should be working at making progress, because, “this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus.”

Application Questions

  1. Where is the balance between not denying our feelings and yet not living by feelings, but by faith? For example, see Psalm 44.
  2. Discuss: Is depression a sin? Always? Never? Sometimes?
  3. Agree/disagree: Whatever one’s personality, every Christian can consistently experience God’s joy?
  4. What has most helped you to grow in prayer and thankfulness?

Copyright, Steven J. Cole, 2016, All Rights Reserved.

Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture Quotations are from the New American Standard Bible, Updated Edition © The Lockman Foundation

Related Topics: Christian Life, Prayer

Lesson 21: Not Quenching, but Discerning (1 Thessalonians 5:19-22)

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December 18, 2016

John MacArthur (Fool’s Gold [Crossway], pp. 195-196) tells the story of Aben Johnson, a wealthy man who began investing in gemstones. He spent $3 million on a blue diamond called the Streeter Diamond that Sam Walton (the founder of Walmart) had won in a poker game from a man named Streeter. He spent $2.7 million for a collection of diamonds called the Russian Blue. He sunk another $17 million into the Sylvia Walton Collection, a set of diamonds that belonged to Sam Walton’s daughter. In all, Johnson invested some $83 million in the costly gems.

But he later found out that he had not bought genuine gems. Rather, Johnson had unknowingly invested in nearly worthless fake diamonds. It turns out that Sam Walton didn’t even have a daughter named Sylvia. When he found out the truth, Johnson sued his Florida-based jeweler, Jack Hasson. A year later, the FBI arrested Hasson for fraud. In 2000, he was convicted, sentenced to 40 years in prison, and ordered to pay more than $78 million in restitution. But Johnson is unlikely to recover his $83 million. He should have exercised some discernment by having the diamonds examined by a gem expert before he lost his fortune.

But even more serious than being bilked out of millions by a fraudulent jeweler is being deceived about eternal life by spiritual con artists. Satan disguises himself as an angel of light, not of darkness, and his servants pose as servants of righteousness, not of evil (2 Cor. 11:14-15). What is at stake is nothing less than the eternal destiny of souls. Like a good counterfeiter, Satan’s counterfeit spiritual currency looks genuine. His doctrinal errors sound plausible. He even uses Scripture to support them (Matt. 4:6). His spiritual experiences seem to help those who testify of their benefits. But both his doctrinal errors and his spiritual experiences are counterfeit. Those who embrace them suffer either serious spiritual impairment or, often, eternal condemnation.

But as in all spiritual matters, there is the need for biblical balance. Some are undiscerning and spiritually gullible, prone to be led astray by every wind of doctrine or every fake spiritual experience that comes along. But others swing to the other side of the pendulum, denying the legitimate working of the Holy Spirit and blasting those who differ from them on minor points of doctrine. So to this church of recent believers Paul urges spiritual balance:

While we must not quench the Holy Spirit’s working in our midst, we must be discerning so as not to fall prey to false spiritual experiences or false teaching.

The difficulty in finding the biblical balance on the working of the Holy Spirit is complicated because godly Bible scholars differ. Most Reformed scholars, along with evangelical seminaries, such as Dallas Theological Seminary, The Master’s Seminary, and Westminster Theological Seminary, hold to a view called cessationism. While they believe that God works miracles today, they argue that modern examples of healing and miracles are not the same as the miraculous gifts described in the New Testament. They believe that the miraculous (or sign) gifts of the Spirit (prophecy, miracles, healing, speaking in tongues, and interpreting tongues) ceased at the end of the apostolic era with the completion of the canon of Scripture. John MacArthur, a leading proponent of this view, concludes his recent book, Strange Fire [Thomas Nelson] with an appeal to his non-cessationist (or continuationist) friends.

But other godly Reformed scholars, such as Wayne Grudem, John Piper, D. A. Carson, and Sam Storms, believe that such gifts are still valid for the church today. I would describe myself as a very cautious non-cessationist, because I do not think that you can prove cessationism from Scripture. But I agree with the cessationists that there do not seem to be any valid examples of the sign gifts functioning in our day. Almost all modern speaking in tongues consists of babbling in nonsense syllables, whereas the New Testament gift was clearly speaking in a translatable foreign language that the speaker had not learned. While there are many modern examples of miraculous healing, no one that I have heard or read about can compare to the healing ministry of Christ or the apostles. And while occasionally someone may speak a prophetic revelation from God, none practice that ministry with the regularity or accuracy of those with the New Testament gift.

With that as an introduction, let’s consider Paul’s first point:

1. We must not quench the Holy Spirit’s working in our midst.

1 Thess. 5:19-20: “Do not quench the Spirit; do not despise prophetic utterances.” While scholars acknowledge that we cannot know for certain the problem that Paul is correcting here, apparently some were restricting or prohibiting altogether the exercise of the gift of prophecy in the church. Perhaps there had been abuses of this gift which led to these restrictions. For example, in 2 Thessalonians 2:2, Paul asks, “that you not be quickly shaken from your composure or be disturbed either by a spirit or a message or a letter as if from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord has come.” Perhaps some false prophecies like that had resulted in a ban on all prophetic utterances. But we can’t know for sure. But here are four ways that we may quench the Spirit’s working in the church:

A. We quench the Spirit when we despise prophetic utterances.

In the context, this is the primary way of quenching the Spirit. The difficult questions here are, what are prophetic utterances? Did they cease with the apostolic era and the completion of the New Testament? Does God give any direct revelation today? If so, is it on a par with Scripture? Does it come through an audible voice, visions, dreams, subjective impressions, spontaneous thoughts, or a verse of Scripture impressed on our hearts?

In the early church, there seem to have been both the office of prophet (Eph. 4:11) and the spiritual gift of prophecy (1 Cor. 12:10, 28-29; 13:8, 9; 14:1-5, 22-40). The office of prophet, along with that of apostle, was foundational for the church (Eph. 2:20) and thus both offices were temporary. Once the foundation was laid, there was no longer any need for apostles and prophets. We have their authoritative revelation in the New Testament.

The modern debate centers, though, on whether the gift of prophecy in a lesser, fallible sense, continues today. This could include both foretelling some future event and/or forth-telling in the sense of declaring, “Thus says the Lord,” directed either to a church or to a person. This would not be on the same level as inspired Scripture. In other words, it is not the word of God, but rather a word from God. And proponents of this view argue that it may be mistaken, and thus must be evaluated.

Wayne Grudem argues for a more toned-down version of this in The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today [Crossway Books] and in his Systematic Theology [Zondervan]. John MacArthur attacks this view in Strange Fire (chapter six, “The Folly of Fallible Prophets”). Grudem (Systematic Theology, p. 1049) defines modern prophecy as “telling something that God has spontaneously brought to mind.” He says (p. 1055), “So prophecies in the church today should be considered merely human words, not God’s words, and not equal to God’s words in authority.” Thus he disagrees with those in charismatic circles who proclaim, “Thus says the Lord …” He doesn’t even want to say that modern prophecies are “a word from the Lord.” Rather, a person should say something like (p. 1056, italics his), “I think the Lord is putting on my mind that …” or “It seems to me that the Lord is showing us …” In my opinion, that seems much weaker than the supernatural gift of prophecy in the New Testament, which seems to have been direct revelation from the Lord.

On the other hand, MacArthur (Strange Fire, p. 124, citing his, The MacArthur NT Commentary, 1 & 2 Thessalonians [Moody Press], p. 196, in line with John Calvin), argues that the New Testament gift of prophecy “was the Spirit-endowed skill of publicly proclaiming God’s revealed truth.” So it was and still is essentially the ability to preach. He contends (Commentary, p. 197), “Revelatory prophetic utterances (1 Cor. 12:10) were limited to the apostolic era. But the non-revelatory gift of prophecy is permanent, as preachers are called to ‘preach the word’ (2 Tim. 4:2) ….”

I am inclined to agree with Greg. Beale, (1-2 Thessalonians [IVP Academic], p. 173), who rejects the views of both Grudem and MacArthur. He says that “prophecy elsewhere in the Bible seems always to be connected with a direct revelation by the Spirit.” If, along with apostle, this gift ceased by the end of the first century (he admits that this point is greatly debated), then he says that the point of our text “for the modern church is that it guard the truth of prophetic scriptural revelation and reject false teachings purportedly grounded on this revelation.”

But, what about instances where someone says, “The Lord told me,” or, “God gave me a vision,” or, “I had a dream in which the Lord showed me …” or, “I had a strong sense that the Lord wanted me to tell you this”? Or, what if you have such an experience? What should you do?

First, be cautious before you accept it as true. John Piper had a woman come to him when his wife was pregnant with their fourth child and announce that she had a prophecy for him—she had written it down—that his wife would die in childbirth and that the baby would be a daughter (cited in Strange Fire, pp. 241-242). Piper went back to his study and wept, but he whooped for joy when his wife delivered a boy and lived. When my children were young, I had a dream that one of them died. I woke up in a cold sweat and lay awake a long time praying that my dream was not a prophecy. Thankfully, it was not! On the other hand, God seems to be bringing many Muslims to genuine conversion through dreams and visions. So we should not dismiss such claims by saying, “God doesn’t do that sort of thing in our day.” But, be cautious!

I am much more skeptical of people who often say, “The Lord told me ….” I am especially skeptical when they claim that the Lord told them that I should do something or that something will happen to me or my family! Why didn’t He tell me that information? The woman who told Piper that his wife would die in childbirth was not only wrong, but also extremely insensitive! If someone tells you that the Lord revealed to him some major decision that affects your life, run for cover! He is not a prophet! As I’ll explain in a moment, we should evaluate every purported prophecy, dream, vision, or revelation by Scripture. If it contradicts Scripture, it’s wrong! So we shouldn’t quench the Spirit by despising prophetic utterances, but neither should we swallow them without examination. Here are three other ways we may quench the Spirit:

B. We quench the Spirit when we do not believe that God can do far abundantly more than we ask or think.

In Ephesians 3:20, Paul says that God “is able to do far more abundantly beyond all that we ask or think, according to the power that works within us.” If we doubt that or if we limit what God can do by our own calculations or resources, we are quenching the Spirit. For example, when Jesus asked the disciples how they could find bread to feed the hungry multitude (John 6:1-12), they did the math and concluded that 200 denarii (which they did not have!) would be insufficient. But they forgot that little is much when we put it in the Lord’s hands. They were limiting God’s power and quenching the Spirit.

C. We quench the Spirit when we trust in our rituals and routines rather than depend on the Holy Spirit.

Even though we distance ourselves from churches that are heavy on ritualistic worship, it’s easy for us to go through our own “non-ritualistic” rituals without relying on the Holy Spirit to work. It is possible to crank out sermons by following a formula or prescribed method. We can run through a set of songs or partake of communion without relying on the Spirit. Or, for that matter, we could get creative and shuffle up our worship service and deliver a spontaneous sermon while still relying on human ingenuity rather than on the Holy Spirit. To be spontaneous is not equivalent to being Spirit-led. The key to not quenching the Spirit is to rely on Him in prayer.

D. We quench the Spirit by tolerating any unrepentant sin, whether personally or in the church.

Lewis Sperry Chafer (He That is Spiritual [Dunham], p. 86) wrote, “The Spirit is ‘quenched’ by any unyieldedness to the revealed will of God.” In the context of lying, anger, stealing, and abusive speech, Paul wrote (Eph. 4:30), “Do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption.” While grieving the Spirit emphasizes the relational side of things, it is pretty much equivalent to quenching the Spirit. We hinder the Holy Spirit’s working in our lives when we tolerate any known sin, whether individually or in the church.

So Paul’s first point is that we must be careful not to quench the Holy Spirit’s working in our midst. In the context, the main application is not to despise prophetic utterances. But more broadly, we may quench the Spirit when we limit God by our little faith, when we trust in our rituals or routines, or when we tolerate any unrepentant sin. Paul balances this by adding:

2. We must be discerning so as not to fall prey to false spiritual experiences or false teaching.

If Paul had only written verses 19 & 20, the church may have swung to the other extreme of swallowing everything that purported to be a prophetic utterance. So he provides the balance (1 Thess. 5:21-22): “But examine everything carefully; hold fast to that which is good; abstain from every form of evil.” Note three things:

A. To be discerning, we should examine everything in light of Scripture.

Scripture is our infallible, inerrant guide for determining truth and error. Of course, we must interpret Scripture carefully in its context, comparing Scripture with Scripture on the assumption that God does not contradict Himself. If one Scripture says that God is absolutely sovereign in salvation (Rom. 9:15-18) and another Scripture says that we are responsible to believe (Rom. 10:13), these claims are not contradictory. If Paul says that we are justified by faith alone (Rom. 4:5) and James says that we are justified by works, not by faith alone (James 2:24), these are not contradictory when studied in their respective contexts. But to examine properly any teaching, claim of divine revelation, or spiritual experience, we must study God’s word. If it doesn’t line up with Scripture, it fails the test and must be rejected.

B. To be discerning, we must recognize that there are both genuine and counterfeit spiritual experiences and teaching.

Jesus warned that false prophets are wolves who disguise themselves as sheep (Matt. 7:15). With reference to the end times, Jesus plainly stated (Matt. 24:11, 24), “Many false prophets will arise and will mislead many.… For false Christs and false prophets will arise and will show great signs and wonders, so as to mislead, if possible, even the elect.” As I mentioned, Paul said that Satan disguises himself as an angel of light and his servants pose as servants of righteousness (2 Cor. 11:14-15). I once read of a seminary professor who assigned his class the project of determining what is the most frequent subject in the New Testament. They discovered that it is warnings about false teaching. So we must be on guard!

The 18th century revival called the First Great Awakening was accompanied by all sorts of extraordinary experiences. Much of it was good: intensified interest in spiritual things, professions of faith in Christ, unusual joy in the Lord, exuberant singing, and emotional outbursts of weeping and crying out to God. But critics attacked the revival as just emotionalism that had nothing to do with the Spirit of God. They argued that true religion was primarily a matter of the mind, not of emotions. So Jonathan Edwards did an exhaustive study of what the Bible says about what characterizes a genuine work of the Spirit and wrote, A Treatise on Religious Affections. It has been called “the best manual on discernment ever written” (Gerald McDermott, endorsement of Sam Storms, Signs of the Spirit [Crossway]). Edwards listed a number of unreliable signs of true spirituality and twelve reliable signs of true spirituality (in addition to Storms, see Gerald McDermott, Seeing God: Twelve Signs of True Spirituality [IVP]; and, The Experience that Counts [Grace Publications], a modern English, condensed version of Edwards’ original).

The point is, don’t swallow every teaching or spiritual experience that comes along as if it must be from God. For example, the current books about dying and going to heaven and returning often contradict Scripture. People’s claims that speaking in tongues or getting “slain in the Spirit” deepened their spiritual lives do not make these experiences valid. The question must be, “Do these teachings and experiences line up with Scripture?”

C. To be discerning, we must hold to that which is good and abstain from every form of evil.

While there are broader applications of holding to what is “good” and abstaining from “every form of evil,” in the context “the good” refers to genuine manifestations of the Spirit, whereas “every form of evil” refers to the spiritually counterfeit. We are not to be skeptical and aloof from that which is spiritually genuine; and we are not to embrace or be tolerant towards that which is spiritually not from God, which is evil.

If a man claims to act in the power of the Spirit, but his teaching does not line up with Scripture, or his life is marked by unrepentant lust, greed, or disobedience to God’s word, or he purports to speak in God’s name but his predictions are later found to be false, do not endorse him or listen to his teaching. Most of the TV preachers who claim to receive fresh revelations or prophecies from God are godless showmen who are preying on spiritually gullible people (see Strange Fire for many documented examples).

The main way that God speaks to us today is through His inspired Word, properly interpreted. Do not be like the guy in the proverbial story who needed guidance. So he opened his Bible and pointed at random to a verse: “Judas went out and hanged himself.” He thought, “That can’t be God’s will for me,” so he tried again and came up with, “Go thou and do likewise.” He panicked, “Surely, that’s not for me!” So he tried a third time and landed on the verse, “What thou doest, do quickly!” The point is, we must interpret and apply Scripture properly. Certainly, the Holy Spirit can impress certain verses on our hearts as we wait on Him and seek to understand and obey His word. But, beware of random, subjective impressions, especially if they come from taking a verse out of its context.

Conclusion

Although Paul here doesn’t give the criteria for examining prophetic utterances, John Stott (The Message of 1 & 2 Thessalonians [IVP Academic], pp. 128-129) suggests five tests based on other Scriptures:

The first test is the plain truth of Scripture. Like the Bereans, we are to examine the Scriptures to see if what someone is saying is true (Acts 17:11). The second test is the divine-human person of Jesus (1 John 4:1-3). Anyone denying either His full deity or full humanity is a false teacher. The third test is the gospel of God’s free and saving grace through Christ. Anyone who preaches a different gospel is eternally condemned (Gal. 1:6-9). The fourth test is the known character of the speaker. Jesus said that by their fruits we will know false teachers (Matt. 7:15-20). The fifth test is the degree to which what is said builds up the hearers. An authentic message will strengthen, encourage, and comfort the church, as well as convict those in sin (1 Cor. 14:3-4, 24-25, 31).

So Paul is saying, “Don’t quench the Holy Spirit’s working in our midst, but at the same time, be discerning so as not to fall prey to false experiences or false teaching.”

Application Questions

  1. Do we quench the Spirit by planning our worship services? Should we be more unplanned and spontaneous?
  2. Does God speak to us through subjective impressions? An audible voice? Dreams? Visions? How can we know if it’s truly God?
  3. Discuss: If God withdrew His Holy Spirit for a week, would you notice? How? What difference does the Holy Spirit make in your daily life?
  4. What’s the difference between biblical discernment and the sin of wrongfully judging others? Can discernment go too far?

Copyright, Steven J. Cole, 2016, All Rights Reserved.

Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture Quotations are from the New American Standard Bible, Updated Edition © The Lockman Foundation

Related Topics: Christian Life, Pneumatology (The Holy Spirit), Spiritual Gifts

10. 住了罢! 静了罢 (马太福音 8:23-27)

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耶稣在加利利海平静风浪是福音书中最为人津津乐道的故事。只要阅读马太福音 8:23-27这几节经文,我们便能得出耶稣拥有在大自然之上的权柄,而门徒因信心薄弱的缘故而感到害怕。马太福音以一系列的故事报告了耶稣在各领域权柄,这些故事的范围还包括:疾病、灵异世界、死亡和罪。这些故事描绘这位王不仅是以色列的王,祂也是大自然的王。

这故事编排在第八章,无疑是要展示耶稣的权柄。若按时序,它应在耶稣地上事工较后期发生;大约在耶稣事工第二年的秋冬期间(公元31年秋冬)。这么说的理由是马太福音9:9 记载呼召马太的事迹,而马太目睹这些事件,所以呼召马太应在湖边各事件发生以前。马太若因修辞目的或神学目的而重新编排事件的记载次序,并没有问题。

处理这段经文时,你仍有一些明显的难题需要处理。当你阅读对观福音 1 的经文时,你很快便会发现问题所在。这三篇平行的经文是马太福音8:23-27、马可福音4:37-41和路加福音8:23-25。

首先,马太福音记载门徒向耶稣呼求:「主啊! 救我们,我们丧命啦! 」马可则记载说:「夫子! 我们丧命,你不顾么? 」而路加福音的记载则是:「夫子! 夫子! 我们丧命啦! 」这明显的「分歧」常常给我们好机会去理解对观福音。有些学者会尝试分析故事来决定门徒到底说了甚么话,为何福音书的作者的报导那么「混账」。可是,这些书虫的生硬观点,完全不真确。这些可以全都是门徒曾说的话,可能还不止这些呢! 试想想,我们若在湖中遇到突然而至的滔天大浪,我们坐的小船正下沉;故事中的门徒正处于这种恐惧中,不同的话从他们口中呼喊出来。你认为他们会聚在一起商量,决定用甚么言辞后,找个代表去叫醒耶稣吗? 当然不会。因此,将三卷福音书里门徒所说的话合起来,给我们反映了门徒在船上遇到灾难时的惊惶失措的场景。马太把他记得的记下;马可记录彼得的话写成马可福音,他把彼得所记得的记下来;路加透过研究写成路加福音,他追寻了一些其他人的记忆记下来。这并不是互相矛盾的陈述,也并不是差异。每位福音书的作者都记下了一些当时在船上发生的事情。

一个相似但较麻烦的问题,是耶稣斥责门徒的话有差异。按马太的记载,耶稣说:「你们这小信的人哪! 为甚么胆怯呢? 」马可的记载是:「为甚么胆怯? 你们还没有信心么? 」而路加则简单地记载:「你们的信心在那里呢? 」这些记载有少许差异,他们的并非不同的人说不同的话,而是报告了耶稣所说的话。可是我们要记着,福音书的作者记载事情,并不是按口述抄录,他们是用自己的话讲述发生的事情。2 不同的福音书用了不同的措辞,他们都并不是不正确。耶稣斥责门徒信心微弱,路加捕捉了斥责的要点,撮要成一个问句;马太和马可的记载还包含了耶稣质询门徒为何害怕的言词。此外,马太选用「小信」,而马可却说:「你们还没有信心么? 」马可的意思并非指门徒完全没有信心,他的意思是门徒已经跟随耶稣好些时日了,他要传递的信息是门徒信心不足够,他所说的其实和马太所说的相同。

当你比较这三本福音书的故事时,紧记福音书的作者可以自由地撮写一些讲话,或将所说的用他们自己的言词写出来。当所说的是重要的教导或一些经常重复的教导,他们在福音书的记载会则较接近确实的用语。有时一番肯定的话,可以问句形式写出来;又或许正面的,以反面的方式表达。他们尝试捕捉说了些甚么,但把捕捉到的用他们个别听众群体最容易理解的方式表达出来。

举个简单的例子:有一天,我在课堂给学生交功课的指示,我郑重地告诉他们只可在纸的一面书写。有一个位学生问另一位同学:「老师说甚么? 」同学回答:「他说,不要写在纸的背面。」假如我们寻求一字不改或录音式的对话内容,那学生并非复述我的话;但却可以肯定那是我所说的话的意思。用另一个表达方式,也许能帮助那位同学较容易明白(他没有好好去聆听的习惯)。故此,当你遇到叙述上一些明显差异时(有些诠释者喜欢利用它们,把它们说成错误),要记着,作者有一定自由度,用他们自己的言词去总结或挑选部份材料写成他们的作品。但我们要小心,他们并不是以谎话去美化或点缀事件。

