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Soteriology

Soteriology Classroom

Student Notebook - Includes student notes that follow the presentation slides, along with syllabus, case studies, scripture memorization sheets, and bibliography.
 
Class PowerPoint - Available for purchase and immediate download. The Soteriology course PowerPoint contains over 400 slides with extensive teacher's notes including session objectives, explanation of the slides, suggested illustrations, and in depth information concerning the subjects. The PowerPoint?s are primarily created for teachers, but can benefit the student as well. Learn more...
 
Vocabulary Quizzes - There are two vocabulary quizzes. Quiz 1 is to be taken at the end of session 5 and quiz 2 at the end of session 10. These are to be graded by teachers of The Theology Program in their home church setting. Self-study students may also take the quizzes on their own for personal enrichment.
 
 

Click here for Soteriology DVDs, PowerPoint presentation with extensive teacher's notes, Student Notebook, and Teacher guideClick here to engage in discussions about issues in Soteriology. Everyone welcome!Web links related to SoteriologyClick here for Soteriology bibliography with short reviews and recommendationsClick here to read on site articles related to the course for further study
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Related Topics: Curriculum, Soteriology (Salvation), Theology

Apologetics

This series was origionally taught at Thomasville Road Baptist Church, Tallahassee, FL during the summer of 2014. It covers the major topics of concern for the defense of the Christian faith today: Truth, Evil, Science, The Trinity, God's Existence, Abortion, Homosexuality, Tolerance, and more!

Related Topics: Apologetics

Abbreviations and Introduction to Principal Manuscript Evidence for the Greek New Testament (As found in the NET Bible footnotes)

As found on the Lumina Study Tool.

No ancient literature has survived in its original form; everything we have is derived from copies of the originals. The NT is no exception. However, in comparison with any other ancient literature, the NT is without a peer—both in terms of the chronological proximity and the surviving number. Several ancient authorities are preserved in only a handful of manuscripts. Not so with the NT. There are approximately 5,500 Greek witnesses, ranging in date from the second century AD into the middle ages. Besides the Greek evidence, there are nearly 30,000 versional copies (e.g., Latin, Coptic, and Syriac), and over 1,000,000 quotations from the NT in the church Fathers. NT textual criticism has always had an embarrassment of riches unparalleled in any other field.

The Greek Witnesses

The Greek witnesses are by far the most important, since in large measure they represent some of our earliest witnesses and since they involve direct reproduction from Greek to Greek. There are four kinds of Greek witnesses: papyri, uncials (or majuscules), minuscules (or cursives), and lectionaries. The first three are important enough to warrant some discussion here.

Papyri

These documents are written on the cheap writing materials of the ancient world that were roughly equivalent to modern paper. Literally thousands of papyrus fragments have been found of which approximately 100 contain portions of the New Testament. Actually, taken together, these 100 fragments constitute over half of the New Testament and all but four are in the form of codices (i.e., four are scrolls rather than the book-form [codex]). All NT papyri were written with uncial or capital letters. They range in date from the early second century through the eighth century. About 50 of them are to be dated before the fourth century. Though many of them are somewhat fragmentary, and at times the copying was looser than one would like (i.e., they were done before the canon was officially recognized), they are nevertheless extremely important for establishing the text of the New Testament—if for no other reason than the fact that they represent some of the most ancient witnesses we possess. Five important papyri are illustrated in the chart below. The symbol for each papyrus is Ì followed by a number (e.g., Ì45). The most important papyri cited in the NET NT footnotes are as follows:

Papyri

Name

Date

NT Books
Covered

General Characteristics

Ì45

Chester Beatty papyrus

3rdcentury AD

Gospels, Acts 4-17

Mark (Caesarean); Matt, Luke, John (intermediate between Alexandrian and Western texttypes)

Ì46

Chester Beatty papyrus

ca. AD 200

10 Pauline Epistles (all but Pastorals) and Hebrews

Overall closer to Alexandrian than Western

Ì47

Chester Beatty papyrus

3rdcentury AD

Revelation 9:10-17:2

Alexandrian; often agrees with Sinaiticus (Í)