阅读经文

23 耶稣上了船,门徒跟着他。24 海里忽然起了暴风,甚至船被波浪掩盖;耶稣却睡着了。25 门徒来叫醒了他,说:「主阿,救我们,我们丧命啦! 」

26 耶稣说:「你们这小信的人哪,为甚么胆怯呢? 」于是起来,斥责风和海,风和海就大大的平静了。

27 众人希奇,说:「这是怎样的人? 连风和海也听从他了! 」

对观福音的平行经文

除了上述所提及的,马可还提供了一些额外资料:事件在晚上发生( 4:35 ),耶稣说:「我们渡到那边去罢。」(4:35),有别的船和他们同行(4:36),耶稣在船尾上,枕着枕头睡觉(4:38),耶稣斥责风,向海说:「住了罢! 静了罢! 」(4:39),门徒大大的惧怕(4:41),彼此说:「这到底是谁? 」(4:41)。

路加说「有一天」耶稣对门徒说:「我们可以渡到湖那边去。」(8:22),耶稣睡着了(8:23),湖上忽然起了暴风,船将满了水,甚是危险(8:23)。其它的差异则只是用语上的微小差异。

所以,三段经文合起来给我们一幅更完整的图画,将它们保持在脑海中很有帮助。不过,今次是查考马太福音的经文,因此,是次研经将会集中在马太福音所提出的各点。因为你是研读马太在福音书怎样处理这事件。

经文的背景和环境

我们若了解一些直接事件,再看故事的重点会有帮助。我们要处理加利利海突然而来的暴风。这海(若称它为「湖」则更贴切)在以色列北部,是该国的一个淡水湖,故此是一个捕鱼的好地方。在福音书经常被提及的迦百农和伯赛大在湖的西北和北部岸边的渔村。

这湖最阔的地方有七哩(形状像竖琴,因此在希伯来文被称为 “ Kinnereth ” ),湖的最深处有 160 呎,但在一年间的不同时期会有变化,湖面在海平线下 600 呎。这个故事发生的地方,应该在湖的西北,耶稣和门徒在迦百农附近上船,因他们在「对岸」格拉森附近下船(在湖的东面沿岸一半的路程)。

加利利海突然而来的风暴十分普遍。我曾计划与一组人乘船游湖,却因湖的对岸翻起十五呎高的巨浪而取消。这湖位于一个著名的裂谷,这条天然的裂缝从这地区的北面一直伸延,经过约旦河谷、死海、直到非洲。北面的黑门山高9,000呎,而死海却在海平线下1250呎,即从河谷到沙漠这个很短的距离,有极大的落差。河谷常常突然起热风,当遇上从北面黑门山而来的冷风,便会引发突然而来的风暴。

这些资料,你可以从一本好的神学辞典查到。假如你能亲身到以色列,便能更确切地感受到距离、气候、高度等情况。

经文中耶稣和门徒所乘坐的渔船并非是一艘大渔船。考古学家在数年前发现了一艘第一世纪同类的渔船。那年极干旱,湖水下降,他们在迦百农南岸发现一艘埋在泥中2000年的渔船,他们用了数年的时间把船修复。该船现在放在湖旁革尼撒勒一所新建的博物馆中。船并不大,乘坐十多人没有问题,但若坐很多的人便不可以了。因此,我们不难明白经文中那些在船上的人,纵使他们是经验丰富的渔夫,坐在这样的渔船上遇到风暴,也难免惊惶失措。

经文观察

结构 :这段很短的经文,结构十分清晰,按描述的事情,可分为三部份。第一部份是湖突然起了风浪,门徒向耶稣求救;第二部份是耶稣责备门徒和平静风浪;第三部份是门徒对耶稣感到惊讶的话。

对比 :我们亦可以从对比这个角度来看这故事。风暴与神迹后的平静作对比;门徒的惶恐不安和在船上睡觉的耶稣成对比;耶稣责备门徒和耶稣责备风浪作对比。假如我们将下一个故事也纳入范畴,门徒问这到底是谁也和鬼清楚知道耶稣是谁成对比。

马太喜欢把耶稣和普通人作对比,本章的对比反映福音书本身所提出的矛盾。当耶稣好像一般人被试探时,祂指摘撒旦(马太福音第四章);当耶稣被质疑祂靠着鬼的力量,祂却把鬼赶出来(马太福音第十二章)。这段经文描述耶稣感到疲倦而睡了,但祂却能控制大自然(马太福音第八章)。

耶稣所说的话 。细看经文中耶稣说的话很有益处。上文,我们已经提及对话怎样给我们提供故事情节的意义,在这里也是如此。如果没有对话,我们便只有一场风暴,耶稣的门徒惊惶失措,耶稣平静风浪,门徒感到惊讶。但加上对话,我们便看到耶稣是按门徒的要求平静风浪。但在平静风浪以前,祂责备门徒小信,而事后门徒惊讶这是怎样的人。其实当门徒求耶稣拯救时,已回答了「这是怎样的人」。

在门徒请求耶稣与他们感到惊讶之间,耶稣责备他们信心微弱,是这段经文的焦点。这显示耶稣行这神迹并非为了证明祂的宣告,而是为了建立门徒的信心。

经文分析

这段经文十分简洁,而我们又已经留意到好些事情,因此在这里,我们的讨论也会很简洁。假如我们逐部份仔细地分析经文,我们可以观察到帮助我们得出经文的信息的一些事情。

I. 门徒在风浪中求主救他们(第23, 24节)

我们在上文已经讨论了船和风浪的问题,在此不再重述。经文提及耶稣登船(离开群众)和门徒随从祂上船。我不会因门徒和祂同行作太多的演绎(有些人会从一些普通句子得出一些属灵事项),因为原文翻作同行的那字,也用来描述那些不论耶稣往那里去也跟随祂,但却不信祂的群众。在这里,只是报告门徒跟随耶稣上船。

起风浪时,耶稣正在睡觉,但门徒却惊惶失措。其他福音书的经文还描述了他们惧怕,不过,从马太福音记述他们向耶稣所说的话:「我们丧命啦! 」也能看到这一点。这些人中,有经验丰富的渔夫,他们在这湖面对过无数的风浪,但他们仍然害怕,这已显示出这次风浪十分厉害。

耶稣正在睡觉表达出人类的特质,值得注意。耶稣在群众中进行祂的事工,精疲力竭,纵然在风暴中,耶稣在船上睡着了。这点提醒我们耶稣也是百份百的人。

门徒所说的话很有趣:「主啊! 救我们。」对于他们来说,这纯粹是一个紧急的请求,他们不想浸死。福音书的这类情节常被信徒群体保留下来,并且增添意义。「主,救我! 」(Kyrie soson)成为有需要的人向主呼求的教会基本礼仪语言。

II. 耶稣平静风浪以激励门徒的信心(第26节)

耶稣对门徒的呼求所作的第一个回应是责备他们信心微弱。祂说:「你们这小信的人哪! 」门徒对耶稣呼求是对的,同时表示他们相信耶稣能救他们;可是他们的恐惧出卖了他们的信心薄弱。他们到耶稣跟前时充满惶恐,并非带着信心。耶稣并没有责备他们把祂弄醒或求祂救他们,但却责备他们在惶恐中叫醒祂。他们已和耶稣在一起超过一年了(从时序得知),听了耶稣许许多多的教导和看见祂行的神迹,他们应当有更强的信心(「小信」亦曾在6:30; 14:31; 16:8; 17:20; 和路加福音 12:28 使用)。但他们正处身使他们惊惶失措的风浪中,他们想即使神的儿子和他们在一起,他们快要丧命了。故此,耶稣提出的修辞问句:「为甚么胆怯呢? 」无须作答,意即告诉他们,祂在这里,他们没有甚么需要害怕的。

耶稣接着责备风和浪,它们便静止了。这里我们可以看到耶稣的话所带有的权柄在大自然之上。祂曾经使用祂的话语行神迹,现在祂再次使用祂的话语静止风浪。当然,一些自由派的神学家会说这是巧合,突然起的风浪也很可能是短暂的,而耶稣因知道这情况,在风浪将停的那一刻责备风浪。可是这样说却不合常理,因为那班极有经验的渔夫,直到耶稣把风浪平静前,都以为他们会丧命;如果风浪会突然静止,他们也定必能够预见。这是基督所行的一个神迹,显示祂的权柄在风浪之上。

经文中使用「斥责」一词有点特别,值得我们细看。这词一般用于谴责一些不当的事情,比如门徒信心薄弱,这给我们一些关于风浪的线索。虽然是一场大风浪,却是有关大自然别的问题的征状。

这词显示耶稣的权能。耶稣是百份百的人,但同时是「人子」(参马太福音16:21-23,但以理书7:13-14),这表明祂是弥赛亚,人人都相信祂就是全地的主。

耶稣使用带有权能的命令把风浪平静,也扫除了门徒的恐惧。透过在困境给予的照顾,耶稣去除他们的恐惧,帮助他们建立对祂的信心。耶稣斥责门徒的小信,并非只想指出他们信心薄弱,而是要解决他们信心薄弱的问题。每当他们回顾这事件时,他们便会想起耶稣问他们:「为甚么胆怯呢? 」他们与祂同在时,不会再次如此惊惶失措。

这点成了这段经文给所有信徒的重点。纵然我们在生命中遇到很多威胁,使我们惧怕,当我们愈认识我们的主和祂的能力,我们就愈不会感到害怕。在祷告中祈求救我们脱离凶恶的祈求会减少,在惶恐和绝望中作这祈求也会减少;而怀着信心的祈求则会增加。

III. 门徒对祂的大能感到希奇(第27节)

门徒的反应是希奇! 他们从来没有见过这样的事,因此他们问:「这是怎样的人? 」这问题其实是修辞手法,并非要求答案,而是表达没有别的人能作这样的事。试问谁能凭口里所出的话使风和浪顺服? 答案十分明显:没有!

马太透过这话表明耶稣是独一的,因祂的权柄在大自然之上,祂拥有真实的权柄。

与旧约经文的联系

这里没有直接引用旧约经文,因此,我们可以透过耶稣的话语能力加以联系。使用说话来控制大自然,是旧约对神的描述。你或许会即时联想起创世时,神透过祂的话语使各事物存在,当中包括了对海的控制(创世记第一章)。控制海的这个主题在约伯记38:8-11被强调,而那想法对圣经来说十分重要,因为海代表祸患。控制海表示神能控制宇宙中的祸患。事实上,按古代近东文化,海代表阴间、深渊和邪恶的敌人。而神却被描述为胜过波浪澎湃的海洋(诗篇95篇)。

诗篇第 29 篇和我们所研读的经文,可以很好地联系在一起。诗篇29篇描述地中海的雷暴直扫黎巴嫩的内陆,引发地震、山摇树倒。这一切被视为「主的声音」(并非巴力 – 迦南掌管雨的神;而耶稣平静风浪这事件在迦南发生)。这诗结束时,提醒读者神掌管大洪水(创世记第6章),所以,按旧约的记载,只有神有权命令和控制大自然,特别是诗篇29篇所描述大自然灾难性的风暴,我们还可以参考诗篇65:5-7; 89:9; 107:23-32 。此外,一些故事,例如:底波拉战西西拉(士师记4-5章),神使用雷暴来协助以色列。

耶稣平静风浪,祂的命令显示出祂拥有属天的权柄。门徒却感到希奇这是怎样的人?倘若明白道成肉身的神与我们同在,我们便得到这问题的终极答案。

与新约经文的联系

在门徒面前的耶稣,无可置疑是百份百的人,可是祂却拥有在大自然之上的特别权柄,祂可管治世界与海。诗篇第八篇说神叫祂比天使微小一点,却叫万物都服在祂脚下。万物在人的治理下(创世记1:27-28);希伯来书的作者,引用诗篇第八篇说:「我们所说将来的世界,神原没有交给天使管辖。但有人在经上某处证明说:人算甚么,你竟顾念他? 世人算甚么,你竟眷顾他? 你叫他比天使微小一点,赐他荣耀尊贵为冠冕,... 」(希伯来书 2:5-9 ) 耶稣是第二个亚当,是仁义的种子,开创一个新人类。

我们研读的经文,是一个和大自然相关的神迹。耶稣展示了神的计划,这也是为何耶稣选择自称作「人子」。「人子」这称呼出于但以理书7:13-14,是给弥赛亚的称谓。同时,祂亦把自己描述为一个真真正正的人,满有大能,但却谦逊、顺服,并且顺服至死在十字架上。

耶稣管治大自然的能力,在希伯来书的开端已经述说了。希伯来书的作者提醒我们,耶稣常用权能的命令(所说的话)托住万有(希伯来书1:3)。有时,主带有权能的话,以生动逼真的图画描述出来,例如启示录记载:从祂口中出来一把两刃利剑,可以击杀列国(启示录19:15)。

结论及应用

这段经文的信息十分直接:耶稣拥有在大自然之上的权柄。这几章关于君王所作出的整体描写,显示祂有权柄执行祂到世上来的任务。耶稣的权能通常是透过祂充满大能的行动和神迹显示出来。好些时,所行的神迹并不壮观,但已足以向我们展示神的儿子的本质,但祂也像我们有那么多的限制。

这对我们有甚么意义呢? 首先、它帮助我们建立在基督里的信心。我们并非追随一位漂泊不定,来自加利利的传道者;我们追随的耶稣是弥赛亚,是神的儿子。对祂来说,没有甚么是不可能的。

其次、当我们在生命中面对问题与危难时,透过祷告表达我们的信:「主啊 救我们。」这段经文有趣的地方是耶稣没有因所祈求的事责备门徒,纵使门徒「小信」,耶稣还是按他们的请求平静风浪。转向基督,向祂祈求,都是信心的行为,向祂祈求是正确的。

第三、当我们在圣经和我们身周信徒的的经历(也许我们自己的经历),愈看到主的大能,我们的信心会愈强。这生中我们经常在惶恐中争扎,只因我们所居住的世界并不是一个安全的地方。可是,我们所学的愈多,信心渐长,就如门徒一般(参使徒行传第二至第四章),我们会变得自信和勇敢,对主的信心增添。在建立信心的过程中,我们必须忍耐,并且持之以恒。尽管我们惧怕与惶恐,只要有薄弱的信心,我们仍可向主呼求:「主啊! 你若愿意,求你拯救 / 医治 / 引领 / 保护...」 祂常常回应我们的祷告,祂使用的方式,我们只能感到希奇,并且说:「这是怎样的人? 」


1 研读福音书时、你会经常遇到翻译作「对观」(synoptic)这个字,synoptic这个字由两部份组成,‘syn’意即一起或共同,而另一部份‘ optic’意思是看见或视觉。 我们用这个字来描述首三卷福音书,虽然这三卷福音书的描述有些分别,但格局相近。 约翰对于耶稣的生平有不同的观点,故此平行经文不多。

2 很多现代的学者假定:福音书的作者是按照有关基督的言行较早期,但不同的来源,并且按其写作目的,将基督的话作出编排。 不过,他们却没有凭空虚构或扭曲其义。

10. 住了罷!靜了罷  (馬太福音 8:23-27)

Related Media

耶穌在加利利海平靜風浪是福音書中最為人津津樂道的故事。只要閱馬太福音 8:23-27這幾節經文,我們便能得出耶穌擁有在大自然之上的權柄,而門徒因信心薄弱的緣故而感到害怕。馬太福音以一系列的故事報告了耶穌在各領域權柄,這些故事的範圍還包括:疾病、靈異世界、死亡和罪。這些故事描繪這位王不僅是以色列的王,祂也是大自然的王。

這故事編排在第八章,無疑是要展示耶穌的權柄。若按時序,它應在耶穌地上事工較後期發生;大約在耶穌事工第二年的秋冬期間(公元31年秋冬)。這麼說的理由是馬太福音9:9 記載呼召馬太的事蹟,而馬太目睹這些事件,所以呼召馬太應在湖邊各事件發生以前。馬太若因修辭目的或神學目的而重新編排事件的記載次序,並沒有問題。

處理這段經文時,你仍有一些明顯的難題需要處理。當你閱讀對觀福音 1 的經文時,你很快便會發現問題所在。這三篇平行的經文是馬太福音8:23-27、馬可福音4:37-41和路加福音8:23-25。

首先,馬太福音記載門徒向耶穌呼求:「主啊!救我們,我們喪命啦!」馬可則記載說:「夫子!我們喪命,你不顧麼?」而路加福音的記載則是:「夫子!夫子!我們喪命啦!」這明顯的「分歧」常常給我們好機會去理解對觀福音。有些學者會嘗試分析故事來決定門徒到底說了甚麼話,為何福音書的作者的報導那麼「混賬」。可是,這些書蟲的生硬觀點,完全不真確。這些可以全都是門徒曾說的話,可能還不止這些呢!試想想,我們若在湖中遇到突然而至的滔天大浪,我們坐的小船正下沉;故事中的門徒正處於這種恐懼中,不同的話從他們口中呼喊出來。你認為他們會聚在一起商量,決定用甚麼言辭後,找個代表去叫醒耶穌嗎?當然不會。因此,將三卷福音書裡門徒所說的話合起來,給我們反映了門徒在船上遇到災難時的驚惶失措的場景。馬太把他記得的記下;馬可記錄彼得的話寫成馬可福音,他把彼得所記得的記下來;路加透過研究寫成路加福音,他追尋了一些其他人的記憶記下來。這並不是互相矛盾的陳述,也並不是差異。每位福音書的作者都記下了一些當時在船上發生的事情。

一個相似但較麻煩的問題,是耶穌斥責門徒的話有差異。按馬太的記載,耶穌說:「你們這小信的人哪!為甚麼膽怯呢?」馬可的記載是:「為甚麼膽怯?你們還沒有信心麼?」而路加則簡單地記載:「你們的信心在那裡呢?」這些記載有少許差異,他們的並非不同的人說不同的話,而是報告了耶穌所說的話。可是我們要記著,福音書的作者記載事情,並不是按口述抄錄,他們是用自己的話講述發生的事情。2 不同的福音書用了不同的措辭,他們都並不是不正確。耶穌斥責門徒信心微弱,路加捕捉了斥責的要點,撮要成一個問句;馬太和馬可的記載還包含了耶穌質詢門徒為何害怕的言詞。此外,馬太選用「小信」,而馬可卻說:「你們還沒有信心麼?」馬可的意思並非指門徒完全沒有信心,他的意思是門徒已經跟隨耶穌好些時日了,他要傳遞的信息是門徒信心不足夠,他所說的其實和馬太所說的相同。

當你比較這三本福音書的故事時,緊記福音書的作者可以自由地撮寫一些講話,或將所說的用他們自己的言詞寫出來。當所說的是重要的教導或一些經常重複的教導,他們在福音書的記載會則較接近確實的用語。有時一番肯定的話,可以問句形式寫出來;又或許正面的,以反面的方式表達。他們嘗試捕捉說了些甚麼,但把捕捉到的用他們個別的聽眾群體最容易理解的方式表達出來。

舉個簡單的例子:有一天,我在課堂給學生交功課的指示,我鄭重地告訴他們只可在紙的一面書寫。有一個位學生問另一位同學:「老師說甚麼?」同學回答:「他說,不要寫在紙的背面。」假如我們尋求一字不改或錄音式的對話內容,那學生並非複述我的話;但卻可以肯定那是我所說的話的意思。用另一個表達方式,也許能幫助那位同學較容易明白(他沒有好好去聆聽的習慣)。故此,當你遇到敘述上一些明顯差異時(有些詮釋者喜歡利用它們,把它們說成錯誤),要記著,作者有一定自由度,用他們自己的言詞去總結或挑選部份材料寫成他們的作品。但我們要小心,他們並不是以謊話去美化或點綴事件。

閱讀經文

23 耶穌上了船,門徒跟著他。24 海裡忽然起了暴風,甚至船被波浪掩蓋;耶穌卻睡著了。25 門徒來叫醒了他,說:「主阿,救我們,我們喪命啦!」

26 耶穌說:「你們這小信的人哪,為甚麼膽怯呢?」於是起來,斥責風和海,風和海就大大的平靜了。

27 眾人希奇,說:「這是怎樣的人?連風和海也聽從他了!」

對觀福音的平行經文

除了上述所提及的,馬可還提供了一些額外資料:事件在晚上發生(4:35),耶穌說:「我們渡到那邊去罷。」(4:35),有別的船和他們同行(4:36),耶穌在船尾上,枕著枕頭睡覺(4:38),耶穌斥責風,向海說:「住了罷!靜了罷!」(4:39),門徒大大的懼怕(4:41),彼此說:「這到底是誰?」(4:41)。

路加說「有一天」耶穌對門徒說:「我們可以渡到湖那邊去。」(8:22),耶穌睡著了(8:23),湖上忽然起了暴風,船將滿了水,甚是危險(8:23)。其它的差異則只是用語上的微小差異。

所以,三段經文合起來給我們一幅更完整的圖畫,將它們保持在腦海中很有幫助。不過,今次是查考馬太福音的經文,因此,是次研經將會集中在馬太福音所提出的各點。因為你是研讀馬太在福音書怎樣處理這事件。

經文的背景和環境

我們若瞭解一些直接事件,再看故事的重點會有幫助。我們要處理加利利海突然而來的暴風。這海(若稱它為「湖」則更貼切)在以色列北部,是該國的一個淡水湖,故此是一個捕魚的好地方。在福音書經常被提及的迦百農和伯賽大在湖的西北和北部岸邊的漁村。

這湖最闊的地方有七哩(形狀像豎琴,因此在希伯來文被稱為“Kinnereth”),湖的最深處有160呎,但在一年間的不同時期會有變化,湖面在海平線下600呎。這個故事發生的地方,應該在湖的西北,耶穌和門徒在迦百農附近上船,因他們在「對岸」格拉森附近下船(在湖的東面沿岸一半的路程)。

加利利海突然而來的風暴十分普遍。我曾計劃與一組人乘船遊湖,卻因湖的對岸翻起十五呎高的巨浪而取消。這湖處於一個著名的裂谷,這條天然的裂縫從這地區的北面一直伸延,經過約旦河谷、死海、直到非洲。北面的黑門山高9,000呎,而死海卻在海平線下1250呎,即從河谷到沙漠這個很短的距離,有極大的落差。河谷常常突然起熱風,當遇上從北面黑門山而來的冷風,便會引發突然而來的風暴。

這些資料,你可以從一本好的神學辭典查到。假如你能親身到以色列,便能更確切地感受到距離、氣候、高度等情況。

經文中耶穌和門徒所乘坐的漁船並非是一艘大漁船。考古學家在數年前發現了一艘第一世紀同類的漁船。那年極乾旱,湖水下降,他們在迦百農南岸發現一艘埋在泥中2000年的漁船,他們用了數年的時間把船修復。該船現在放在湖旁革尼撒勒一所新建的博物館中。船並不大,乘坐十多人沒有問題,但若坐很多的人便不可以了。因此,我們不難明白經文中那些在船上的人,縱使他們是經驗豐富的漁夫,坐在這樣的漁船上遇到風暴,也難免驚惶失措。

經文觀察

結構:這段很短的經文,結構十分清晰,按描述的事情,可分為三部份。第一部份是湖突然起了風浪,門徒向耶穌求救;第二部份是耶穌責備門徒和平靜風浪;第三部份是門徒對耶穌感到驚訝的話。

對比:我們亦可以從對比這個角度來看這故事。風暴與神蹟後的平靜作對比;門徒的惶恐不安和在船上睡覺的耶穌成對比;耶穌責備門徒和耶穌責備風浪作對比。假如我們將下一個故事也納入範疇,門徒問這到底是誰也和鬼清楚知道耶穌是誰成對比。

馬太喜歡把耶穌和普通人作對比,本章的對比反映福音書本身所提出的矛盾。當耶穌好像一般人被試探時,祂指摘撒旦(馬太福音第四章);當耶穌被質疑祂靠著鬼的力量,祂卻把鬼趕出來(馬太福音第十二章)。這段經文描述耶穌感到疲倦而睡了,但祂卻能控制大自然(馬太福音第八章)。

耶穌所說的話。細看經文中耶穌說的話很有益處。上文,我們已經提及對話怎樣給我們提供故事情節的意義,在這裡也是如此。如果沒有對話,我們便只有一場風暴,耶穌的門徒驚惶失措,耶穌平靜風浪,門徒感到驚訝。但加上對話,我們便看到耶穌是按門徒的要求平靜風浪。但在平靜風浪以前,祂責備門徒小信,而事後門徒驚訝這是怎樣的人。其實當門徒求耶穌拯救時,已回答了「這是怎樣的人」。

在門徒請求耶穌與他們感到驚訝之間,耶穌責備他們信心微弱,是這段經文的焦點。這顯示耶穌行這神蹟並非為了證明祂的宣告,而是為了建立門徒的信心。

經文分析

這段經文十分簡潔,而我們又已經留意到好些事情,因此在這裡,我們的討論也會很簡潔。假如我們逐部份仔細地分析經文,我們可以觀察到幫助我們得出經文的信息的一些事情。

I. 門徒在風浪中求主救他們(第23, 24節)

我們在上文已經討論了船和風浪的問題,在此不再重述。經文提及耶穌登船(離開群眾)和門徒隨從祂上船。我不會因門徒和祂同行作太多的演繹(有些人會從一些普通句子得出一些屬靈事項),因為原文翻作同行的那字,也用來描述那些不論耶穌往那裡去也跟隨祂,但卻不信祂的群眾。在這裡,只是報告門徒跟隨耶穌上船。

起風浪時,耶穌正在睡覺,但門徒卻驚惶失措。其他福音書的經文還描述了他們懼怕,不過,從馬太福音記述他們向耶穌所說的話:「我們喪命啦!」也能看到這一點。這些人中,有經驗豐富的漁夫,他們在這湖面對過無數的風浪,但他們仍舊害怕,這已顯示出這次風浪十分厲害。

耶穌正在睡覺表達出人類的特質,值得注意。耶穌在群眾中進行祂的事工,精疲力竭,縱然在風暴中,耶穌在船上睡著了。這點提醒我們耶穌也是百份百的人。

門徒所說的話很有趣:「主啊!救我們。」對於他們來說,這純粹是一個緊急的請求,他們不想浸死。福音書的這類情節常被信徒群體保留下來,並且增添意義。「主,救我!」(Kyrie soson)成為有需要的人向主呼求的教會基本禮儀語言。

II. 耶穌平靜風浪以激勵門徒的信心(第26節)

耶穌對門徒的呼求所作的第一個回應是責備他們信心薄弱。祂說:「你們這小信的人哪!」門徒對耶穌呼求是對的,同時表示他們相信耶穌能救他們;可是他們的恐懼出賣了他們的信心薄弱。他們到耶穌跟前時充滿惶恐,並非帶著信心。耶穌並沒有責備他們把祂弄醒或求祂救他們,但卻責備他們在惶恐中叫醒祂。他們已和耶穌在一起超過一年了(從時序得知),在聽了耶穌許許多多的教導和看見祂行的神蹟,他們應當有更強的信心(「小信」亦曾在6:30; 14:31; 16:8; 17:20;和路加福音12:28使用)。但他們正處身於使他們驚惶失措的風浪中,他們想即使神的兒子和他們在一起,他們快要喪命了。故此,耶穌提出的修辭問句:「為甚麼膽怯呢?」無須作答,意即告訴他們,祂在這裡,他們沒有甚麼需要害怕的。

耶穌接著責備風和浪,它們便靜止了。這裡我們可以看到耶穌的話所帶有的權柄在大自然之上。祂曾經使用祂的話語行神蹟,現在祂再次使用祂的話語靜止風浪。當然,一些自由派的神學家會說這是巧合,突然起的風浪也很可能是短暫的,而耶穌因知道這情況,在風浪將停的那一刻責備風浪。可是這樣說卻不合常理,因為那班極有經驗的漁夫,直到耶穌把風浪平靜前,都以為他們會喪命;如果風浪會突然靜止,他們也定必能夠預見。這是基督所行的一個神蹟,顯示祂的權柄在風浪之上。

經文中使用「斥責」一詞有點特別,值得我們細看。這詞一般用於譴責一些不當的事情,比如門徒信心薄弱,這給我們一些關於風浪的線索。雖然是一場大風浪,卻是有關大自然別的問題的徵狀。

這詞顯示耶穌的權能。耶穌是百份百的人,但同時是「人子」(參馬太福音16:21-23,但以理書7:13-14),這表明祂是彌賽亞,人人都相信祂就是全地的主。

耶穌使用帶有權能的命令把風浪平靜,也掃除了門徒的恐懼。透過在困境給予的照顧,耶穌去除他們的恐懼,幫助他們建立對祂的信心。耶穌斥責門徒的小信,並非只想指出他們信心薄弱,而是要解決他們信心薄弱的問題。每當他們回顧這事件時,他們便會想起耶穌問他們:「為甚麼膽怯呢?」他們與祂同在時,不會再次如此驚惶失措。

這點成了這段經文給所有信徒的重點。縱然我們在生命中遇到很多威脅,使我們懼怕,當我們愈認識我們的主和祂的能力,我們就愈不會感到害怕。在禱告中祈求救我們脫離凶惡的祈求會減少,在惶恐和絕望中作這祈求也會減少;而懷著信心的祈求則會增加。

III. 門徒對祂的大能感到希奇(第27節) 

門徒的反應是希奇!他們從來沒有見過這樣的事,因此他們問:「這是怎樣的人?」這問題其實是修辭手法,並非要求答案,而是表達沒有別的人能作這樣的事。試問誰能憑口裡所出的話使風和浪順服?答案十分明顯:沒有!

馬太透過這話表明耶穌是獨一的,因祂的權柄在大自然之上,祂擁有真實的權柄。

與舊約經文的聯繫

這裡沒有直接引用舊約經文,因此,我們可以透過耶穌的話語能力加以聯繫。使用說話來控制大自然,是舊約對神的描述。你或許會即時聯想起創世時,神透過祂的話語使各事物存在,當中包括了對海的控制(創世記第一章)。控制海的這個主題在約伯記38:8-11被強調,而那想法對聖經來說十分重要,因為海代表禍患。控制海表示神能控制宇宙中的禍患。事實上,按古代近東文化,海代表陰間、深淵和邪惡的敵人。而神卻被描述為勝過波浪澎湃的海洋(詩篇95篇)。

詩篇第29篇和我們所研讀的經文,可以很好地聯繫在一起。詩篇29篇描述地中海的雷暴直掃黎巴嫩的內陸,引發地震、山搖樹倒。這一切被視為「主的聲音」(並非巴力 – 迦南掌管雨的神;而耶穌平靜風浪這事件在迦南發生)。這詩結束時,提醒讀者神掌管大洪水(創世記第6章),所以,按舊約的記載,只有神有權命令和控制大自然,特別是詩篇29篇所描述大自然災難性的風暴,我們還可以參考詩篇65:5-7; 89:9; 107:23-32。此外,一些故事,例如:底波拉戰西西拉(士師記4-5章),神使用雷暴來協助以色列。

耶穌平靜風浪,祂的命令顯示出祂擁有屬天的權柄。門徒卻感到希奇這是怎樣的人?倘若明白道成肉身的神與我們同在,我們便得到這問題的終極答案。

與新約經文的聯繫

在門徒面前的耶穌,無可置疑是百份百的人,可是祂卻擁有在大自然之上的特別權柄,祂可管治世界與海。詩篇第八篇說神叫祂比天使微小一點,卻叫萬物都服在祂腳下。萬物在人的治理下(創世記1:27-28);希伯來書的作者,引用詩篇第八篇說:「我們所說將來的世界,神原沒有交給天使管轄。但有人在經上某處證明說:人算甚麼,你竟顧念他?世人算甚麼,你竟眷顧他?你叫他比天使微小一點,賜他榮耀尊貴為冠冕,…」(希伯來書2:5-9) 耶穌是第二個亞當,是仁義的種子,開創一個新人類。

我們研讀的經文,是一個和大自然相關的神蹟。耶穌展示了神的計劃,這也是為何耶穌選擇自稱作「人子」。「人子」這稱呼出於但以理書7:13-14,是給彌賽亞的稱謂。同時,祂亦把自己描述為一個真真正正的人,滿有大能,但卻謙遜、順服,並且順服至死在十字架上。

穌管治大自然的能力,在希伯來書的開端已經述說了。希來書的作者提醒我們,耶穌常用權能的命令(說的話)住萬有(伯來書1:3,主帶有權能的話,以生動逼真的圖畫描述出來,例如啟示錄記載:從祂口中出來一把兩刃利劍,可以擊殺列國(示錄19:15

結論及應用

段經文的信息十分直接:耶穌擁有大自然之上的權柄。這章關於君王所作出的整體描寫,顯示祂有權柄執行祂到世上來任務。耶的權能通常是透過祂充滿大能的行動和神蹟顯示出來。好些時,所行的神蹟並不壯觀,但已足以向我們展示神的兒子的本質,也像我們那麼多的限制。

對我們有甚麼意義呢?首先、它幫助我們建立在基督裡的信心。我並非追隨一位漂泊不定,來自加利利的傳道者;我們追隨的耶穌是彌賽亞,神的兒子。對來說,沒有甚麼是不可能的。

、當我們在生命中面對問題與危難時,透過禱告表達我們的信:「啊!救們。」這段經文有趣的地方耶穌沒有所祈求的事責備門徒,縱使徒「信」耶穌還是按他們的請求平靜風浪。轉向基督,向祂祈求,都是信心的行為向祂祈求是正確的。

、當我們在聖經和我們身週信徒的經歷(也許我們自己的經歷),愈看到主的大能,我們的信心會愈強。這生中我經常在恐中爭,只因我們所居住的世界並不是一個安全地方。可,我們所學的愈多,信心漸長,就如門徒一般(使徒行傳第二至四章)我們會變得自信和勇敢,對主的信心增添。建立信心的過程,我們必須忍耐,並且持之以恆。儘管我們懼怕與惶恐,只要有薄弱的信心,我們仍可向主呼求:「啊!你願意,求你 / 醫 / 引 / 保護…」常常回應我們的禱告,祂使用的方式,我們只能感到希奇,並且說:「是怎樣的人?」


1 研讀福音書時、你會經常遇到翻譯作「對觀」(synoptic)這個字,synoptic這個字由兩部份組成,‘syn’意即一起或共同,而另一部份‘optic’意思是看見或視覺。我們用這個字來描述首三卷福音書,雖然這三卷福音書的描述有些分別,但格局相近。約翰對於耶穌的生平有不同的觀點,故此平行經文不多。

2 很多現代的學者假定:福音書的作者是按照有關基督的言行較早期,但不同的來源,並且按其寫作目的,將基督的話作出編排。不過,他們卻沒有憑空虛構或扭曲其義。

Christmas [2016]: Who is This Child? (Matthew 1:18-25)

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December 25, 2016

At some point in your life, you will have to wrestle with the question, “Is Christianity really true?” Perhaps you were raised in a Christian home and have never questioned the Christian faith, but at some point, you will. Maybe something you read raises serious questions that threaten Christianity. Or a college professor ridicules the faith as a bunch of ancient, unscientific myths. A friend tells you that he is an agnostic and gives many reasons why he doubts the Bible. The attacks leave your head spinning and you begin to wonder, “Could Christianity be just a bunch of legends?”

Or, perhaps you made a profession of faith in Christ and never have doubted your faith, but then you’re hit with difficult trials that shake your world. You pray, but God seems to be on vacation. You can’t make any sense of what is happening to you. Doubts start creeping in, slowly undermining your trust in God and His promises. The enemy tempts you with the thought, “You’re just believing a fairy tale!”

Or, maybe you’re reading the Bible and you come across verses that seem to endorse slavery. You read how God ordered the slaughter of the Canaanites, including women and children. Or you read one verse that seems to contradict another verse. You come to difficult doctrines, such as the eternal punishment of unbelievers or God’s predestining some, but not all, to eternal life. Difficult issues like this cause you to question the truthfulness of the Bible.

What should you do at such times? When I’m there, I come back to the most crucial question that every person needs to answer correctly. This question is far more important than the questions of what career you should pursue, where you should live, or whom you should marry. It’s the question that Jesus asked His disciples. He began with the safer question (Matt. 16:13), “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?” The disciples answered (Matt. 16:14), “Some say John the Baptist; and others, Elijah; but still others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets.”

Then Jesus asked the crucial question (Matt. 16:15), “But who do you say that I am?” Peter gave the profound answer (Matt. 16:16), “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” Jesus affirmed Peter’s answer (Matt. 16:17), “Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven.”

But, a short time later, Peter’s faith in Jesus was shaken when Jesus told the twelve that He would suffer at the hands of the Jewish leaders and be killed and raised up on the third day. Horrified, Peter rebuked Jesus for saying such a thing (Matt. 16:21-22)! But Jesus sharply rebuked Peter (Matt. 16:23), “Get behind Me, Satan! You are a stumbling block to Me; for you are not setting your mind on God’s interests, but man’s.” At that point, Peter either could have walked away from following Jesus or he had to fall back on his earlier confession about who Jesus really is.

A similar thing happened on another occasion. Jesus taught some things that were repugnant to Jewish sensibilities: they must eat His flesh and drink His blood if they wanted to have eternal life. He also taught them that no one could come to Him unless it had been granted to him from the Father (John 6:44, 53-57, 65). These were hard teachings. Then we read (John 6:66-67), “As a result of this many of His disciples withdrew and were not walking with Him anymore. So Jesus said to the twelve, ‘You do not want to go away also, do you?’” Again, Peter answered, coming back to the crucial question of Jesus’ identity (John 6:68-69): “Lord, to whom shall we go? You have words of eternal life. We have believed and have come to know that You are the Holy One of God.” Peter was not oblivious to the difficulty of Jesus’ teachings, but he was sustained by his certainty about who Jesus is.

The four Gospels don’t leave us in the dark on this crucial question of who Jesus is. Repeatedly they show us how Jesus fulfilled Old Testament prophecies, healed the sick, opened the eyes of the blind, raised the dead, and calmed the stormy sea with a word. Matthew opens his Gospel by tracing the genealogy of Jesus from Abraham through David to show that Jesus is the promised seed of Abraham who would bless the nations. He is the Son of David who would rule on his throne forever. Then in the birth narrative, Matthew reveals further who this unique child is:

Jesus is fully God and fully man, the Savior of sinners, no less than God with us.

1. Jesus, born of Mary while she was still a virgin, is fully God and fully man.

Matthew 1:18: “Now the birth of Jesus Christ was as follows: when His mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child by the Holy Spirit.” To understand the situation, you have to realize that the Jewish betrothal system was more than our engagement. Parents usually arranged marriages and secured them with a formal contract. After this, the couple would be referred to as husband and wife, although they did not live together or consummate the marriage until after a yearlong waiting period, during which the purity of the bride was to be demonstrated. If she was found to be with child during that period, it was obvious that she was not pure and had been unfaithful. Thus the marriage could be annulled (this paragraph relies on Louis Barbieri, Jr., The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament [Victor Books], ed. by John F. Walvoord & Roy B. Zuck, p. 20).

So when it was revealed that Mary was pregnant during this waiting period, Joseph, assuming that she had been unfaithful, planned to send her away quietly, not wanting to disgrace her. No doubt he was deeply wounded to think that the young woman he loved would do such a thing. But then an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, revealing that the child Mary was carrying had been conceived miraculously by the Holy Spirit in fulfillment of Isaiah 7:14 (Matt. 1:23): “‘Behold, the virgin shall be with child and shall bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel,’ which translated means, ‘God with us.’” This is the first of at least 40 citations in Matthew from the Old Testament which show that Jesus is the promised Jewish Messiah (William Hendriksen, The Gospel of Matthew [Baker], pp. 80-82).

Right away, the reader of Matthew’s Gospel is confronted with a crisis of faith: Should I believe that Jesus was miraculously conceived in the virgin Mary by the Holy Spirit without a human father, or is this just an ancient myth that grew up around an illegitimate birth? Liberal scholars, who assume that miracles are mere fables passed down from a time when people were superstitious and scientifically ignorant, are quick to point out that there were numerous “virgin birth legends” floating around the ancient world. These were not strictly parallel, in that they all were stories of a god having relations with a woman, resulting in a half-god, half-human creature, which is not the case here. But nonetheless, liberals argue that the story of Jesus’ virgin birth fits into this mythical genre.

But the Bible records not just one, but two separate accounts of the virgin birth. Luke, who claims to have investigated carefully the events recorded in his Gospel (Luke 1:1-4) and probably learned of the story of Jesus’ birth directly from Mary, records how an angel told her that she would conceive a son and name Him Jesus. When Mary asked how this could be since she was a virgin, the angel replied (Luke 1:35), “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; and for that reason the holy Child shall be called the Son of God.”

So, you have a choice: Do you believe the testimony of these two writers, both of whom lived at the time and who both got their information from reliable sources? Or, do you doubt the testimony because of an a priori bias against the possibility of miracles? As far back as 1970, Christianity Today (Sept. 11) published a survey that revealed that 60 percent of Methodists, 49 percent of Presbyterians, 44 percent of Episcopalians, 34 percent of American Baptists, and 19 percent of American Lutherans, deny the virgin birth. I assume those numbers have not improved over time! Perhaps you wonder, “Is it important to believe in the virgin birth?” Yes, here’s why:

A. Believing the virgin birth is essential to affirm Jesus’ deity.

If Jesus Christ is the son of a human father and a human mother through natural biological processes, then He is not God in human flesh. He might, under those circumstances, be a man indwelt by God or a man upon whom God’s Spirit rested. But He would only have been a man. His existence would have begun at conception. He could not be the eternal God in human flesh.

But the Scriptures repeatedly affirm the full deity of the Lord Jesus Christ. John 1:1, 14: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.... And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.” Hebrews 1:8: “But of the Son, He says, ‘Your throne, O God, is forever and ever, and the righteous scepter is the scepter of His kingdom.’” Jesus Himself told the Jews (John 8:58), “Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am.” When Thomas saw the risen Lord Jesus and cried out, “My Lord and my God,” Jesus didn’t rebuke him for blasphemy, but rather He accepted and commended such worship (John 20:28, 29). In Revelation 1:8, the Lord God says, “I am the Alpha and the Omega.” In Revelation 22:13, Jesus says, “I am the Alpha and the Omega.” Or, as Matthew (1:23) adds, this child is, “God with us.”

No natural union of a human husband and wife ever could bring God into this world. The means God used to take on human flesh was the miraculous conception of Jesus in the womb of the virgin Mary. To affirm the full deity of Jesus Christ you must affirm His supernatural virgin birth. If Jesus is not fully God, then He could not be our Savior. As Bishop Moule stated (preface to Robert Anderson, The Lord from Heaven), “A Saviour not quite God is a bridge broken at the farther end.”

B. Believing the virgin birth is essential to affirm Jesus’ sinless humanity.

Just as the Scriptures teach the full deity of Jesus Christ, so they clearly teach His full humanity. He was not a hybrid God-man, half of each. He is undiminished deity and perfect humanity united in one person forever. But if Jesus was born of natural parents, then He was born a sinner like all other human beings, and He Himself would have needed a Savior. If He had sin of His own, He could not have died as the perfect substitute for others. The Scriptures clearly teach that the whole human race, from Adam onward, is born under the curse of sin (see Romans 5:12; Eph. 2:1-3). To redeem that race from sin, Christ had to be identified with us in our humanity, but be sinless Himself.

Jesus had to have at least one human parent or He would not have shared our humanity. But through the superintendence of the Holy Spirit in the virgin birth, Jesus was able to be born as fully human and yet as sinless. As we saw, the angel told Mary that because the Holy Spirit would come upon her and the power of the Most High would overshadow her, “for that reason the holy offspring shall be called the Son of God” (Luke 1:35).

Mary herself was not immaculately conceived. In Luke 1:47 Mary refers to, “God my Savior.” You don’t need a Savior unless you’re a sinner. Some theologians have speculated that the sinful nature is communicated through the male, but we cannot be certain about that. The earliest prediction of a Savior (Genesis 3:15) mentions Him as the seed of the woman, not of man (see Gal. 4:4, 5). What we can say for certain is what the angel asserted: because Mary would conceive miraculously through the Holy Spirit, her offspring would be the holy Son of God. The virgin birth is necessary to affirm the sinless humanity of Jesus Christ.

This isn’t just interesting but useless theology. Because Jesus is the eternal God in human flesh, we can come to Him with all of our needs, knowing that He is able to come to our aid. We know that He knows all of our inner struggles and secrets, and yet He loves us and wants a personal relationship with us (John 21:15-19). And, because He is fully human, Jesus can sympathize with our weaknesses. He is a merciful and compassionate high priest who invites us to bring our every need to Him (Heb. 4:14-16). So in answer to the crucial question, “Who is this child?” we must affirm, “Through the virgin birth, He is fully God and fully man.”