Ì66

Bodmer Papyrus

ca. AD 200

John

Mixed text between Western and Alexandrian

Ì75

Bodmer papyrus

early 3rd century

Luke and John

Alexandrian, often agrees with B

 

Uncials

There are approximately 300 uncials known to exist today that contain portions of the New Testament and one uncial that contains the entire NT. Like the papyri, these manuscripts were written with uncial or capital letters, but unlike the papyri they were written on animal skins or vellum. For the most part they are beautiful manuscripts, elegantly written and routinely done in scriptoria and often for special purposes. Generally speaking, they range in date from the fourth through the ninth centuries. Our oldest complete copy of the NT is an uncial manuscript, Í (see chart below). The symbol for each uncial is either a capital letter (in Latin or Greek letters [though one ms has a Hebrew letter, Í]) or a number beginning with 0 (e.g., 01, 0220, etc.). The most important uncials cited in the NET NT footnotes are as follows:

Uncial

Name

Date (approx.)

NT Books Covered

General Characteristics

Í (01)

Aleph or

Sinaiticus

4thcentury

The entire NT

Alexandrian; best in epistles

A (02)

Alexandrinus

5thcentury

Most of the NT

Important in the Epistles and Revelation

B (03)

Vaticanus

4thcentury

Most of NT except Hebrews 9:14ff, the Pastorals, Phlm, Rev

Alexandrian; best in Gospels

C (04)

Ephraemi 
Rescriptus

5thcentury

Portions of every book except 2 Thess and 2 John

mixed

D (05)

Bezae/
Cantabrigiensis

5thcentury

Gospels and Acts

Western

D (06)

Claromontanus

6thcentury

Pauline Epistles and Hebrews

Western

F (010)

Augiensis

9thcentury

Pauline Epistles

Western

G (012)

Boernerianus

9thcentury

Pauline Epistles

Western

L (019)

Regius

8thcentury

Gospels

Often agrees with Vaticanus

W (032)

Washingtonianus

early 5th century

Gospels

mixed; earliest representation of Byzantine texttype. Alexandrian in John 5:12-21:25.

Θ(038)

Koridethi

9thcentury

Gospels

The text of Mark is similar to that used by Origen and Eusebius in the third and fourth centuries at Caesarea

Ψ(044)

Athous Laurae

8th/ 9th century

Gospels/Acts/

Paul/General Epistles

Contains Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine influences

 

Minuscules

There are approximately 2,813 NT Greek minuscule manuscripts known to us today. These copies range in date from the ninth to sixteenth centuries, were produced on vellum or paper, and were written in cursive or a lower-case, flowing hand. They are the best representatives of the medieval ecclesiastical text, that is, the Byzantine text. There are approximately 150-200 that deviate from the Byzantine standard, almost always representing an earlier transmissional stream and hence quite important for NT textual criticism. The symbols for the minuscules are of three kinds: (a) Arabic numbers (e.g., 1, 565, 1739), each of which represents one manuscript; (b) “family 1,” [Ë1] “family 13” [Ë13] (involving a group of closely associated manuscripts); (c) Byz(involving the majority of Byzantine minuscules). The following are among the more important witnesses cited in the NET NT notes:

Minuscule

Date (approx.)

NT Books Covered

General Characteristics

33

9thcentury

Gospels, Acts, Paul, Catholic Epistles

Alexandrian

81

AD 1044

Acts, Paul, Catholic Epistles

Very important for establishing the text of Acts. Agrees substantially with the Alexandrian texttype.

1739

10thcentury, but probably goes back to a late 4th century ms

Acts, Paul, Catholic Epistles

Alexandrian

Family 1 (Ë1)

12th-14thcenturies

Gospels

Caesarean (of the 3rd or 4th centuries)

Family 13 (Ë13)

11th-15thcenturies

Gospels

Important in the discussion of the authenticity of thepericope adulterae (i.e., John 7:53-8:11)

 

Versional Evidence

Versions were initially prepared for missionary purposes. The history and transmission of versions are often quite complex, and scholars often do not agree on or do not know the particular dates or characteristics of the versions. The chart below contains the major versions cited in the notes; the most important abbreviations are listed, but not all abbreviations are indicated. For more information on the versional evidence for the NT, consult B. M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament (3d ed.; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 67-86; B. M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1977); and B. D. Ehrman and M. W. Holmes, eds., The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (Studies and Documents 46; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 75-187.