2. Jesus is the Savior of His people from their sins.

Christmas isn’t just a story to make us feel warm and cozy about family, friends, and peace on earth. At the heart of the Christmas story is the truth that the human race is alienated from the holy God because of our sin. Thus the angel told Joseph (Matt. 1:21), “She will bear a Son; and you shall call His name Jesus, for He will save His people from their sins.” Jesus means, “Yahweh saves.” Salvation is a radical word. People who can help themselves may need a little help or support now and then, but they don’t need saving. People who are basically good, but just need some moral improvement, may benefit from a few helpful hints, but they don’t need saving. But sinners, who are dead in their trespasses and sins (Eph. 2:1), at enmity with the Holy God and under His righteous wrath because of their sins (John 3:36), need saving!

The greatest news in the world is that which the angels announced to the shepherds on the night of Jesus’ birth (Luke 2:10-11), “Do not be afraid; for behold, I bring you good news of great joy which will be for all the people; for today in the city of David there has been born for you a Savior, who is Christ the Lord.” All the people includes the worst of sinners, as the apostle Paul spoke of his own past in persecuting the church (1 Tim. 1:15), “It is a trustworthy statement, deserving full acceptance, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners, among whom I am foremost of all.” Best of all, all the people includes you!

The only way that Jesus could save us from our sins was to live the sinless life which God demands and then to offer Himself as the perfect substitute to pay the penalty that we deserved. If God forgave all sins without the penalty being paid, He would not be a just judge. He would not be holy. Through the birth, sinless life, and substitutionary death of His eternal Son Jesus, God could be both just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus (Rom. 3:26). As Paul explained (2 Cor. 5:21), “He [God] made Him [Jesus] who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.” Perfect righteousness, full forgiveness, and eternal life is offered as a free gift to every sinner who trusts in Jesus! As Paul exclaimed (Rom. 6:23), “For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.” (See also, John 3:16; Eph. 2:8-9.)

Suppose you get sick and go to the doctor. He examines you and determines that you have a serious illness. He prescribes a drug that has been proven to cure your illness. You go home and research the drug and read testimonials from people who have taken the drug and have been cured. But that knowledge, even though proven to be true, will not do you a bit of good unless you personally take the medicine.

In the same way, it’s not enough to answer correctly the crucial question, “Who is this child?” He is the One miraculously born of the virgin Mary, fully God and fully man. He was also born to save His people from their sins. Thousands of people can testify that Jesus has saved them from their sins. But knowing these truths or hearing these testimonies is not enough. You must respond by personally trusting in Jesus Christ to be your Savior and Lord. Have you done that? Take the medicine God prescribes while you can!

Jesus is God in human flesh. He came to save us from our sins. But, Matthew also wants us to know that…

3. Jesus is God with us.

As we’ve seen, Matthew 1:23 cites Isaiah 7:14: “‘Behold, the virgin shall be with child and shall bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel,’ which translated means, ‘God with us.’” Jesus is none other than the living God with us! If you have trusted in Him, Jesus promised that you dwell in Him and He dwells in you (John 14:20, 23; 15:1-5; 17:20-23). Just as Matthew begins with this promise that Jesus is God with us, so he ends with Jesus’ promise (Matt. 28:20), “I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” After commanding us to be free from the love of money, Hebrews 13:5 assures us, “for He Himself has said, ‘I will never desert you, nor will I ever forsake you.’” Jesus—God in human flesh—is always with us who have trusted in Him!

One of the best books that I read this year was Ryan Lister’s The Presence of God [Crossway]. He develops this significant biblical truth (p. 24): “the presence of God is a fundamental objective in our redemption and, simultaneously, the means by which God completes this objective.” Dr. Lister shows that throughout the storyline of the Bible (p. 25), “God is working to establish a people and a place for his presence.” God was with Adam and Eve in the garden, but their fellowship with Him was broken because of their sin. But through His covenant promises culminating in Jesus’ taking on human flesh to dwell with us; and through His death, resurrection, and second coming; at the end of the Bible we read (Rev. 21:3), “And I heard a loud voice from the throne, saying, ‘Behold, the tabernacle of God is among men, and He will dwell among them, and they shall be His people, and God Himself will be among them ….’” The new heavens and new earth will be God’s dwelling with us and our dwelling with Him throughout eternity!

But the message that God dwells with us in the person of His Son, who came to offer Himself on the cross to pay the penalty for our sins, is only good news if you have received the Lord Jesus as the One who bore your sin (John 1:12). Robert Reymond (The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology [Baker], ed. by Walter Elwell, p. 550) points out that since God is infinitely holy and we are all sinners deserving His wrath, we “could hardly blame God had he sent His Son as ‘God against us’ or ‘God opposed to us.’ When, however, he reveals His Son as ‘God with us,’ the messianic task, full of grace and the promise of salvation, is suggested.” If you have welcomed Jesus as your Savior and Lord, then God is not against you, but for you (Rom. 8:31)!

Conclusion

At this time every year, people wander through stores looking for the right gifts as the sound systems play Charles Wesley’s, “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing,” with its verse, “Veiled in flesh, the Godhead see; hail the incarnate Deity; pleased as man with men to dwell, Jesus our Immanuel.” But they miss that profound truth of who Jesus is while they go on shopping! Don’t miss it yourself: Jesus is fully God and fully man, the Savior of sinners, no less than God with us! Put your trust in Him and you will have an anchor for your soul whenever the storms of doubt or trials assault you.

Application Questions

  1. Can a person knowingly deny the virgin birth of Jesus or His full deity or perfect humanity and still be a born again Christian? Why/why not?
  2. Some who claim to be evangelical Christians say that the Bible has errors, but that it is infallible on matters of faith and practice. Why is this view dangerous? How would you refute it?
  3. How would you witness to a person who says, “I don’t believe in miracles; show me a miracle and I will believe”?
  4. As believers, we all know that God promises to dwell with us. But how can we experience His presence more consistently?

Copyright, Steven J. Cole, 2016, All Rights Reserved.

Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture Quotations are from the New American Standard Bible, Updated Edition © The Lockman Foundation

Related Topics: Christmas

Lição 4: Santificando o Povo (Josué 5:1-15)

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O capítulo 5 descreve a santificação do povo de Israel, em preparação para a grandiosa tarefa diante deles. Dessa forma, aparece como uma ponte entre a travessia do Jordão e o início das campanhas militares destinadas a subjugar os nativos da terra. Porém, para muitas pessoas, especialmente se treinadas em táctica militar, este capítulo poderá parecer um enigma, pelo menos do ponto de vista humano. Obviamente, tal é precisamente o assunto aqui analisado. Os caminhos de Deus são infinitamente superiores aos nossos. Todas as aparências indicavam que era a hora certa para atacar o inimigo. Ao ter cruzado o Jordão miraculosamente, o povo de Israel estava cheio de excitação e motivação. Aparentemente, sabiam que o inimigo se encontrava desorganizado sob um ponto de vista moral (5:1); assim, decerto, era a altura certa para avançar. Muitos dos líderes militares sob o comando de Josué talvez pensassem: “Por amor de Deus, não esperemos mais! Vamos! Este é o momento lógico e o inimigo está pronto para ser tomado!”.

Contudo, existem na economia e planeamento de Deus valores, prioridades e princípios espirituais muito mais vitais e fundamentais para a vitória ou para a nossa capacidade de atacar e demolir a fortaleza que o mundo erigiu contra o conhecimento e propósito de Deus (2 Cor. 10:4-5). Contemplando as condições a partir da nossa perspectiva de prazos, sentindo a pressão para realizar e cumprir tarefas de modo a agradar a outros e por vezes aos nossos próprios egos, encontramo-nos demasiadas vezes cheios de pressa quanto “a nos fazermos à estrada”. Porém, a fim de sermos bem-sucedidos do ponto de vista de Deus, certas coisas são essenciais se vamos atacar as diversas fortalezas da vida na Sua força e de acordo com os Seus princípios. Talvez uma carta redigida por um inglês durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial ilustre o tópico:

Como um só homem, toda a nação entregou os seus recursos ao Governo. Concedemos ao Conselho de Ministros o direito a recrutar qualquer um de nós para qualquer tarefa, a se apropriar dos nossos bens, dinheiro, tudo. Nunca os ricos atribuíram tão pouca importância à sua riqueza; jamais estivemos tão prontos a abdicar da própria vida, contanto a nossa causa possa triunfar. 1

Antes que Israel estivesse pronto a enfrentar o inimigo, precisava de uma preparação similar de coração e disposição, a fim de se submeter às ordens de Deus e experienciar o Seu poder. De modo a assegurar a vitória, Deus conduziu os israelitas através de vários eventos, destinados a instruí-los e prepará-los para a batalha. O capítulo 5 abrange cinco secções instrutivas, cada uma fundamental à vitória. Incluem os seguintes aspectos:

(1) Uma declaração concernente à moral dos nativos da terra (5:1). Essencial à vitória espiritual é compreendermos que, em Cristo, todos os inimigos que enfrentamos são, essencialmente, adversários derrotados (compare Rom. 6; Col. 2:1-15; Heb. 2:14).

(2) A renovação do ritual da circuncisão (5:2-9). Enquanto sinal da aliança de Deus com Abraão, a circuncisão representava a fé de Israel nas promessas de Deus, que incluíam a posse da terra como sua herança. Era um acto de fé e de preparação espiritual.

(3) A observância da Páscoa (5:10). Ao participar na Páscoa, Israel reviveria a sua libertação do Egipto através do sangue do Cordeiro; mas, tal como acontecia com a circuncisão, a Páscoa estava também relacionada com a terra. Do mesmo modo que observar a Páscoa no Egipto os protegera do anjo destruidor, assegurou-lhes também duas outras coisas: (a) tal como à travessia do Mar Vermelho se seguira a destruição dos egípcios, (b) à travessia do Jordão suceder-se-ia a derrota dos cananeus. Lembrar o passado tornara-se uma excelente preparação da fé para os testes do futuro.

(4) Comer da colheita da terra após a cessação do maná (5:11-12). Conforme foi descrito, a observância da Páscoa simbolizava a libertação do Egipto proporcionada por Deus e a salvação do julgamento do anjo destruidor; mas, para o povo da aliança de Deus, a libertação do Egipto incluía a promessa da herança da terra, lugar de abundância, terra de trigo, cevada, figueiras, azeite e mel (compare Deut. 8:8-9). Falava do seu novo começo, da sua nova vida como o povo de Deus salvo do julgamento e fixo no lugar da bênção. Permita-me repetir o princípio: a Páscoa não apenas olhava para trás, mas contemplava sobretudo o que estava adiante, a vida nova na terra, aproveitando as bênçãos abundantes pelo poder de Deus. Assim, comer da produção agrícola era um acto de confirmação da bênção abundante de Deus.

(5) O encontro de Josué com o Capitão das hostes do Senhor (5:13-15) torna-se o último evento-chave de preparação, sobre o qual nos debruçaremos mais tarde.

O Estado dos Cananeus (5:1)

E sucedeu que, ouvindo todos os reis dos amorreus, que habitavam desta banda do Jordão, ao ocidente, e todos os reis dos cananeus, que estavam ao pé do mar, que o Senhor tinha secado as águas do Jordão de diante dos filhos de Israel, até que passámos, derreteu-se-lhes o coração, e não houve mais ânimo neles, por causa dos filhos de Israel.

A primeira declaração importante no versículo 1 mostra o estado desmoralizado dos habitantes da terra. No fundo, constituíam já um adversário derrotado. Temiam a nação de Israel, devido às obras poderosas de Deus, descritas no versículo 1. Porém, esta verdade tem de ser interpretada à luz do duplo propósito de 4:24, um concernente às nações, “para que todos os povos da terra conheçam a mão do Senhor, que é forte”, e o outro a Israel, “para que temais ao Senhor, vosso Deus”.

Antes de passarmos à renovação da circuncisão, será útil reflectirmos brevemente sobre as declarações do versículo 1, relativas à moral dos nativos diante das obras poderosas de Deus. Existem aqui alguns paralelismos significantes e instrutivos com o Novo Testamento.

É vital que o povo de Deus reconheça e perceba que o Senhor não só É mais poderoso do que todos os nossos inimigos, sejam eles o mundo, a carne ou o diabo, mas também os derrotou para nós na pessoa e obra de Cristo, o Vitorioso. Em João 16:33, Jesus encorajou os Seus discípulos com estas palavras: “Tenho-vos dito isto, para que em mim tenhais paz; no mundo tereis aflições, mas, tende bom ânimo, eu venci o mundo”. Uma vez que Cristo é verdadeiramente o Vencedor, também nós podemos ser vencedores; de facto, somos super-conquistadores n’Ele. Contudo, a nossa capacidade para conquistar e destruir as fortalezas edificadas contra o conhecimento de Deus e o seu impacto em nós e nos outros está sempre dependente da nossa vida nova no Salvador. Por esta razão, Paulo orou: “E, graças a Deus, que sempre nos faz triunfar em Cristo, e por meio de nós manifesta, em todo o lugar, o cheiro do seu conhecimento” (2 Cor. 2:14, ênfase minha).

Mas triunfar em Cristo não é automático. Vencer através do Salvador exige que nos relacionemos correctamente com Ele, e ainda que nos foquemos e dependamos d’Ele como fonte do nosso caminho diário, passo a passo. A nossa necessidade é a de sermos fortes no Senhor e na força do Seu poder (Efésios 6:10 ss). Por tal razão, Israel não só precisava de saber que enfrentava um adversário derrotado e desmoralizado, mas também necessitava de preparação espiritual. Assim, o Senhor conduziu-os através de uma série de experiências importantes, de modo a fortificá-los e prepará-los para entrarem na batalha que os aguardava.

A Renovada Circuncisão do Povo (5:2-9)

2 Naquele tempo, disse o Senhor a Josué: Faz facas de pedra, e torna a circuncidar, segunda vez, aos filhos de Israel. 3 Então Josué fez para si facas de pedra, e circuncidou aos filhos de Israel, no monte dos prepúcios. 4 E foi esta a causa por que Josué os circuncidou: todo o povo que tinha saído do Egipto, os varões, todos os homens de guerra, eram já mortos no deserto, pelo caminho, depois que saíram do Egipto. 5 Porque todo o povo que saíra estava circuncidado, mas a nenhum do povo que nascera no deserto, pelo caminho, depois de terem saído do Egipto, haviam circuncidado. 6 Porque quarenta anos andaram os filhos de Israel pelo deserto, até se acabar toda a nação, os homens de guerra, que saíram do Egipto, que não obedeceram à voz do Senhor; aos quais o Senhor tinha jurado que lhes não havia de deixar ver a terra que o Senhor jurara aos seus pais dar-nos; terra que mana leite e mel. 7 Porém, em seu lugar, pôs a seus filhos; a estes Josué circuncidou: porquanto estavam incircuncisos, porque os não circuncidaram no caminho. 8 E aconteceu que, acabando de circuncidar a toda a nação, ficaram no seu lugar, no arraial, até que sararam. 9 Disse mais o Senhor a Josué: Hoje revolvi de sobre vós o opróbrio do Egipto; pelo que o nome daquele lugar se chamou Gilgal, até ao dia de hoje.

No versículo 2, o Senhor instrui Josué a circuncidar os filhos de Israel pela segunda vez. Obviamente, “segunda vez” não significa que os homens já circuncidados sê-lo-iam de novo. Em vez disso, enquanto nação, seria a segunda vez que todos os homens eram circuncidados, tendo a primeira ocorrido enquanto a geração antiga ainda estava no Egipto. Durante o período de escravidão no Egipto, os filhos de Israel não praticaram a circuncisão, não até estarem prestes a partir. A circuncisão era uma prática egípcia com conotações religiosas, reservada aos sacerdotes e cidadãos de classes superiores. Devido a isto, é provável que estivesse proibida aos israelitas. De qualquer modo, todo o homem participante na Páscoa no Egipto, israelita nato ou estrangeiro, foi circuncidado na altura (compare Josué 5:5 com Êx. 12:43-49). Em Êxodo 12:50, o comentário relativo a esta circuncisão é “…e todos os filhos de Israel o fizeram”.

Mas porquê a renovação do ritual da circuncisão, especialmente nesta altura, em que decerto deixaria os homens de guerra mais vulneráveis a ser atacados, incapacitando-os durante algum tempo? Ilustrando os efeitos da circuncisão em homens adultos, confira a história em Génesis 34, a respeito dos siquemitas e dos filhos de Jacob. Os homens siquemitas, que queriam casar-se com mulheres israelitas, concordaram em ser circuncidados, mas isso era apenas um estratagema destinado a incapacitá-los para lutar. Lê-se em Génesis 34:25: “Três dias depois, quando os homens de Siquém estavam ainda enfraquecidos pelas dores, Simeão e Levi, irmãos de Dina, agarraram cada um uma espada, entraram tranquilamente na cidade e mataram todos os homens”.

A sabedoria humana convocaria um ataque imediato; porém, em vez disso, Deus decretou um atraso, com o propósito de preparação espiritual. Os versículos 4-9 explicam as razões específicas:

(1) Nenhum homem nascido após a saída do Egipto ou durante a permanência no deserto havia sido circuncidado. Os israelitas falharam a prática da circuncisão enquanto estiveram no deserto (vss. 4-7). Tal pode ser uma evidência adicional da sua desobediência e falta de fé e confiança na aliança de Deus com a nação através de Abraão. Mas, mais do que tudo, devido ao significado da circuncisão, seria impróprio praticarem-na no deserto, como um povo julgado que ali morreria. A circuncisão era um sinal das promessas da aliança de Deus com Abraão, que incluíam a posse da terra (confira Gén. 17:8 ss). Devido à sua descrença, a geração antiga jamais a possuiria.

(2) A circuncisão, enquanto sinal da aliança, era um meio que permitia identificar-se com as promessas da aliança de Deus com Abraão e seus descendentes, a nação de Israel. Como tal, seria um sinal de fé naquilo que Deus faria através e pelo Seu povo. Indubitavelmente, por esta razão, nenhum homem poderia participar legitimamente na Páscoa se não estivesse circuncidado (Êx. 12:43 ss). A Páscoa recordava Israel da sua libertação do Egipto, mas essa libertação tinha como objectivo a posse da terra.

(3) O Senhor reconheceu a realização da circuncisão com as palavras “Hoje revolvi de sobre vós o opróbrio do Egipto; pelo que o nome daquele lugar se chamou Gilgal, até ao dia de hoje” (vs. 9). Conforme visto anteriormente, Gilgal significa “círculo”, referindo-se ao círculo de pedras colocado em Gilgal quando atravessaram o Jordão, servindo como memorial da salvação de Deus. Como também foi destacado, Gilgal provém do hebraico galal, “rolar algum objecto sobre, em cima, para longe, contra, até". A palavra que originou o termo roda (um círculo que rola, como usado numa carruagem) provém desse vocábulo. Assim, há aqui um jogo de palavras que se destina a ensinar uma verdade importante.

O que era o opróbrio do Egipto? Baseado em Génesis 34:14, Unger pensa que o “opróbrio era a vergonha e a desgraça da incircuncisão”2. Mas Ryrie, provavelmente por causa de Êxodo 32:12, acredita que se refere às “provocações tecidas pelos egípcios aos israelitas, devido à incapacidade de obterem a sua terra prometida” 3.

Um novo significado associa-se assim ao nome Gilgal. Primeiro, Gilgal simbolizaria o que Deus fizera ao afastar as águas do Jordão, de modo a poderem atravessar em solo enxuto. Porém, em segundo lugar, também recordaria Israel do que havia feito como acto de fé e obediência através do ritual da circuncisão. Esta simbolizava a sua fé no que Deus faria para os capacitar a possuir a terra. Incluído nisso, encontrava-se o seu compromisso único relativamente a Ele e aos Seus propósitos para eles enquanto Seu povo. 4

Foram estas duas coisas – as obras poderosas de Deus e o acto de fé dos israelitas – que revolveram para longe o opróbrio do Egipto. Em Gilgal, as pessoas deveriam lembrar-se das promessas da aliança de Deus e da libertação passada, no intuito de viverem como Seu povo e tomarem posse do que lhes pertencia nos dias que se seguiriam.

No fundo, portanto, em Gilgal Deus estava a dizer: “para serem vitoriosos contra os inimigos da terra, vocês têm de ser um povo santo, confiando em Mim para lutar nas vossas batalhas; têm de confiar nas promessas da Minha aliança e de se comprometer a ser o Meu povo, mantendo sempre em mente o vosso propósito enquanto uma nação de sacerdotes, Minha propriedade de entre todos os povos da terra” (Êx. 19:5-6).

A Páscoa É Celebrada (5:10)

10 Estando, pois, os filhos de Israel alojados em Gilgal, celebraram a páscoa, no dia catorze do mês, à tarde, nas campinas de Jericó.

Uma vez concluída a circuncisão, os israelitas estavam espiritualmente preparados e qualificados para observarem a Páscoa. É também notável o facto de terem atravessado mesmo a tempo de a celebrarem no dia catorze do mês. Repare na precisão temporal de Deus aqui demonstrada.

Esta era apenas a terceira Páscoa que o povo festejava. A primeira fora no Egipto (Êx. 12:1-28), a segunda no Monte Sinai, mesmo antes de levantarem acampamento (Núm. 9:1-5), e a terceira em Gilgal. Mas porquê a Páscoa? Ao participarem na Páscoa, reviveriam a sua libertação do Egipto através do sangue do Cordeiro, borrifado sobre os umbrais e o lintel das suas casas. Campbell escreve:

À medida que os cordeiros eram mortos, era-lhes assegurado que, tal como a travessia do Mar Vermelho fora seguida pela destruição dos egípcios, também a travessia do Jordão seria seguida pela derrota dos cananeus. Assim, recordar o passado tornava-se uma excelente preparação para as provas do futuro.5

A Páscoa não só lhes recordava a sua libertação e redenção do Egipto, como ainda antecipava outras vitórias – a derrota dos cananeus, mas também uma vitória concretizada em Jerusalém, no Calvário. Apontava naturalmente para a cruz, na qual Cristo, nossa Páscoa, foi sacrificado por nós.

Alimpai-vos, pois, do fermento velho, para que sejais uma nova massa, assim como estais sem fermento. Porque Cristo, nossa páscoa, foi sacrificado por nós (1 Cor. 5:7).

Tal como a circuncisão encontra o seu paralelo no baptismo do crente do Novo Testamento, também a Páscoa se equipara à Ceia do Senhor. A Ceia do Senhor, ou Comunhão, é aquele acto de adoração no qual devemos igualmente lembrar a pessoa e obra do Salvador enquanto o Cordeiro de Deus, que morreu em nosso lugar, carregando o nosso pecado para que pudéssemos possuir vida em abundância.

Existem algumas semelhanças importantes entre a Páscoa e a Ceia do Senhor:


Comparação da Páscoa com a Ceia do Senhor

A Páscoa

A Ceia do Senhor

A Páscoa era um memorial de uma libertação física do Egipto, mediante o sacrifício de um cordeiro (Êx. 12:1 ss).

A Ceia do Senhor é um memorial de uma libertação espiritual em Jerusalém, através do sacrifício do Cordeiro (João 1:29; 1 Cor. 5:7).

A Páscoa era ainda uma antecipação envolta em sombras e presságios de uma realização futura – a pessoa e obra de Cristo no Seu primeiro advento, que abrange o Seu nascimento, vida sem pecado e morte na Cruz como o Cordeiro de Deus, de modo a resgatar-nos das garras do pecado.

A Ceia do Senhor não só aponta para a realização desses prenúncios, mas também deve ser mantida em jeito de antecipação de um cumprimento futuro, o segundo advento e reino de Deus na terra, quando o Cordeiro se tornar o Leão.

A primeira Ceia do Senhor foi também a última Páscoa, pelo menos biblicamente falando, pois instituiu através da Cruz a Nova Aliança da relação de Deus com os homens, encerrando a Antiga Aliança, que consistia em prenúncios e sombras (confira Heb. 8:6-13). À medida que se estuda o ritual da Páscoa e a forma como esta era observada de acordo com a Escritura, isto torna-se ainda mais evidente e significativo, em especial se considerar o modo como a Páscoa é celebrada actualmente pela comunidade judaica. Nos dias de hoje, quando celebram a Páscoa, os judeus não sacrificam um cordeiro. Dispõem apenas de um osso seco do animal. Não celebram a Páscoa com o sacrifício de um cordeiro há mais de mil e novecentos anos. Porquê? Em Êxodo 12:14, Deus disse a Israel: “nas vossas gerações o celebrareis [o dia da Páscoa], por estatuto perpétuo”. Por que não obedecem os judeus a esta ordem?

Primeiramente, os judeus ortodoxos argumentam: “Levítico 17:8, 9 proíbe os israelitas de sacrificarem fora do templo, o local determinado para os sacrifícios. Consequentemente, uma vez que o templo foi destruído em 70 D.C. e que ainda não dispomos de um novo, não podemos cumprir a ordem de Deus, relativa a matar um cordeiro para assinalar a Páscoa”. O povo judeu confronta-se com um dilema. Por um lado, Deus pede-lhes que matem um cordeiro como estatuto perpétuo. Por outro, Deus torna esse acto impossível. Porquê?

Porque Jesus Cristo é o Cordeiro e a resposta. Paulo, ele próprio judeu, mas que veio a ter fé em Cristo, diz-nos que “Cristo, nossa páscoa, foi sacrificado” (1 Cor. 5:7). Cristo é o Cordeiro Pascal e a concretização da Páscoa do Antigo Testamento. Desde a Sua morte, a observância desta celebração segundo o típico costume judeu é ilegítima. Em lugar da Páscoa, devemos manter a Ceia do Senhor, um memorial de que o Cordeiro veio uma vez e virá novamente.

Reparemos nas palavras de Paulo em 1 Coríntios 5:7-8: “Alimpai-vos, pois, do fermento velho, para que sejais uma nova massa, assim como estais sem fermento. Porque Cristo, nossa páscoa, foi sacrificado por nós. Pelo que façamos festa, não com o fermento velho, nem com o fermento da maldade e da malícia, mas com os asmos da sinceridade e da verdade”. Ele não disse “mantenhamos a Páscoa”, pois o sacrifício foi feito por nós de uma vez para sempre. A nossa responsabilidade reside na celebração do pão não levedado, associado à pureza da vida. Assim, Paulo falou de modo figurativo, dizendo: “façamos festa… com sinceridade e verdade”.

Aplicação: Tal como aconteceu com Israel, também hoje o Senhor deseja que os cristãos despojem os seus inimigos. Os nossos inimigos são aquelas coisas que se erguem contra a nossa amizade com o Senhor e a nossa produtividade. Também nos devemos lembrar que a nossa salvação provém de uma fonte – a obra de Deus para nós em Cristo. Porém, independentemente do que saibamos da doutrina, absorver esta ideia é difícil, devido à nossa inclinação natural para nos apoiarmos nas nossas próprias estratégias, esforçando-nos por viver vidas baseadas em meios próprios, mesmo nos assuntos espirituais.

Para além disso, tal como Israel deveria guardar a Páscoa como recordação do passado aliada à esperança da realização futura das suas sombras e prenúncios, também nós devemos preservar a Ceia do Senhor, recordando não só a vitória da cruz, mas antecipando ainda o retorno de Cristo: “Porque, todas as vezes que comerdes este pão e beberdes este cálix, anunciais a morte do Senhor, até que venha” (1 Cor. 11:26).

As Colheitas da Terra São Desfrutadas e o Maná Cessa (5:11-12)

11 E comeram do trigo da terra do ano antecedente, ao outro dia depois da páscoa, pães asmos e espigas tostadas, no mesmo dia. 12 E cessou o maná no dia seguinte, depois que comeram do trigo da terra do ano antecedente; e os filhos de Israel não tiveram mais maná; porém, no mesmo ano, comeram das novidades da terra de Canaan.

Desfrutando da Colheita (vs. 11)

Com o versículo 11, a nossa atenção é canalizada para o facto de os israelitas terem comido das colheitas da terra logo após a celebração da Páscoa. O texto diz: “E comeram do trigo da terra do ano antecedente, ao outro dia depois da páscoa…”. Mas porquê? A explicação que se segue responde a esta questão.

Novamente, a Páscoa simbolizava a salvação de Deus do Egipto e do julgamento do anjo destruidor. Porém, para o povo da aliança de Deus, a libertação do Egipto incluía a promessa de herança da terra, local de abundância, terra de trigo, cevada, figueiras, azeite e mel (confira Deut. 8:8-9). Referia-se ao seu novo começo, à sua nova vida como o povo de Deus resgatado do julgamento, fixo como uma rocha no lugar da bênção. Permita-me repetir o princípio: a Páscoa não só contemplava o passado, mas ainda antecipava uma vida nova na terra, desfrutando das suas bênçãos abundantes pelo poder de Deus.

23 “Porque o Senhor passará para ferir aos egípcios, porém, quando vir o sangue na verga da porta, e em ambas as ombreiras, o Senhor passará aquela porta, e não deixará ao destruidor entrar nas vossas casas, para vos ferir. 24 Portanto, guardai isto por estatuto, para vós e para os vossos filhos, para sempre. 25 E acontecerá que, quando entrardes na terra que o Senhor vos dará, como tem dito, guardareis este culto” (confira Êx. 12:25, ênfase minha; veja também Êx. 13:8-9).

Conforme mencionado, a Páscoa não fora celebrada desde o Monte Sinai (Números 9), depois que levantaram acampamento e começaram a sua marcha em direcção à terra. Contudo, em Cades-Barneia rebelaram-se e foram incapazes de acreditar nas promessas de Deus. Tornaram-se um povo sujeito ao julgamento da disciplina de Deus; a geração antiga já não podia entrar na terra, e daí não mais se ter observado a Páscoa. Mas agora a nova geração atravessara através da fé no poder de Deus. Uma vez na terra, e tendo celebrado a Páscoa na fé, os israelitas estavam capacitados a apropriarem-se das bênçãos daquele lugar, provando a bondade do Senhor.

Para além disso, devemos notar que comeram o que foi definido como “pães asmos e espigas tostadas”. A Páscoa deveria ser seguida por uma celebração de pão ázimo, que duraria sete dias (Êx. 12:15). Na Escritura, o fermento é um símbolo de corrupção e maldade. O pão não levedado referia-se a Cristo, que se encontra sem pecado; comer do pão associa-se à amizade com o Senhor após um auto-exame e confissão do pecado, de modo a que não exista pecado conhecido na vida; só então pode alguém alimentar-se adequadamente e retirar sustento da vida do Salvador (confira 1 Cor. 11:28 ss).

Assim, a nação comeu da colheita, o que certamente seria uma demonstração de fé e uma lição do Senhor, relativa à vida salvadora de Deus mediante amizade com Ele.

A Cessação do Maná (vs. 12)

Após verificarmos que comeram da produção agrícola da terra, a nossa atenção é imediatamente focada no facto de o maná ter cessado. Há aqui uma relação óbvia. Mas qual?

Durante quarenta anos, o povo de Israel alimentara-se do maná, uma provisão especial de Deus no deserto, mesmo depois dos seus actos de rebelião e de descrença, bem como da recusa de Deus quanto a permitir que entrassem na terra. Porém, continuavam a ser o Seu povo; eram os objectos do Seu amor e, por isso e para bem da geração mais jovem, que haveria de atravessar, o maná continuou a ser disponibilizado.

Mas o que era o maná? Era uma dádiva sobrenatural para a viagem pelo deserto, mas não alimento para a terra da promessa. Dali em diante, de acordo com a possessão da sua terra, Deus providenciaria comida através de meios naturais, que correspondem ao método comum pelo qual Deus concede provisões. Quando caminhamos com o Senhor, focados n’Ele e vivendo obedientemente, somos capazes de nos apropriarmos e provarmos da Sua bondade. Milagres como o maná são excepções à regra, provisões especiais para objectivos especiais. Embora o Senhor seja sempre capaz de realizar milagres sobrenaturais conforme a Sua vontade, não devemos esperá-los, nem ficar desapontados ou pensar que algo está mal no nosso percurso caso não os experienciemos.

Finalmente, precisamos de ter em conta que provar as bênçãos da Terra Prometida era apenas uma amostra do que estava para vir. Experimentar as nossas bênçãos em Cristo deverá conduzir a uma expectativa dupla: mediante amizade e fé, há sempre mais para provarmos da bondade e misericórdia de Deus durante esta vida (1 Pedro 2:1-3), mas tal é somente uma antecipação de bênçãos mais ricas e abundantes, a experienciar na eternidade como povo de Deus. Como é o Espírito Santo exactamente definido para nós no Novo Testamento? Ele é chamado “o penhor do Espírito”. A sua abençoada presença interior é uma promessa de que muito mais está para chegar.

Felizmente, o Senhor continua a amar-nos e a cuidar de nós mesmo quando estamos no deserto, mas o maná não se compara à abundância da amizade com Ele.

O Capitão do Exército do Senhor (5:13-15)

13 E sucedeu que, estando Josué ao pé de Jericó, levantou os seus olhos e olhou; e eis que se pôs em pé, diante dele, um homem que tinha na mão uma espada nua: e chegou-se Josué a ele, e disse-lhe: És tu dos nossos, ou dos nossos inimigos? 14 E disse ele: Não, mas venho agora como príncipe do exército do Senhor. Então Josué se prostrou sobre o seu rosto na terra, e o adorou, e disse-lhe: Que diz o meu Senhor ao seu servo? 15 Então disse o príncipe do exército do Senhor a Josué: Descalça os sapatos dos teus pés, porque o lugar em que estás é santo. E fez Josué assim.

Estando tudo aparentemente preparado para a conquista da terra, a próxima cena começa com Josué, o comandante de Israel nomeado por Deus, não no acampamento de Israel em Gilgal, mas perto da cidade de Jericó. O que supõe que ele faria ali? Estaria certamente ocupado com a obra do Senhor, recolhendo informação acerca da cidade e respectivas fortificações, de forma a preparar-se para lançar o seu ataque. Naturalmente, Josué estaria preocupado com várias coisas. Antes de mais, precisava de um plano de acção – como iriam atacar Jericó, provavelmente a cidade mais fortificada de Canaã. Tinham pouca ou nenhuma experiência quanto a cercar uma cidade como Jericó. Para além disso, faltavam-lhes sem dúvida equipamentos como aríetes, catapultas, escadas para conseguirem escalar as muralhas ou torres móveis. Tudo o que tinham resumia-se a espadas, flechas, fundas e lanças, que pareciam totalmente inadequadas para a tarefa diante deles. Portanto, como prepararia Josué o seu exército, e como deveriam tratar de tomar a cidade? Ele devia sentir-se como se o peso do mundo recaísse sobre os seus ombros.

Poderíamos culpar Josué por se encontrar em Jericó, avaliando a situação? Claro que não. De facto, Neemias, outro grande líder, fizera o mesmo quando confrontado com o estado das muralhas de Jerusalém. Não obstante, Josué necessitava de um encontro com o Deus a quem servia, de modo a captar de novo uma verdade importante, igualmente vital como parte da sua preparação para a vitória pelo poder de Deus. À semelhança de todos os santos de Deus que por vezes tendem a fixar os olhos na enorme tarefa que enfrentam, faltava algo na perspectiva de Josué enquanto contemplava a cidade de Jericó. Talvez precisasse simplesmente de ser recordado de alguma verdade muito importante, quer para clarificação, quer para encorajamento.

A Posição do Homem

Estando a mente de Josué absorta em preocupações relativas à tarefa diante dele, sentindo nos seus ombros o peso da responsabilidade, levanta os olhos, e ali está um homem com uma espada desembainhada. Que tipo de imagem traz isto à mente, e o que significa? Estar de pé com uma qualquer arma desembainhada corresponde a uma posição militar de alguém que ou está de sentinela defensivamente, ou se encontra pronto a atacar um adversário ofensivamente. Estar de pé com uma espada desembainhada sugeria que estava ali para lutar ou a favor, ou contra Israel.

A Identidade do Homem

O versículo 14 diz-nos que este homem viera como o “príncipe do exército do Senhor”, o comandante do exército do Senhor. A resposta de Josué no versículo 14b e a declaração do capitão no versículo 15 mostram que se tratava de uma teofania; ou melhor, de acordo com a verdade exposta em João 1:1-18, era uma Cristofania, uma manifestação do Cristo pré-encarnado, que, como o Logos, é aquele que revela Deus. Caso fosse apenas um homem ou um anjo, certamente rejeitaria a adoração de Josué (vs. 14). Compare com a resposta de Paulo em Actos 14:8-20 àqueles que queriam fazer dos apóstolos deuses, e ainda com a resposta do anjo a João em Revelação 19:10.

Assim, o Cristo pré-encarnado aparece a Josué no intuito de ensinar e reforçar certas verdades vitais para o povo de Deus, especialmente para os que se encontram em posições de liderança, o que realmente abrange todos os fiéis num certo grau.

A Pergunta de Josué

… e chegou-se Josué a ele, e disse-lhe: És tu dos nossos, ou dos nossos inimigos? (vs. 13b).

Esta terá sido uma resposta natural face a um homem com a espada desembainhada, expressando tanto a preocupação de Josué como a sua coragem. Ninguém que pertencesse ao exército de Israel deveria estar ali já que, evidentemente, não haviam sido dadas ordens para que alguém abandonasse o acampamento. Portanto, quem seria este estranho, que aparecera subitamente vindo do nada? Decerto, Josué terá pensado: “uma vez que não é um de nós, poderá ser um inimigo ou alguém que veio ajudar-nos?”.

Porém, em vista da resposta dada a Josué, a sua questão revela uma mentalidade típica, que representa uma ameaça e impedimento à nossa eficácia ao serviço do Salvador. Que mentalidade é essa? Temos tendência a ver as batalhas que enfrentamos como as nossas batalhas, e as forças que defrontamos como forças organizadas contra nós e a nossas causas, preocupações e planos individuais, e até as nossas crenças teológicas ou posições na doutrina. Num sentido, isso é verdade, se nos mantivermos realmente na causa de Cristo. Contudo, existe outro sentido em que tal simplesmente não é verdade, e este é o assunto aqui em causa.

A Resposta Dada a Josué

E disse ele: Não, mas venho agora como príncipe do exército do Senhor. (vs. 14a).

A resposta chega em duas partes. A primeira é vista como uma negação categórica de ambas as hipóteses de Josué – é simplesmente um “nem” explícito. Por que não respondeu “estou aqui por ti e por Israel”? Em vez disso, o homem com a espada desembainhada disse: “Nem uma coisa, nem outra; não estou aqui para tomar partido, teu ou de qualquer outro”.

A segunda parte da resposta dá-nos a razão: “E disse ele: Não, mas venho agora como príncipe do exército do Senhor”. Por outras palavras, “estou aqui, não para tomar partido, mas para assumir o controlo como Comandante do Exército do Senhor”. Tal facto é de uma importância vital, assentando em dois princípios válidos para todos os aspectos da vida e da nossa luta contra as forças do mundo e de Satanás. Não havia dúvidas de que o Senhor estava lá com os exércitos do Céu para assegurar Jericó, de modo a que o povo de Deus pudesse tomar posse da sua herança (a Terra Prometida); mesmo assim, uma certa perspectiva era essencial para o verdadeiro sucesso. 

O primeiro princípio: Josué não deveria reivindicar a lealdade de Deus para a sua causa, independentemente de quão justa e santa pudesse ser. Em vez disso, Josué precisava de reconhecer a reivindicação de Deus sobre si, para os Seus propósitos. Tendemos a abordar as nossas batalhas e causas ao contrário; viramos as coisas e tentamos ordenar a Deus que nos apoie, em detrimento de nos submetermos e O seguirmos. Certamente, a batalha seria um empreendimento conjunto, Deus e o povo de Israel sob a liderança de Josué, nomeado pelo Senhor (1:1-9); mas Josué, como qualquer um de nós no exército do Rei, teria de seguir o Senhor, submetendo-se à Sua autoridade, recebendo as Suas ordens e confiando a batalha nas Suas mãos, por se aperceber que se tratava mesmo da Sua batalha como Comandante Supremo. Não parece haver dúvidas acerca da compreensão de Josué, conforme evidenciado pela sua questão: “Que diz o meu Senhor ao seu servo?”. Ele estava a pedir ordens a Deus, e certamente terá sido aí que recebeu as necessárias orientações para a tomada de Jericó.

O segundo princípio: Enquanto Aquele que viera para assumir o comando, o Senhor também estava a lembrar a Josué (e a nós) a presença pessoal de Deus e a Sua provisão poderosa, a provisão das Suas vastas hostes. A promessa da presença pessoal de Deus traz sempre a garantia do Seu cuidado protector. De igual modo, a promessa da Sua provisão poderosa chega sempre acompanhada pela promessa do Seu apoio e poder infinitos, independentemente de quão impossível o problema nos possa parecer. Havia mais, infinitamente mais, do que o exército de Josué. Havia Josué e o seu exército, mas também miríades das forças angélicas de Deus, sempre prontas a cumprir as Suas ordens e a servir os santos. Três outras passagens poderão servir como exemplos úteis, a fim de que possamos absorver o assunto aqui exposto e a sua importância na nossa vida diária.

Primeiro, compare 2 Reis 6:8-17. Quando Eliseu estava em Dotan com o seu jovem servo, acabou rodeado pelo exército de Ben-Hadad, que, durante a noite, iniciara a marcha e sitiara a cidade. Na manhã seguinte, ao sair para ir buscar água, o servo de Eliseu viu o vasto exército que circundava Dotan. Receoso e muito aflito, clamou a Eliseu: “Ai, meu senhor! Que faremos?”. Eliseu respondeu: “Não temas; porque mais são os que estão connosco do que os que estão com eles”. Depois, fez uma oração muito interessante, dizendo: “Senhor, peço-te que lhe abras os olhos, para que veja”. Em seguida, lemos que “o Senhor abriu os olhos do moço, e viu; e eis que o monte estava cheio de cavalos e carros de fogo, em redor de Eliseu”. Não estavam sozinhos. Com eles, para lutar em seu favor, estava uma hoste das forças angélicas de Deus, que em breve feriria de cegueira os exércitos do rei da Síria.

Um segundo exemplo foi registado para nós em Mateus 26:53. Estando os discípulos ainda relutantes e perplexos diante do facto de Cristo ter de ser crucificado, Pedro desembainhou a espada e atingiu o escravo do sumo-sacerdote, cortando-lhe a orelha. Jesus reagiu, dizendo: “Mete no seu lugar a tua espada; porque todos os que lançarem mão da espada à espada morrerão. Ou pensas tu que eu não poderia agora orar ao meu Pai, e que ele não me daria mais de doze legiões de anjos?”.

Um exemplo final ilustrativo do exército angélico de Deus e do seu ministério para com o Seu povo encontra-se em Hebreus 1:14: “Não são, porventura, todos eles, espíritos ministradores, enviados para servir a favor daqueles que hão-de herdar a salvação?”. Vemos nisto a segunda razão para o comandante se descrever a si mesmo como “príncipe do exército do Senhor”. Estava assim a assegurar a Josué a provisão de Deus mediante o Seu poderoso exército angélico.

A Resposta de Josué

…Então Josué se prostrou sobre o seu rosto na terra, e o adorou, e disse-lhe: Que diz o meu Senhor ao seu servo? (vs. 14b).

Quanto precisamos nós desta resposta – a resposta de adoração e submissão. Josué percebeu rapidamente. Estivera a pensar num conflito entre os exércitos de Israel e Canaã. Talvez pensasse na batalha como sua. Certamente, sentia o peso da responsabilidade sobre os seus ombros. Mas, depois de ser confrontado pelo Comandante divino, foi recordado de uma verdade que ouvira Moisés proferir muitos anos antes, nas margens do Mar Vermelho. Moisés dissera então: “O Senhor pelejará por vós, e vos calareis” (Êx. 14:14). Josué aprendeu novamente a verdade que David constataria e iria declarar ao enfrentar Golias: “do Senhor é a guerra” (confira 1 Sam. 17:47).

Porém, isto não é tudo. Concluindo a sua adoração e submissão, vemos a pergunta de Josué, a questão de um servo que procura orientação do seu Comandante: “Que diz o meu Senhor ao seu servo?”. Lembra-se da resposta de Paulo na estrada de Damasco, quando se apercebeu que era o Senhor glorificado quem falava consigo? Respondeu, rapidamente: “Senhor, que farei?” (Actos 22:10).

Que reconfortante é saber que jamais teremos de suportar os nossos fardos ou enfrentar os nossos inimigos sozinhos. Josué tinha de reconhecer que as batalhas futuras e toda a conquista de Canaã eram realmente o conflito de Deus. Qual é o nosso papel? Somos soldados do Seu exército, os servos para os quais providencia abundantemente a Sua armadura (Efésios 6:10-18).

Enquanto Dr. C. I. Scofield era pastor da Primeira Igreja Congregacional de Dallas, sobreveio um período no qual os fardos do ministério lhe pareciam mais pesados do que aquilo que conseguia suportar. Esmagado pelo peso das frustrações e problemas do trabalho, ajoelhou-se um dia no seu escritório. Em profunda agonia espiritual, abriu as Escrituras, procurando alguma mensagem de força e conforto. Conduzido pelo Espírito aos versículos finais do capítulo 5 de Josué, constatou que estava a tentar lidar sozinho com as responsabilidades. Nesse dia, entregou o seu ministério ao Senhor, seguro de que era a Sua obra e que Ele conseguiria realizá-la. Ao aceitar a liderança de Deus, Dr. Scofield aliou-se ao Seu poder. 6

Certamente, estes versículos enfatizam a verdade relativa à preeminência e domínio de Cristo. Ele é a cabeça da igreja, realmente o Rei dos reis e Senhor dos senhores.

A passagem também nos recorda que Deus não está presente para lutar nas nossas batalhas, auxiliar nas nossas causas ou vir em nosso socorro quando nos metemos em problemas como se fosse um génio da lâmpada. Em vez disso, lembra-nos que a batalha é d’Ele, sendo o nosso papel o de servos-soldados: temos de O servir, realizar a Sua vontade, segui-Lo e depender d’Ele completamente.

A Revelação Final do Comandante

Então disse o príncipe do exército do Senhor a Josué: Descalça os sapatos dos teus pés, porque o lugar em que estás é santo. E fez Josué assim (vs. 15).

Nas palavras finais do Capitão, existe uma ordem – “Descalça os sapatos” –, bem como uma explicação – “porque o lugar em que estás é santo”. Descalçar os sapatos era um sinal próprio de um servo, símbolo de respeito e submissão. A descrição deste lugar de encontro e revelação como “santo” chama a atenção para o significado especial do que Josué acabara de aprender e experienciar. Deus não só É o Santo na nossa redenção através da provisão do Salvador Sofredor, como também É o Santo na nossa batalha através do Salvador Vitorioso. Só poderemos entrar na batalha e experimentar a salvação de Deus quando descalçamos os nossos sapatos, submetendo-nos à Sua autoridade, presença e poder.

Aqui, constatamos que a batalha do cristão é um chamamento santo, mas também uma promessa divina realizada naqueles que se fazem humildes debaixo da mão poderosa de Deus. “Humilhai-vos, pois, debaixo da potente mão de Deus, para que, a seu tempo, vos exalte; lançando sobre ele toda a vossa ansiedade, porque ele tem cuidado de vós” (1 Pedro 5:6-7).

Conclusão

Neste capítulo, Josué encontrou-se com o Logos vivente, a própria revelação de Deus. Este encontro removeu um grande fardo dos ombros de Josué. A experiência previamente mencionada de Dr. Scofield ilustra a mesma verdade, baseada nesta passagem. Possamos nós compreender o quanto precisamos de permanecer na Palavra com um ouvido atento, de modo a que Deus consiga ensinar-nos as coisas que necessitamos de escutar.

Josué de pé e talvez deambulando nos arredores da cidade de Jericó, estudando o que o aguardava e acabrunhado com o peso da sua responsabilidade, é tão parecido connosco! Contemplamos as coisas que acreditamos que Deus nos chamou a fazer, mas estamos mais dispostos à actividade e à pressa do que à adoração e súplica pela orientação divina. Necessitamos de um estilo de vida que nos encaminhe para a batalha conscientes do Senhor e de quem Ele É a cada movimento, e cientes também dos princípios da Sua palavra, que devem guiar cada pensamento e passo da nossa parte, fortificando os corações com o conforto de Deus. Assim, enquanto contemplamos as batalhas e tarefas diante de nós, olhemos para cima, vendo o Comandante do Senhor dos Exércitos, e descalcemos os nossos sapatos.

Texto original de J. Hampton Keathley, III.

Tradução de C. Oliveira.


1 Donald K. Campbell, Joshua, Leader Under Fire, Victor Books, Wheaton, 1989, p. 39.

2 Merrill F. Unger, Unger's Commentary on the Old Testament, Vol. I, Moody Press, Chicago, 1981, p. 289.

3 Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Moody, p. 338.

4 Alguns pensamentos acerca da circuncisão:

(1) Em Actos 7:8, Estevão falou acerca da aliança da circuncisão dada a Abraão. Enraizada na aliança abraâmica, a circuncisão simbolizava o acordo de Deus, que garantia a continuidade eterna da semente de Abraão e ainda a possessão da terra (Gén. 17:7-8).

(2) A este respeito, Génesis 17:11 diz-nos que a circuncisão é um “sinal do concerto” ou símbolo daquele acordo. Seria um sinal externo de uma realidade espiritual interior. Tal implicava que deveria ser feita como sinal de fé nas promessas da aliança de Deus. A circuncisão seria para o santo do Antigo Testamento o que o que a água do baptismo é para o santo do Novo Testamento. 

(3) O próprio acto da circuncisão simbolizava uma separação completa dos pecados da carne, como imoralidade, impureza, lascívia, idolatria, feitiçaria, inimizades, conflitos, inveja, ira, disputas, desavenças, divisões, ciúmes, embriaguez e glutonarias (Gál. 5:19-21).

(4) O ritual da circuncisão seria praticado uma vez, mas o que significava deveria ser preservado diariamente. Tal ênfase encontra uma ilustração nas experiências de Israel associadas a Gilgal, pois a nação regressava a esse lugar com frequência durante as suas campanhas militares. Tornou-se um local de compromisso renovado e santificação. De acordo com o Novo Testamento, significava (a) a justiça da fé (Rom. 4:9-12) e (b) o despojo do corpo da carne pela obra de Cristo e a união do crente com Ele (Col. 2:11).

(5) Embora um acto físico, a natureza espiritual da circuncisão é posta em evidência em diversas passagens do Antigo Testamento. Em Deuteronómio 10:16, Moisés desafiou Israel: “Circuncidai, pois, o prepúcio do vosso coração, e não mais endureçais a vossa cerviz” (confira também Deut. 30:6; Jer. 4:4). Assim, a nação teria de compreender que a circuncisão não era apenas cortar um pedaço de pele, mas incluía um trabalho de fé interior, que tocava o coração e abrangia toda a vida.

(6) À luz da profecia de Deuteronómio 30:6 e da declaração de Colossenses 2:11, a circuncisão retratava o que Deus faria espiritualmente através da cruz de Cristo, de modo a lidar com as nossas naturezas pecaminosas, permitindo-nos, ao caminharmos na novidade de uma vida mediante fé em Cristo, viver vitoriosamente em relação aos nossos apetites carnais.

5 John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck, Editors, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Victor Books, Wheaton, 1983,1985, versão electrónica.

6 Campbell, p. 47.

Related Topics: Sanctification

Lesson 22: The Wholly Holy Church (1 Thessalonians 5:23-28)

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January 1, 2017

I’ve read that 36 percent of us break our New Year’s resolutions by the end of January (Reader’s Digest [1/03], p. 17). I’d guess that the percentage increases with each succeeding month. But I hope that the high rate of failure doesn’t keep you from setting some biblical goals this New Year. As is often said, “Aim at nothing and you’ll hit it every time.” So I urge you prayerfully to evaluate your life before the Lord and set a few goals that will help you to grow in Christlikeness this year.

As Paul closes his first letter to this church of new believers, he offers a “prayer-wish” for their complete sanctification (holiness) in light of the Lord’s coming, followed by a reminder of the Lord’s faithfulness to complete the process He began when He saved us. Then Paul asks these new believers to pray for him; gives some brief final instructions; and commends them to the Lord’s grace. He’s saying that …

The church is a community that seeks to become wholly holy.

Paul has emphasized sanctification in this letter. In 1 Thessalonians 3:13, he prayed that the Lord … “may establish your hearts without blame in holiness before our God and Father at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all His saints.” Then in 1 Thess. 4:3 & 7, he stated, “For this is the will of God, your sanctification; that is, that you abstain from sexual immorality; … For God has not called us for the purpose of impurity, but in sanctification.”

To be sanctified means to be set apart unto God from this evil world, or to be holy. God has always commanded His people to be holy, or distinct from this evil world. Citing Leviticus 19:2, Peter commands (1 Pet. 1:15-16), “but like the Holy One who called you, be holy yourselves also in all your behavior; because it is written, ‘You shall be holy, for I am holy.’” As we’ve seen (in earlier messages on 1 Thess.), there are three aspects of sanctification: (1) Positional sanctification, which was accomplished through Christ’s sacrifice at the moment of salvation (1 Cor. 1:2, 30; 6:11; Heb. 10:10, 14; 13:12); (2) progressive sanctification, which is ongoing throughout life (2 Cor. 3:18; 7:1; Phil. 3:12-14; 1 Thess. 3:12-13; 4:3-8; 1 Pet. 1:15-16); and, (3) perfect sanctification, which will happen the instant we see the Lord (1 John 3:2).

But, just as we need biblical balance in the matter of not quenching the Holy Spirit and yet being discerning (1 Thess. 5:19-22), so we need balance in the matter of sanctification. John Wesley and others in the Arminian tradition teach that it is possible to become totally sanctified in this life. Sometimes this happens over time, but it may happen at a moment of crisis. But invariably, they have to reduce the definition of sin to “the voluntary transgression of a known law” (Wesley), rather than as “any want of conformity unto, or transgression of, the law of God” (Westminster Shorter Catechism; G. Walters, New Bible Dictionary [IVP], ed. by J. D. Douglas, p. 1141). I dare say that if anyone had talked to John Wesley’s wife, this imbalanced teaching would have been laid to rest!

In our text, Paul is looking at the progressive aspect of sanctification with a view to the perfect or final state when Christ returns. While we won’t be perfectly sanctified until we meet the Lord, we should be making progress each year that He gives us. Make it your aim to grow in holiness in the New Year. Our text gives us five insights to help us grow in holiness:

1. Holiness comes from the God of peace Himself.

1 Thess. 5:23: “Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify you entirely; and may your spirit and soul and body be preserved complete, without blame at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.” John Calvin (Calvin’s Commentaries [Baker], p. 303) admits that he does not completely understand why Paul refers to God as, “the God of peace.” But G. K. Beale, (1-2 Thessalonians [IVP Academic], p. 175) suggests that it is “to underscore that God’s sanctifying work is the instrumentation by which God gives peace.” In other words, there is a relationship between holiness and peace: as we grow in holiness, we will experience God’s peace more fully.

“Peace” is a Hebrew concept that refers to total well-being. Leon Morris (The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians [Eerdmans], p. 180) says, “Peace brings before us the prosperity of the whole man … especially including spiritual prosperity.” Spiritual peace refers both to peace with God and peace with one another, which come from being reconciled to Him through the blood of Christ (Eph. 2:13-15). We also enjoy inner peace or freedom from anxiety as we bring all of our needs to our gracious Lord in thankful prayer, walking in obedience before Him (Phil. 4:6-9). F. F. Bruce, Word Biblical Commentary, 1 & 2 Thessalonians [Thomas Nelson], p. 129) says, “The sum total of gospel blessings can be expressed by peace.” So we get peace with God, peace with one another, and peace within from the God of peace Himself as He sanctifies us, or makes us holy.

2. Holiness encompasses the entire person: spirit, soul, and body.

1 Thessalonians 5:23 is the classic verse for those who argue that men and women are composed of three parts: body, soul, and spirit (“trichotomy”). The more commonly held view is that people are made up of two parts, body and soul, the material and the immaterial (“dichotomy”). Usually those who hold to trichotomy teach that our soul is the carnal or natural part of man, which must be brought under the control of our spirit, where God dwells.

Those who hold to dichotomy point out that the immaterial part of people contains not only soul and spirit, but also heart, mind, will, and conscience. The Bible even refers to the kidneys as an immaterial part of man (Pss. 16:7; 73:21; Prov. 23:16; Jer. 9:20 [Hebrew]; Rev. 2:23 [Greek])! The distinctions between these different terms is not always uniform, precise, or technical. For example, in Luke 1:46-47, Mary uses the terms in Hebrew synonymous poetry when she says, “My soul exalts the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my Savior.” (See, also, Phil. 1:27.)

God commands us to love Him (Mark 12:30), “with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength.” But, there is no mention of “spirit.” God is spirit (John 4:24), and yet He has a soul (Heb. 10:38; Lev. 26:30; Ps. 11:5). In other texts, Paul refers to body and spirit, but doesn’t mention the soul (Rom. 8:10; 1 Cor. 5:3; 7:34; 2 Cor. 7:1). In our text, it is clear that both soul and spirit need to be sanctified. So my understanding is that Paul is not giving us here a technical description of the nature of man, but rather is emphasizing that the process of sanctification should be entire. It should involve every part of our being, both material and immaterial. It begins with the inner person, but it also extends to our bodies.

Unlike some false religions that teach that all matter, including the body, is evil, the Bible teaches that our bodies, while fallen in sin, are to become holy or set apart unto the Lord. In 1 Corinthians 6:18-20, Paul writes,

Flee immorality. Every other sin that a man commits is outside the body, but the immoral man sins against his own body. Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God, and that you are not your own? For you have been bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body.

He goes on to show that God ordained a legitimate, holy purpose for sexual relations between a man and a woman in marriage (1 Cor. 7:1-9). When you are tempted with sexually immorality, remember that God commands you to glorify Him in your body.

In the fundamentalist church where I grew up, the verse that says that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit was used to condemn smoking, drinking, and the use of illegal drugs. That is a valid application, but most of the church members already avoided those things! But it was never applied to overeating, although many of the members needed to reduce the size of their temples! But the ancient church identified gluttony and sloth (which may be a cause of not exercising) as two of the seven deadly sins. If our bodies are unhealthy because of gluttony or sloth, we won’t be fit to serve Christ.

Paul ties in disciplining our bodies with serving the Lord. After saying that he does all things for the sake of the gospel (1 Cor. 9:23), Paul explains (vss. 26-27), “Therefore I run in such a way, as not without aim; I box in such a way, as not beating the air; but I discipline my body and make it my slave, so that, after I have preached to others, I myself will not be disqualified.” Recent studies have shown that there is a link between physical fitness and mental fitness. If your body is in bad shape because you overeat and under-exercise, you won’t be mentally and spiritually sharp as a witness for Christ. So setting a goal to become more physically fit so that you will be a better servant of Christ is legitimate.

Thus, holiness comes from the God of peace Himself. It encompasses the entire person: spirit, soul, and body.

3. Holiness has a Godward focus in view of Christ’s coming.

After praying that God might sanctify us entirely, he adds (1 Thess. 5:23b-24), “without blame at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. Faithful is He who calls you, and He also will bring it to pass.” Note three things here:

A. Holiness means to be without blame before the Lord and others.

To be without blame does not imply that we can reach a state of sinless perfection in this life. Even when we are not aware of any deliberate sins of commission, we always are plagued by sins of omission. We never love God or others perfectly. We never “rejoice always, pray without ceasing, and in everything give thanks” (1 Thess. 5:16-18). We can never perfectly control our tongues (James 3:2, 8). To be without blame is not to be perfect in this life.

Rather, to be blameless means that we have no legitimate grounds for accusation before the Lord and we haven’t wronged others without seeking to make it right. We have a clear conscience before God because we judge and turn from our sin on the heart level. And, others cannot bring a valid charge against us because we wronged them and didn’t make it right. To be blameless means to live uprightly before God and before others. As Paul says (1 Thess. 2:10), “You are witnesses, and so is God, how devoutly and uprightly and blamelessly we behaved toward you believers.”

Jesus, citing Isaiah, condemned the Pharisees because they honored God with their lips, but their hearts were far from Him (Mark 7:6). God always looks on our hearts (1 Sam. 16:7). Thus to be holy, we’ve got to confess and turn from our sins on the heart or thought level. As Jesus pointed out in the Sermon on the Mount, to lust after a woman in your heart is tantamount to adultery in God’s sight (Matt. 5:27-28). Envy, jealousy, greed, and pride are sins of the heart. So holiness is not outward only, where you stop doing certain sinful behaviors and start doing other religious behaviors. Rather, it’s a matter of walking uprightly before God and others, dealing with our sins on the heart level.

B. Holiness is motivated by the fact that Christ is coming to reward His people and to judge the wicked.

For the fifth time in five chapters, Paul refers to the Lord’s coming (1:10; 2:19; 3:13; 4:13-17; 5:23). As the Lord emphasized in the parable of the talents (Matt. 25:14-46), He has entrusted certain gifts and resources to us to use for His kingdom purposes. When He comes again, we will have to give an account of how we have used what He entrusted to us. We should be motivated by the desire to hear (Matt. 25:21, 23), “Well done, good and faithful slave.” With Moses, we should constantly pray (Ps. 90:12), “So teach us to number our days, that we may present to You a heart of wisdom.”

C. Holiness relies on God’s calling, His faithfulness, and His strength.

1 Thess. 5:24: “Faithful is He who calls you, and He also will bring it to pass.” Paul often encourages us by referring to God’s faithfulness toward us: (1 Cor. 1:9): “God is faithful, through whom you were called into fellowship with His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord.” Philippians 1:6: “For I am confident of this very thing, that He who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of Christ Jesus.” In each of those verses, Paul mentions God’s initiative in our salvation. He effectually calls us (every time the divine call is mentioned in the NT, it refers to God’s effectual call of His elect to salvation; cf. 1 Thess. 2:12; 4:7; Rom. 1:6, 7; 8:28; Eph. 4:1, 4; 1 Tim. 1:9; 1 Pet. 2:9; 5:10; 2 Pet. 1:10). This means, as Leon Morris puts it (The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians [Eerdmans], p. 183), “It is profoundly satisfying to the believer that in the last resort what matters is not his feeble hold on God, but God’s strong grip on him (cf. John 10:28 ff.).”

At the same time, we would be mistaken if we concluded that we are to be passive when it comes to holiness. Some wrongly teach, “Just let go and let God!” Or, “You’ll have victory over sin when you learn the secret of resting in Christ.” They use Jesus’ analogy of Himself as the vine and us as the branches to say, “Branches don’t strive to bear fruit. They just abide in the vine.”

But many verses contradict such teaching. As we saw, in 1 Corinthians 9:26-27, Paul uses an athletic example to say that he disciplined his body for the sake of the gospel. Later (1 Cor. 15:10), he says, “But by the grace of God I am what I am, and His grace toward me did not prove vain; but I labored even more than all of them [the other apostles], yet not I, but the grace of God with me.” Colossians 1:29: “For this purpose also I labor, striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.” We are to work out our own salvation, realizing that God is at work in us (Phil. 2:12-13). We are responsible actively to flee immorality and idolatry, not passively to let God deliver us (1 Cor. 6:18; 10:14). We are to perfect holiness in the fear of God (2 Cor. 7:1). We are to strive against sin (Heb. 12:4). The process of growing in holiness requires both relying on the Lord and responsible effort on our part.

Thus, holiness comes from the God of peace Himself. It encompasses the entire person: spirit, soul, and body. It has a Godward focus in view of Christ’s coming.

4. Holiness grows in loving community with other believers.

Sometimes we emphasize our individual responsibility for holiness, but neglect the need for other believers in the process. But note that Paul repeats the word “brethren” three times in three verses (5:25, 26, 27). Certainly, holiness is an individual matter, but it also involves being in community with other believers. Much more could be said, but briefly:

A. The church is a community that prays for one another.

1 Thess. 5:25: “Brethren, pray for us.” Although Paul was a veteran apostle, he asks these new believers to pray for him! He knew his own weakness and need for God. He did not have it all together with no needs. So he often asked for prayer (Rom. 15:30; Phil. 1:19 Eph. 6:19; Col. 4:3-4; 2 Thess. 3:1-2). Please pray often for me and the other elders here. Pray for one another!

B. The church is a community that warmly shows the love of Christ towards one another.

1 Thess. 5:26: “Greet all the brethren with a holy kiss.” Should we apply this literally? I had an uncle and aunt who went to a church where the men greeted the other men and the women the other women with a kiss on the lips. It always grossed me out! I would argue that the holy kiss was a culturally appropriate means of greeting in Paul’s day that we can adapt to culturally appropriate greetings in our day. There are still some cultures where people greet each other with a kiss on each cheek, but that is not done in America and I don’t think it’s required. Rather, Paul was urging the church to give one another a loving greeting in a culturally accepted manner. The church is family and we should show it when we greet one another.

Be careful, though, about greeting the opposite sex inappropriately. A pastor friend of mine told me that he used to hug all the women in the church as he stood at the door after church. But he stopped doing it when an unbeliever in his town winked at him and said, “Yeah, I see you hugging all those babes at church!” It conveyed something inappropriate to an outsider. So, we need to be careful to show Christ’s love in an appropriate manner when we greet each other. If I’m counseling a sister in the Lord who breaks down crying, I’ll hand her a tissue, but I won’t hug her. I’m not being unsympathetic; I’m being discreet!

C. The church is a community that takes God’s word seriously.

1 Thess. 5:27: “I adjure you by the Lord to have this letter read to all the brethren.” “Adjure” is a strong word, meaning to put them under oath before God. Probably Paul was countering his critics who said that he didn’t care about these new believers or he would have returned. He wants the letter read (probably repeatedly) so that the church could hear of his tender love for them.

But, also, Paul viewed his apostolic letters as authoritative revelation from God (1 Cor. 7:12; 14:37; Col. 4:16). Peter also commended Paul’s letters as Scripture (2 Pet. 3:15-16). Apostolicity was a major criterion for a writing being included in the New Testament canon. The application for us is that we will not grow in holiness unless we take God’s word seriously. It should undergird and determine all that we do as a church and as individuals. Paul’s final greeting shows:

5. Holiness grows when we experience the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ.

1 Thess. 5:28: “The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.” That is a greeting, but it’s more than a greeting. It’s a prayer that has enormous implications. The abundant grace of our Lord Jesus is behind our salvation (Eph. 2:8-9) and should bathe and motivate our sanctification. As Paul told Timothy (2 Tim. 2:1), “You therefore, my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus.” Peter closes his second letter (2 Pet. 3:18), “but grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. To Him be the glory, both now and to the day of eternity. Amen.” Jesus is full of grace and can impart grace (John 1:14, 16, 17), which shows that He is God. Legalism often arises in the church as an attempt to promote holiness, but it never succeeds (Matthew 23). When we understand and live under God’s grace, it always results in true holiness (Rom. 6:1-2). Let’s pour out God’s grace on one another.

Conclusion

I encourage you to make growing in holiness one of your main goals this New Year. You might begin by committing to spend a few minutes each morning reading the Bible and praying. Memorize some key verses on holiness. Read J. C. Ryle’s classic, Holiness. You can read it online at gracegems.org, which says, “This volume is considered the best book on the Christian life that has EVER been written.” Read a good book on using your time wisely. I’m currently reading Matt Perman’s What’s Best Next [Zondervan], subtitled, “How the gospel transforms the way you get things done.” Get in a small group where you can encourage one another to grow in holiness. I pray that this year will be a year of unprecedented growth in holiness for each one in our church!

Application Questions

  1. When you think about holiness, are your thoughts positive (“It’s beautiful!”) or negative (“It’s restrictive!”)? Why?
  2. What one thing more than any other would help you to grow in holiness this year? Put that one thing in your daily schedule.
  3. How can we know whether we’re in balance between our effort and God’s power (Col. 1:29; Phil. 2:12-13)?
  4. How can we as believers be in the world, but not of the world (John 17:15-17; 1 John 2:15-17)?

Copyright, Steven J. Cole, 2017, All Rights Reserved.

Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture Quotations are from the New American Standard Bible, Updated Edition © The Lockman Foundation

Related Topics: Christian Life, Ecclesiology (The Church), New Year's

11. Exegetical Commentary on John 8

OUTLINE:

[3 A The Book of the Seven Signs (2:1 -12:50)]

[2 B Selected Highlights from the Later Part of Jesus’ Public Ministry: Conflict and Controversy (chapters 5-10)]

[5 C Jesus teaches openly in the presence of his opponents in Jerusalem (7:1-8:59)]

3 D Jesus remains in Jerusalem after the Feast (8:1-59)

1 E Jesus and the Adulteress: Interpretation of the Mosaic law (8:1-11)

2 E Jesus as the Light of the world (8:12-20)

3 E Response of the Jewish leaders: Who is Jesus? (8:21-30)

4 E Jesus and Abraham (8:31-59)

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Coleman, B. W., “The Woman Taken in Adultery. Studies in Texts: John 7:53-8:11,” Theology 73 (1970): 409-10.

Derrett, J. D. M., “Law in the New Testament: The Story of the Woman Taken in Adultery,” New Testament Studies 10 (1963/64): 1-26.

Hodges, Z. C., “The Woman Taken in Adultery (John 7:53-8:11): The Text,” Bibliotheca Sacra 136 (1979): 318-32.

Hodges, Z. C., “The Woman Taken in Adultery (John 7:53-8:11): Exposition,” Bibliotheca Sacra 137 (1980): 41-53.

Johnson, A. F., “A Stylistic Trait of the Fourth Gospel in the Pericope Adulterae?” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 9 (1966): 91-96.

Lategan, B. C., “The truth that sets man free: John 8:31-36,” Neotestamentica 2 (1968): 70-80.

Salvoni, F., “Textual Authority for Jn 7:53-8:11,” Restoration Quarterly 4 (1960): 11-15.

Schilling, F. A., “The Story of Jesus and the Adulteress,” Anglican Theological Review 37 (1955): 91-106.

Trites, A. A., “The Woman Taken in Adultery,” Bibliotheca Sacra 131 (1974): 137-46.

DETAILED EXEGETICAL NOTES:

3 D Jesus remains in Jerusalem after the Feast (8:1-59)

1 E Jesus and the Adulteress: Interpretation of the Mosaic law (8:1-11)

8:1-11 The Textual Problem: Should 7:53-8:11 be regarded as genuine, and if so, should it be included in the Fourth Gospel following 7:52? Among modern commentators and textual critics, it is a foregone conclusion that the section is not original but represents a later addition to the text of the Gospel. B. M. Metzger summarizes: “the evidence for the non-Johannine origin of the pericope of the adulteress is overwhelming.”86

External evidence:

Omit 7:53-8:11: 66, 75, a, B, L, N, T, W, X, Y, D, Q, Y, 053, 0141, 0211, 22, 33, 124, 157, 209, 565, 788, 828, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1253, 2193, etc. In addition codices A and C are defective in this part of John, but it appears that neither contained the pericope, because careful measurement shows that there would not have been enough space on the missing pages to include the pericope 7:53-8:11 along with the rest of the text.

Include 7:53-8:11: D, F, G, H, K, M, U, G, 28, 700, 892, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1344, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, , etc. In addition E, S, L, and P include part or all of the passage with asterisks or obeli, 225 places the pericope after John 7:36, 1 places it after John 21:24 or 25, and 13 after Luke 21:38 (!).

In evaluating this manuscript evidence, it should be remembered that in the Gospels A is usually considered to be of Byzantine text-type (unlike in the Pauline epistles, where it is Alexandrian), as are E, F, and G (which are of Western text-type in the Pauline epistles). This leaves D as the only major Western uncial witness in the Gospels.

Therefore we could summarize the evidence by saying that almost all early manuscripts of Alexandrian text-type omit the pericope, while most manuscripts of Western and Byzantine text-type include it. But we must remember that “Western manuscripts” here refers only to D, a single witness.

Thus it can be seen that practically all of the earliest and best manuscripts we possess omit the pericope; it is found only in manuscripts of secondary importance. But before we conclude that the passage was not originally part of the Gospel of John, internal evidence needs to be considered as well.

Internal evidence in favor of the inclusion of 8:1-11 (7:53-8:11):

(1) 7:53 fits in the context. If the “last great day of the feast” (7:37) refers to the conclusion of the Feast of Tabernacles, then the statement refers to the pilgrims and worshippers going home after living in “booths” for the week while visiting Jerusalem.

(2) The chief priests and Pharisees had just mocked Nicodemus for suggesting that Jesus’ claims might possibly be true. In particular they heaped scorn on Jesus’ Galilean origins (7:52). But far more than a prophet was to come from Galilee, according to Isa 9:1-2 (NASB):

But there will be no more gloom for her who was in anguish; in earlier times He treated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali with contempt, but later on He shall make it glorious, by the way of the sea, on the other side of Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles. The people who walk in darkness will see a great light; those who live in a dark land, the light will shine on them.

In view of John’s observed fondness for Isaiah, it seems impossible that he was unaware of this prophecy. But if he was aware of it, we might expect him to work it into the background of the narrative, as he has often done before. And that is exactly what we find: 8:12 is the point when Jesus describes himself as the Light of the world. But the section in question mentions that Jesus returned to the temple at “early dawn” (“Orqrou, 8:2). This is the dawning of the Light of the world (8:12) mentioned by Isa 9:2.

(3) Furthermore, note the relationship to what follows: just prior to presenting Jesus’ statement that he is the Light of the world, John presents us with an example that shows Jesus as the light. Once again, this calls to mind one of the major themes of the Gospel: light and darkness (compare especially 3:19-21). Here the woman “came to the light” (although not at first willingly!) while her accusers shrank away into the shadows, because their deeds were evil. This could be seen as an appropriate setting for Jesus to follow with the statement of 8:12, “I am the light of the world.”

Internal evidence against the inclusion of 8:1-11 (7:53-8:11):

  • In reply to the claim that the introduction to the pericope, 7:53, fits the context, it should also be noted that the narrative reads well without the pericope, so that Jesus’ reply in 8:12 is directed against the charge of the Pharisees in 7:52 that no prophet comes from Galilee.
  • The assumption that the Evangelist “must” somehow work Isa 9:1-2 into the narrative is simply that—an assumption. The statement by the Pharisees in 7:52 about Jesus’ Galilean origins is allowed to stand without correction by the Evangelist, although we might have expected him to mention that Jesus was really born in Bethlehem. And 8:12 does directly mention Jesus’ claim to be the Light of the world. The Evangelist may well have presumed familiarity with Isa 9:1-2 on the part of his readers because of its widespread association with Jesus among early Christians.
  • The fact that the pericope deals with the light/darkness motif does not inherently strengthen its claim to authenticity, because the motif is so prominent in the Fourth Gospel that it may well have been the reason why someone felt that the pericope, circulating as an independent tradition, fit so well here.
  • In general the style of the pericope is not Johannine either in vocabulary or grammar. According to R. Brown it is closer stylistically to Lukan material.87 Interestingly one important family of manuscripts, 13, places the pericope after Luke 21:38.

Conclusion: In the final analysis, the weight of evidence in this case must go with the external evidence. The earliest and best manuscripts do not contain the pericope. It is true with regard to internal evidence that an attractive case can be made for inclusion, but this is by nature subjective. In terms of internal factors like vocabulary and style, the pericope does not stand up very well.

We may go on to ask the question whether this incident, although not an original part of the Gospel of John, should be regarded as an authentic tradition about Jesus. It could well be that it is ancient and may indeed represent an unusual instance where such a tradition survived outside of the bounds of the canonical literature.

Notes on the content of the Pericope Adulterae:

8:3-5 What was the real motivation for the action of the scribes and Pharisees here? A real concern for the Mosaic Law? Probably not, since the statement is made (8:6) that they said this “testing” him, in order that they might have grounds to accuse him.

It is easy to figure out what these grounds would have been. The scribes and Pharisees must have thought they had Jesus in the classic “double bind” situation—they could get him no matter what he did or said. If he upheld the Law and commanded that the woman be stoned, they could bring accusation before Pilate (since the death penalty was not permitted to the Jewish authorities), and this could be combined with the popular acclamations of him as King. If, on the other hand, he overturned the Law, he would be discredited with the people.

8:5 It is interesting in light of this to note that the accusers themselves misrepresented the Law. The Law states that in the case of adultery, both the man and woman must be put to death (Lev 20:10, Deut 22:22). But the Law as quoted by the scribes and Pharisees said, “Moses commanded us to stone such women” (toiauvta", feminine pronoun). Why was reference to the adulterer omitted? Perhaps because one of their own number had agreed to trap the woman so that the controversy with Jesus could be provoked (how else could they have caught this woman so conveniently?)

8:6 Certainly Jesus’ response took the accusers by surprise—this was something extremely unanticipated. What did he write with his finger? I have no speculation to offer. But then, why mention that he wrote at all? Probably because the act of writing itself was regarded as a symbolic act. In Exod 31:19, the first set of tablets were inscribed by the finger of God. The first time Jesus stooped to write, it is specifically mentioned that he wrote with his finger (8:6). This may well constitute a symbolic allusion to the person of Messiah: he writes with the same authority as God, because he is God.

2 E Jesus as the Light of the world (8:12-20)

Setting and Place of the Discourse in the Narrative

The theory proposed by F. J. A. Hort that the backdrop of 8:12 is the lighting of the candelabra in the Court of Women, may offer a plausible setting to the proclamation by Jesus that he is the Light of the world (8:12).88 The last time that Jesus spoke in the narrative (if the pericope 7:53-8:11 is not part of the original, as the textual evidence suggests) is in 7:38, where he was speaking to a crowd of pilgrims in the Temple area. This is where we find him in the present verse, and he may be addressing the crowd again. It is more probable, however, that aujtoi'" refers to the Pharisees since they are mentioned in the following verse. Jesus’ statement to them would then be a sort of rejoinder to the charge the Pharisees made to Nicodemus in 7:52 that no prophet comes from Galilee.

Jesus’ remark has to be seen in view of both the Prologue (1:4, 5) and the end of the discourse with Nicodemus (3:19-21). The coming of Jesus into the world provokes judgment: a choosing up of sides becomes necessary. The one who comes to the light, that is, who follows Jesus, will not walk in the darkness. The one who refuses to come, will walk in the darkness. In this contrast, there are only two alternatives. So it is with a person’s decision about Jesus.

Furthermore, this serves as in implicit indictment of Jesus’ opponents, who still walk in the darkness, because they refuse to come to him. This sets up the contrast in chapter 9 between the man born blind, who receives both physical and spiritual sight, and the Pharisees (9:13, 15, 16) who have physical sight but remain in spiritual darkness.

8:12 Note that ejgwv eijmi occurs twice in this section (8:12, 18). On Jesus’ lips in the context it does not appear that this amounts to an explicit claim to identification with Yahweh of the Old Testament at these points; it is just the emphatic way of making the assertion.

But this would be suggestive to the Greek reader of the Gospel, who has encountered the phrase before, as a reminder of who it is who speaks. And it foreshadows the ejgwv eijmi of 8:24 and 8:58, where in context a claim to deity is expressed by these words (and so understood—note the response of Jesus’ opponents in 8:59). The remainder of chapter 8 shifts from the light/darkness imagery in this verse (resumed in chapter 9) to questions over Jesus’ authority.

toV fw'" th'" zwh'" The “life” Jesus refers to in this phrase is surely a reference to “eternal life” (zwhv aijwvnio"), cf. 3:15, 16, 36; 4:14, 36; 5:24, 39; 6:27, 40, 47, 54, 68; 10:28; 12:25, 50; 17:2, 3.

8:13 The credibility of Jesus is questioned immediately after his claim to be the Light of the world (compare 1:9 of the Prologue with 1:10-11). Because he testifies concerning himself, his testimony cannot be true.

8:14 Jesus’ response to this is that even if he does testify concerning himself, his testimony is true, because of where he came from and where he is going (this recalls the discussion of 7:32-36). (Also compare 3:13—no one has ascended to heaven except the one who descended, the Son of Man; and 6:38, 6:41.) he has come down from heaven, and to the Father who sent him he will return.

This should be enough to confirm his claims. he does not speak on his own initiative, but with the authority of the one who sent him.

8:14b uJmei'" deV oujk oi[date povqen e[rcomai h] pou' uJpavgw But Jesus’ opponents still do not acknowledge his heavenly origin, nor do they know where he is headed (first to the cross and then back to the Father).

8:15 The Pharisees judge according to appearances (cf. 7:24). Jesus does not judge anything. What was the meaning of Jesus’ statement? It is clear that Jesus does judge (even in the next verse). The point is that he doesn’t practice the same kind of judgment that the Pharisees do. Their kind of judgment is condemnatory. They seek to condemn people. Jesus did not come to judge the world, but to save it (3:17).

Nevertheless, and not contradictory to this, the coming of Jesus does bring judgment, because it forces people to make a choice. Will they accept Jesus or reject him? Will they come to the light or shrink back into the darkness? As they respond, so are they judged—just as 3:19-21 previously stated. One’s response to Jesus determines one’s eternal destiny.

8:16 But even if Jesus does judge, his judgment is true, because he does not make it alone. His judgment would be in perfect accord with the Father who sent him.

8:17 ejn tw'/ novmw/ The reference is to Deut 17:6, 19:15.

8:19 Here we have another example of misunderstanding in the Gospel of John: the Pharisees are still taking all this on the wrong level—they understood it as a reference to Jesus’ earthly father, while he was speaking of his Father in heaven. If they had known who Jesus really was, they would have known his Father also. The Son, for the Evangelist, is the only way to know the Father (as mentioned previously in 1:18; later again in 14:6).

8:20 ejn tw'/ gazofulakivw/ This was in the Temple treasury, adjoining the Court of the Women. See the following note on the setting of these sections for a description of the treasury. No one was able to seize Jesus because his hour had not yet come.

3 E Response of the Jewish leaders: Who is Jesus? (8:21-30)

Setting of the Discourse:

The previous section closed with the note: “These words he spoke in the treasury, while he was teaching in the Temple.” The word does not refer to the storage room, but to the part of the Court of the Women where people came to cast offerings. Thirteen trumpet-shaped collection boxes were located here, each with an inscription denoting the use to which those offerings placed in it would be put.

This is significant in view of the statement in 20b: “No one arrested him, because his hour had not yet come.” This part of the Temple was quite close to the hall where the Sanhedrin met. Yet even here no one dared to touch him, because the hour appointed for his glorification and return to the Father had not yet arrived.

8:21 ou pavlin This expression indicates some sort of break in the sequence of events, but we cannot say how long. We are not told the interval between 8:12-20 and this next recorded dialogue. We know the Feast of Tabernacles is past, and next reference to time is 10:22, where the Feast of the Dedication is mentioned. The interval is 2 months, and these discussions could have taken place at any time within that interval, as long as one assumes something of a loose chronological framework. However, if the material in the Fourth Gospel is arranged theologically or thematically, such an assumption would not apply.

This section recalls 7:33-36, where Jesus also talked about his departure to a place where he could not be found.

The words were a mystery to the Jews who heard them (note verse 22); but the reader of the Gospel will realize that Jesus is referring to his forthcoming departure to be with the Father once more.

The expression ejn th'/ aJmartiva/ uJmw'n ajpoqanei'sqe is found in the LXX at Ezek 3:18 and Prov 24:9. Note the singular of aJmartiva/ (the plural occurs later in v. 24). To die with one’s sin unrepented and unatoned would be the ultimate disaster to befall a man. Jesus’ warning is stern but to the point.

The Place of This Discourse in the Narrative:

Now we can see the crucial position in the theme of the entire Gospel which this section occupies: Once more Jesus challenges his hearers to a decision before it is too late. He has identified himself as the Light of the world (8:12), and the coming of the light forces people to take the option of seeing, by coming to that light, or of becoming blind by turning away and remaining in the darkness (3:19-21 again). But now there is a note of urgency: for the Jews, there is but a short time to see Jesus, to look for him and find him. A unique opportunity is being given to them and it will not be given again.

Jesus has offered living water (7:38) and the light of life (8:12). If people refuse this gift of eternal life, they will die in their sin. In John’s thought there is only one radical sin (what we might call unforgivable sin). This is the one sin of which one’s many sins (note the plural in verse 24) are merely reflections. This radical sin is to refuse to believe in Jesus and thus to refuse life itself, the free gift of eternal life which God offers.

A Note on Johannine Theology:

From John’s perspective, a person does not go to hell because he/she is a sinner. The death of Christ has changed all of that (1 John 2:2). All sin is atoned for except the one (unforgiveable) sin of unbelief. A person goes to hell because he/she does not possess the life of heaven—eternal life. And this person does not possess it because he/she has rejected it as God’s free gift. To reject Jesus is to reject this gift of eternal life, which is (in other words) to commit the (unforgiveable) sin of unbelief.

8:23 kavtwa[nw Jesus is the one who has come down from above, from heaven, to enable men to be born from above, and thus to enable them to possess eternal life. The contrast here is between heaven, where Jesus is from, and earth, where his opponents are from.

8:24-30 These verses explain the urgency of Jesus’ insistence that, when he goes away, there will be no other possibility of delivering them from sin. When Jesus is lifted up (8:28) in crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension, he will draw all people to himself (cf. 12:32), and in that moment it will be clear to those who have eyes to see that he truly bears the divine Name, I AM, and that he has the power of raising people to the Father. But if they refuse to believe—refuse to see—then there is no other way (cf. 14:6) that leads to the Father above, and people will go to their graves permanently separated from the gift and Giver of eternal life.

8:27 oujk e[gnwsan Note again the Evangelist’s comment that they didn’t understand that he was speaking about the Father to them. This type of comment, intended for the benefit of the reader, is typical of the “omniscient author” convention adopted by the Evangelist, who is writing with a post-resurrection point of view.

8:30 polloiV ejpivsteusan eij" aujtovn The section concludes with the summary statement that “when he had spoken these things many believed (pisteuvw + eij") in him.”

4 E Jesus and Abraham (8:31-59)

8:31 There is a major problem with the context of verse 31: Jesus apparently speaks to those who trusted him in 8:30, yet it becomes apparent that these are not genuine believers in the Johannine sense. They seek to kill Jesus (8:37, 59); Jesus even says their father is Satan (8:44). There is no obvious change in subject: oiJ =Ioudai'oi appears in 8:22, 8:31, 8:48. How can this apparent contradiction be reconciled?

This is one passage that is sometimes used to support the view that the pisteuvw + eij" construction in the Fourth Gospel does not always refer to genuine faith (along with 2:23ff).

However, we need not be forced to this interpretation. Note that “many” (polloiv) trusted in him (pisteuvw + eij") in 8:30.

8:30 does not state that these are the same individuals as oiJ =Ioudai'oi of 8:22. Certainly whenever Jesus confronted the Jewish authorities it is virtually certain that it did not take place in private. Thus we might expect a large number of bystanders heard his words, and many trusted in him as a result of what they overheard (8:30).

But some of the Jewish authorities also “professed” to trust in him. Note that the Evangelist is careful at this point to avoid the pisteuvw + eij" construction (8:31). The phrase is pisteuvw + dative. While we might draw the superficial conclusion that the group addressed by Jesus in 8:31 is coextensive with the people who trusted Jesus in 8:30, this is not necessarily so.

Sometimes the Evangelist’s use of the two phrases overlap, but not necessarily always. This does not affect conclusions regarding the use of pisteuvw + eij".

In what sense did the Jewish leaders trust Jesus? It is perhaps better to translate this “believe” than “trust”. They had believed his messianic claims (8:25) which he had spoken to them from the beginning. But they had insisted on believing Jesus to be the type of Messiah they had anticipated—chiefly political. This is suggested by their refusal to admit that anyone had ever enslaved them (8:33) in spite of the Roman occupation (not to mention the Babylonian captivity).

8:32 gnwvsesqe thVn ajlhvqeian But what did Jesus mean by the statement in 8:32, “you shall know the truth”? This is often taken as referring to truth in the philosophical (or absolute) sense, or in the intellectual sense, or even (as the Jews apparently took it) in the political sense. In the context of John’s Gospel (particularly in light of the Prologue) this must refer to truth about the person and work of Jesus. It is saving truth. As L. Morris says, “it is the truth which saves men from the darkness of sin, not that which saves them from the darkness of error (though there is a sense in which men in Christ are delivered from gross error).”89

Note: For the Evangelist, the contrast between light and darkness is not epistemological, it is moral—the moral choice between good and evil (cf. 3:19-21 again).

8:33 spevrma =Abraavm ejsmen The Jewish leaders claimed kinship with Abraham as the basis for their privileged position. Note the irony of spevrma =Abraavm on the lips of the Jewish authorities, who happen to be addressing the True Seed of Abraham!

8:34 pa'" oJ poiw'n thVn aJmartivan… “Everyone who practices (present participle) sin is a slave of sin.” Here repeated, continuous action is in view. The one whose lifestyle is characterized by repeated, continuous sin is a slave to sin. That one is not free; sin has enslaved him. To break free from this bondage requires outside (divine) intervention. Although the statement is true at the general level (the person who continually practices a lifestyle of sin is enslaved to sin) the particular sin of the Jewish authorities, repeatedly emphasized in the Fourth Gospel, is the sin of unbelief. The present tense in this instance looks at the continuing refusal on the part of the Jewish leaders to acknowledge who Jesus is, in spite of mounting evidence.

8:35-37 spevrma =Abraavm ejste: Compare the discussion in verses 33 ff. of the seed (descendant[s]) of Abraham. This is picked up in verses 37, 39, 40 and 48-59. Given this context we might look for an Old Testament allusion here, and the one that most readily comes to mind is that of Ishmael and Isaac (Gen 21:9) (Compare Gal 4:30 for the similar Pauline thought). The free son, Isaac, remains in the household; while the slave-born son, Ishmael, is driven out. The Jews now claim to be the free sons of Abraham, but in truth they are not, being slaves (not of Abraham but of sin). Hence their status is lost, forfeit.

8:35 oJ uiJoV" mevnei eij" toVn aijw'na Who then is the son who remains forever? Jesus, the true spevrma =Abraavm and the Son of God.

8:38 But Jesus does not stop here with the analogy of the son and the slave. Here and in 39-47 Jesus brings out the end of the contrast between himself and the Jews in their lines of descent:

(1) To say that the Jews are descendants of Abraham (spiritually) is false; they are seeking to kill a man, Jesus, who has spoken to them the truth he heard from God (40). This Abraham would not have done. Their father is the devil (44).

(2) To say that Jesus is the descendant of Abraham is true; but it is inadequate; he is more: his Father is God (42, 47).

(3) As J. N. Sanders (The Fourth Gospel in the Early Church) well said, “Conduct is the clue to paternity.” Compare Rom 9:6-9 for similar ideas.

8:41b Although the Jewish authorities have not yet caught on to what Jesus is saying about their true father, they realize he is saying it was someone other than God. In effect, they reply: “who are you to talk about paternity? We (emphatic hmei'") were not born of fornication! This implies, of course, that Jesus was. Interestingly the Evangelist allows this charge concerning Jesus’ paternity to stand uncorrected—obviously he assumes that the reader knows Jesus’ true geneology; thus the statement by the Jewish authorities becomes highly ironic.

The Jewish authorities now trace their own ancestry to God.

8:42 Jesus’ reply to the authorities is: “If you were truly children of God, you would love his Son”.

Note the forcefulness of the word order: ejxh'lqon, the departure of Jesus from the presence of God (ejk tou' Qeou'); h{kw, the arrival of Jesus in the world (cf. Eph 2:17).

oujdeV gavr, k.t.l. Again, we have a reference to Jesus’ mission. Note the absence of any self-seeking or self-will on the part of Jesus. It is the Father who sent him, and it is the Father’s will he seeks to do.

8:43 thVn laliaVntoVn lovgon Jesus asks his opponents, “Why do you not understand my words (laliavn,”speech”)? Because you are not able to hear my message (lovgon)”. In this chapter alone note misunderstandings at verses 19, 22, 25, 33, etc. Of course there is irony here; the Jewish authorities cannot understand the message (lovgon) of the incarnate Word (Lovgo").

8:44 uJmei'" ejk tou' patroV" tou' diabovlou ejsteV Note the contrast: the Father of Jesus is God; the father of these Jews is the devil, who

(1) destroys the life God creates (ajnqrwpoktovno") and

(2) denies the truth God reveals (yeuvsth"). In particular here the articular toV yeuvdo" and the singular pronoun aujtou' could be a reference to a denial of the person and work of Christ, ultimately propounded by Antichrist himself—compare 1 John 2:21-23.

8:46 ejlevgcei This term may mean either “convict” or “expose”; the context involves confrontation and thus strongly supports the meaning “convict” here.

8:47 Only the one who is from God hears (= “obeys”) the words of God. These Jews are not able to hear the words of God that Jesus speaks because they are not from God but from the devil.

8:48 Samarivth" ei suV kaiV daimovnion e[cei" It is not clear what is meant by the charge. The meaning could be “you are a heretic and are possessed by a demon.” Note that the dual charge gets one reply (8:49). Perhaps the phrases were interchangeable: Simon Magus (Acts 8:14-24) and in later traditions Dositheus, the two Samaritans who claimed to be sons of God, were regarded as mad, that is, possessed by demons.

The charge of being demon-possessed is levelled at Jesus in 7:20, 8:48 (here), 8:52, and 10:20.

8:49 Jesus’ reply to the charge is this: the claims Jesus makes for himself are not demented, but mere obedience to his Father. “You fail to give me, as the Son of the Father, the honor due him.”

8:51 Those who keep Jesus’ words will not see death because they have already passed from death to life (compare 5:24). In Johannine theology eternal life begins in the present rather than in the world to come.

8:52 Again the Jews take Jesus’ words literally rather than figuratively (i.e., spiritually) and are convinced that he is demon-possessed. This is a further occurrence of the misunderstood statement in the Fourth Gospel.

8:53 mhV suV meivzwn ei tou' patroV" hJmw'n =Abraavm This question expects a negative answer, like the question of the Samaritan woman (4:12). It is ironic, because John’s readers know that the true answer is the reverse of the answer presumed by the Jewish authorities.

8:54 ejaVn ejgwV doxavsw ejmautovn… In answer to the last question of 8:53 (tivna seautoVn poiei'"…), once more Jesus’ opponents invert the truth: Jesus does not make himself someone, he empties himself of all personal dignity and emphasizes his obedience to the Father and dependence on him.

8:56 =AbraaVm oJ pathVr uJmw'n hjgalliavsato i{na i[dh/ thVn hJmevran thVn ejmgvn What is the meaning of Jesus’ statement that the patriarch Abraham ‘saw’ his day and rejoiced? The use of past tenses would seem to refer to something that occurred during the patriarch’s lifetime. Genesis Rabbah 44:25ff, (cf. 59:6) states that Rabbi Akiba, in a debate with Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai, held that Abraham had been shown not this world only but the world to come (this would include the days of the Messiah). More realistically, I would suggest Gen 22:13-15 lies behind Jesus’ words. This passage, known to rabbis as the Akedah (“Binding”), tells of Abraham finding the ram which will replace his son Isaac on the altar of sacrifice—an occasion of certain rejoicing. Especially note the reference to the hwhy Jalm in Gen 22:15.

8:57 =AbraaVm eJwvraka"… This is an instance of misunderstanding again.

8:58 priVn =AbraaVm genevsqai ejgwV eijmiv The meaning of Jesus’ statement is: “Before Abraham came into existence I, the “I AM,” eternally was, am now, and shall be.” Here is an explicit claim to deity, consistent with the Johannine force of ejgwV eijmiv in its fullest (non-predicated) sense. Although each occurrence of the phrase in the Fourth Gospel needs to be examined individually in context to see if an association with Exod 3:14 is present, it seems clear that such is the case at this point—note the response of the Jewish authorities in the following verse.

8:59 The significance of Jesus’ words finally comes home to the Jewish authorities, and they undertake to stone him. This clearly shows that they understood Jesus’ words as a claim to deity, although they did not accept the claim. They were not able to stone Jesus, of course, since no one could touch him before his hour had come.


86 Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (New York: United Bible Societies, 1971), 219.

87 Brown, The Gospel According to John, 336.

88 F. J. A. Hort, The New Testament in the Original Greek, vol. 2, Introduction; Appendix (Cambridge & London: Macmillan, 1881), 87-88.

89 Morris, The Gospel According to John, 457.

Related Topics: Christology

To Know Him Is to Love Him

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Boundless in knowledge and power; perfect in goodness, love, wisdom, and justice, God does all things with holy excellence. Indeed, holiness constitutes the beauty of His every attribute and action. We see God’s excellence most clearly in the person and work of Christ in love to the unlovely, goodness to the corrupt, mercy to the guilty, and grace to the ungrateful. Freely suffering infinite wrath to uphold the requirements of divine justice, He purchased a people to cherish and bless forever.

In Search of Fire

We see God’s glory dimly, even as He reigns as the supreme love of our hearts. We struggle with leftover corruption in and around us. We run and stumble, we suffer bruises, fatigue, and discouragement. We play in the streets of Laodicea, even as the splendor of Zion glitters in the distance. Our zeal to serve Christ languishes when choked by worldly weeds.

So, where do we turn if we find ourselves and our fellowship in a funk of apathy? More worldly devices? Enthusiastic pep talks, clever speeches and personalities, programs devoid of truth about God, more volume and antics in the pulpit, things which any reprobate can do at will?

Edwards on Love

In search of fire for listless souls, we’ve tried most everything, often looking for remedies in all the wrong places. In his exposition on 1 Corinthians 13, however, Jonathan Edwards gets to the heart of the matter.

Love to God will dispose a man to give honor to God. Love will dispose to worship and adore him, heartily to acknowledge his greatness and glory and dominion. So love will dispose to all acts of obedience to God. The servant who loves his master, and the subject who loves his prince, will be disposed to proper subjection and obedience. Love will dispose a person to behave towards God as a child to a father. Under difficulties, to resort to God for help and to put their trust in him. It is natural for persons in cases of need or affliction to go to those whom they love for pity and help. They who love God will be disposed to give credit to his work and to put confidence in him. Men are not apt to suspect the veracity of those for whom they have entire friendship. So love will dispose men to praise God for the mercies they receive from him. Men are disposed to gratitude for any kindnesses they receive from those they love. Love will dispose the heart to submission to the will of God. Persons are more willing that the will of those whom they love should be done than that of others. They naturally desire that those whom they love should be pleased, and things should be agreeable to them. A true love and esteem of God will dispose the heart to acknowledge God's right to govern, and that he is worthy of it; and so will dispose it to submit. Love to God will dispose to walk humbly with God. For he that loves God will be disposed to acknowledge the distance there is between God and him. It will be agreeable to him who loves God to exalt him and set him on high above all, and to lie low before him. A true Christian delights to have God exalted in his abasement, because he loves God. He is willing to own that God is worthy of this; and it is with delight that he casts himself in the dust before God, because he loves God.1

As love perseveres, climbs any mountain, and fights to the death for the object of its affection, so love to God obeys, serves, submits, and worships. Its flame spurs service to Christ.

Fanning the Flames

Love of God must be lit and fanned by the knowledge of God, for to know Him is to love Him. The greater our understanding of the beauty of God’s infinite excellence and love, the more we will adore Him for who He is and for the greatness of the gifts He has lavished on us. “For God, who said, ‘Light shall shine out of darkness,’ is the One who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ” (2 Cor. 4:6), the glory of the beauty and magnificence of His attributes. When knowledge of God fuels love to God, we serve and honor Him.

In fact, the entire Christian life flows from the knowledge of God: “Grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord; seeing that His divine power has granted to us everything pertaining to life and godliness, through the true knowledge of Him who called us by His own glory and excellence” (2 Pet. 1:2-3).

Fountain of Infinite Excellence

In our testimony as “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God's own possession,” we “proclaim the excellencies of Him who has called [us] out of darkness into His marvelous light” (1 Pet. 2:9). Nothing can so move the heart of God’s child to faithful and zealous service than sight of the beauty of His perfections revealed in the person and work of Jesus. And as our cup overflows from the spring of God’s endless love and goodness toward us in Christ, we will actively love God and our neighbor. Such is Christianity. When the temporary and trivial distractions of the world drain our time and vitality, we need not resort to ingenious devices. Rather, we need seek and more clearly display the One who dims the things of the world in the light of His infinite excellence.


1 Charity and Its Fruits, in Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 8, Freedom of the Will, ed. Paul Ramsey (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989), 134-135.

Related Topics: Christian Life, Devotionals, Love

Reflecting God in Our Relationships

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What does being made in God’s image have to do with how I treat "them"?

On the morning of September 11, 2001, I walked into our living room to see the first tower fall on TV. Two days later, a friend called to tell me that a guy I had once dated had died in the second tower’s collapse. His death made September 11 painfully personal.

As Christians, we believe that every life has worth because we’ve been made in God’s image. We wonder how anyone could perpetrate such destruction upon fellow human beings. Yet while we rage against acts of the magnitude of September 11, we may not realize that we, too, sometimes violate the image of God in others, diminishing the quality of their lives in more subtle ways.

Let’s explore what the Scriptures have to say about devaluing the image of God in those who are different from us, and what we can learn from Jesus about honoring it instead.

Heart Attacks

Accountability for the lives of others underlies the Jewish law. God said to Noah:

From each man, too, I will demand an accounting for the life of his fellow man. "Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed; for in the image of God has God made man."

Gen. 9:5-6

Taking the life of an image bearer was serious, punishable by death.

In the New Testament, James describes a more common way we dishonor those made in God’s image:

With the tongue we praise our Lord and Father, and with it we curse men, who have been made in God’s likeness. Out of the same mouth come praise and cursing. My brothers, this should not be.

Jas. 3:9-10

Not only must we honor God’s likeness in others by not shedding their blood; we must also refrain from cursing them. Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines cursing as "using profanely insolent language against someone." Cursing can be more than simply hurling profanity. We curse others when our words and actions communicate that they are only worthy of condemnation.

These ideas echo Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5 as He describes the relationship between anger and murder.

You have heard that it was said to the people long ago, "Do not murder, and anyone who murders will be subject to judgment." But I tell you that anyone who is angry with his brother will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to his brother, "Raca," is answerable to the Sanhedrin. But anyone who says, "You fool!" will be in danger of the fire of hell.

Mt. 5:21-22

Jesus linked the outward behavior of murder with the inward attitude of condemnation. Derision and name-calling, He taught, are not far removed from murder; both stem from contempt for someone bearing the image of God.

Jesus wants us to consider how our heart attitudes can damage our relationships. Murder and cursing plainly violate the dignity of those made in God’s image. In addition to these indignities, we can behave in other ways that devalue people’s worth as image bearers.

Judging by Appearances

Jesus also taught that we need to be very careful about evaluating others based on superficial assessments: "Stop judging by mere appearances, and make a right judgment" (Jn. 7:24). His words in this passage reiterate what God told the prophet Samuel:

The Lord does not look at the things man looks at. Man looks at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.

1 Sam. 16:7

Though someone’s outside appearance may reflect what’s happening inside, our judgments about what appears to be true of a person can also be wildly off base. During my senior year of college, my roommate told me that a mutual friend thought I was bisexual. As a boy-crazy heterosexual, I was shocked. Apparently, my drab clothes and lack of dates meant something was wrong.

Something was wrong: My self-esteem was abysmal. I thought I was fat, so I wore baggy clothes; I thought no guy could ever like me, so I played the role of the "smart girl" and was "just friends" with the guys. Inside, I desperately wanted to feel pretty and have a boyfriend. The friend who thought something was wrong was partially right. But she jumped to an inaccurate conclusion.

Even though I’ve been on the receiving end of superficial judgments, I struggle with making such judgments too. I tend to make generalizations about what’s wrong with the church or society—sometimes not realizing that those statements have hurt someone who’s listening to me.

We can easily make judgments based on some aspect of a person’s appearance that seems suspect. But we demean God’s image in others when we do so, because we’ve judged them instead of seeing them as people with real needs who are made in the likeness of their creator.

Remaking Others in Our Image

Another way we demean God’s image in others is by failing to let people be themselves. Instead of affirming their unique talents, interests, and aptitudes, we try to remake them in our image. Such attempts send the message: "You're not acceptable."

One of my spiritual gifts is teaching. I enjoy helping people understand Scripture. Occasionally, however, my motivation drifts into selfish territory, and I seek to make others think like me rather than be like Christ.

Creativity is a natural outgrowth of being made in God’s image; remaking others in our image is a destructive misuse of that gift. How much of our criticism, nagging, or even "counsel" is based on the insecurities that arise in our hearts when someone isn't like us? God made each of us just as He wanted, and He alone orders and effects our change.

Closing Ourselves Off

We can also belittle God’s image in others when we close ourselves off from other people. Sometimes we do this out of fear of confrontation, rejection, or risk. Other times we're motivated by arrogance that causes us to disdain someone. Either way, ignoring people undermines their value.

Before I got married, I worked at a temp agency where we filled unskilled labor positions. A man named Jim, who was usually unkempt and dirty, always got the worst jobs. More than once, I noticed Jim looking at me out of the corner of his eye.

We hadn't seen Jim in a while when he showed up one day. He was clean, neatly dressed, had a steady job—and was rightfully proud of himself. Later that day I encountered Jim again at a nearby cafeteria. He smiled at me and obviously wanted to talk, but I acted as if I didn't see him. After a moment, I peeked at him: His face was crumpled and sad.

I might as well have slapped him and said, "You're too far beneath me to notice." Shame flooded me. I could pretend that I was afraid and did what any young woman should have done to be safe. But that wasn't true. I knew Jim would never hurt me. The truth? I was proud. Since then, I have prayed that God would keep Jim from believing the damaging message that my silence and pride sent him that day.

Whether we're judging others based on appearances alone, trying to remake others in our image, or closing ourselves off from people, pride is often the root issue. We'll always fail to honor the image of God in others when we exalt ourselves over them, because pride focuses on us instead of God. It renders us unable to see God’s image in others.

Through the Eyes of Jesus

As we’ve seen, it’s easy to take away life in subtle ways by failing to relate to people as image bearers. In contrast, Jesus shows us what it looks like to treat people with respect and compassion.

Consider this: Jesus, fully man, was also fully God. Colossians 1:15-16 says:

He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For by him all things were created; things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him.

When Jesus came to earth, He didn't just model how to treat people well. He revealed what God would do when face-to-face with His own creation, those stamped with His own likeness.

Jesus saw no risk in relating to those of all races, genders, or status. When He encountered someone who hadn't always chosen the right path, He didn't simply see a sinner; He saw His creation, His image, damaged and twisted. Let’s look at three occasions in which Jesus showed us how He wanted His people to be treated.

Nicodemus

In the name of conviction, it’s easy to attack those who have different ideological, political, or religious views, forgetting that they, too, are made in God’s image. About 10 years ago, I worked on a political campaign in Oklahoma. Though it was fun to hobnob with "movers and shakers," I was surprised by the vindictive actions and words among candidates and staffers on both sides. Any display of kindness or respect was regarded with suspicion.

I did see one remarkable exception to this tendency, however.

During that campaign, I met J. C. Watts, who was also on the campaign trail. I was fortunate to have several opportunities to talk with him about the world, politics, and God. The thing I found most striking was how considerate J. C. was. He listened to people. He remembered people’s names and the details of their lives. It didn't matter who they were—allies, peers, gofers, photographers, even those on the other side of the political fence—he demonstrated respect. I believe J. C. reflected the way Jesus would treat people.

Jesus, too, had an encounter with someone on the other side of the political fence: Nicodemus. Jesus was a threat to the Jewish leaders' power; Nicodemus was a respected member of the Jewish ruling council, the Sanhedrin (Jn. 3:1). The gulf between these men is illustrated by the fact that Nicodemus was so nervous about talking to Jesus that he came at night (v. 2).

Nicodemus was obviously a sincere—if timid—seeker of truth. Even though he came from the "enemy camp," Jesus honored Nicodemus' sincerity with respect and revelation, delivering to him the words of the gospel we know so well: "For God so loved the world..." (v. 16). Jesus shows us that even those who might be political or cultural adversaries are worthy of dignified treatment as image bearers.

What about us? Whom do we consider our opponents? Would we sit down with an activist for a cause we vigorously oppose and kindly talk about life and faith? What about someone who is derisive of our faith? When we acknowledge that even people we disagree with are made in God’s image, it opens a new door for gracious dialogue.

The Woman at the Well

Another way that Jesus' interaction with others challenges me deeply is this: He was remarkably gentle with some people who'd made the same wrong choices over and over, such as the Samaritan woman at the well (John 4). Jesus' treatment of this woman humbles and convicts me, because I easily lose patience with people who can't seem to break out of destructive patterns.

One person I struggle to treat well is an acquaintance who has repeatedly ended up in abusive relationships. Part of me is genuinely sympathetic toward her. But another side wonders, Didn't you see this coming? Each time I'm tempted to be impatient, God reminds me of how Jesus related to the Samaritan woman.

In this story, we meet a woman who also had a string of relationships. Exactly why she has had five husbands is never addressed. But it’s very clear that Jesus knows about her past:

You are right when you say that you have no husband. The fact is, you have had five husbands.

Jn. 4:17-18

Despite behavior that had ostracized her from her community, Jesus didn't condemn her. Instead, He acted with compassion as He disclosed His identity as the Messiah (v. 26) and described the living water that could satisfy her thirst (vv. 13-14).

Jesus treated this woman as a valued person, someone made in God’s image. In doing so, He crossed over the ethnic, gender, and societal prejudices that had isolated her. He looked below the surface of her life to the heart issue that seems to have driven her choices: a deep thirst for meaningful relationship. He related to her shame, and He offered her life.

The effect was astonishing: The woman left her jug of water by the well and immediately began to tell others about Jesus (vv. 28-29).

For several years, I attended a church that excelled in reaching out to people who had been burned by religiosity and legalism. Our pastor modeled an attitude of grace and truth that invited us to be real with our struggles and to walk with others through theirs. His messages consistently challenged me to let go of my tendencies to judge those I might deem to be hopeless cases—people whose lives looked like that of the Samaritan woman.

Fellow believers often helped me see beyond the shortcomings of others to realize their true value in Christ. Then I understood that they were also seeking and struggling to live and walk in grace and truth.

The Gerasene Demoniac

Finally, Jesus did not shy away from the castaways of society. Whether lepers, blind men, or the demon-possessed, those on the fringe were always seeking out Jesus for healing and deliverance. Jesus responded with compassion—touching, healing, freeing, and restoring those in whom God’s image seemed irreparably bent.

I used to work in a shoe store. One of our semiregular customers was Herman, a malodorous, unbalanced man who scrounged up enough money to buy new shoes about once a year. As you might expect, Herman’s shoes and socks were filthy.

The salespeople didn't exactly rush to serve Herman. My boss, however, treated him with the same courtesy and level of service he gave to city-council members and businessmen. I'm sure he never realized it, but my boss helped me see what it looks like to treat everyone as an image bearer.

Jesus, too, honored the image of God in people on the edge of society. One of the most extreme examples was a possessed man who lived near the tombs outside the city of Gerasa (Mk. 5:1-20).

Upon arriving in the region of the Gerasenes, Jesus and His disciples were greeted by a wild man called Legion because of the demonic horde that resided within him. The people in town had repeatedly tried to bind the man, "but he tore the chains apart and broke the irons on his feet" (v. 4).

Jesus freed this man from the spirits that had possessed him, and freed him to reflect the image of God more clearly. When the townspeople came to investigate, "they saw the man who had been possessed by the legion of demons, sitting there, dressed and in his right mind" (v. 15). Jesus' deliverance enabled him to be the person God created him to be.

In our churches and small groups, in our workplaces and neighborhoods, we each have regular opportunities to offer others life by treating them as image bearers. I'm learning to ask Jesus to wipe away my misconceptions, prejudices, and wrong opinions so I can respond to others as He did—with dignity and respect.

To do so, the following questions help me see others through His eyes.

  • How do I view and value people of other genders, ethnicity, cultures, religions or socioeconomic conditions?
  • Am I demonstrating love, respect, and dignity that the people in my world deserve as image bearers? Is there anyone to whom I'm not offering these things?
  • Are there particular individuals God wants me to relate to differently?

It’s an ongoing process, of course. But I'm thankful we have Jesus as our model. Jesus listened. He asked questions. He touched people. He didn't label people but treated them as individuals with real needs. He knew the inestimable value of every person stamped with the image of God... His image.

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