Version

Abbreviations

Date (approx.)

General Characteristics

Vulgate and part of the Itala witnesses

lat

2nd to 3rd century

Western, Alexandrian, and others

Itala

it

3rdcentury

Western

Vulgate

vg

4thcentury and later

extensive cross-contamination of texttypes

Syriac

syr

2nd to 6th centuries

Old Syriac (syrcand syrs) is generally Western. The Peshitta (syrp) has a mixed text in Gospels and Epistles, Western in Acts. The Harclean version (syrh) of Acts is Western. The Palestinian Syriac (syrpal) is generally Caesarean.

Coptic

cop

3rd and 4th centuries (Sahidic dialect is 4thto 5thcenturies; Bohairic dialect is 9thcentury)

generally Alexandrian in the entire tradition; Sahidic (sa) and Bohairic (bo) are Alexandrian with numerous Western readings

Armenian

arm

5thcentury

generally Caesarean but sections are Byzantine, and the mss of Paul show strong Alexandrian affinities

Georgian

geo

5thcentury

mixed texttypes; generally Caesarean, but becoming strongly Byzantine in later mss

Ethiopic

eth

exact date unknown, but most likely within the 4th to 5thcenturies

mixed text, but generally early Byzantine

Slavonic

slav

9thcentury

Byzantine

 

Patristic Evidence

A tremendous source for evidence of the Greek NT are citations found in early Church Fathers. They help to locate and date various readings and texttypes found in the manuscripts and versions. This field is quite complex for two broad reasons: (1) It is often difficult to determine if what the Father actually wrote has been preserved in the extant manuscripts or if corruption has occurred. (2) It is often difficult to determine if a Father is citing a text verbatim, paraphrasing it, or alluding to it. All of the Fathers cited in the notes are listed below. For more information on the patristic evidence for the NT, consult B. M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament (3d ed.; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 86-92; and B. D. Ehrman and M. W. Holmes, eds.,The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (Studies and Documents 46; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 189-236.

Ambrose of Milan, d. 397

Ambrosiaster of Rome, active 366-384

Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, d. 373

Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, d. 430

Chromatius, d. 407

Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, d. 407

Clement of Alexandria, d. before 215

Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, d. 258

Cyril of Alexandria, d. 444

Cyril-Jerusalem, d. 386

Didymus of Alexandria, d. 398

Ephraem the Syrian, d. 373

Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, d. 403

Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, d. 339 or 340

Hesychius of Jerusalem, d. after 451

Hilary of Poitiers, d. 367

Hippolytus of Rome, d. 235

Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, d. ca. 202

Jerome, d. 420

Justin Martyr, d. ca. 165

Marcion of Rome, 2nd century

Origen of Alexandria and Caesarea, d. 254

Pseudo-Athanasius, dates unknown

Serapion, d. after 362

Severian, d. after 408

Tertullian of Carthage, d. after 220

Theodore of Mopsuestia in Cilicia, d. 428

Victorinus-Pettau, d. 304

 NET Bible® copyright ©1996-2006 by Biblical Studies Press, L.L.C. All rights reserved. Used by permission.

Related Topics: NET Bible, Text & Translation, Textual Criticism

The Net Pastor's Journal, Eng Ed, Issue 14 Winter 2015

Winter 2015 Edition

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,

The Institute for Biblical Preaching

Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

http://tibp.ca/

C:\Users\Roger\Documents\My Documents\Institute for Biblical Preaching\Forms, Binder Cover Page, Logo\IBP Logos\IBP Logo.jpg

“Strengthening the Church in Biblical Preaching and Leadership”

Part I: Two Essential Foundations For Preaching

In the last edition of this Journal, we began to explore the first of “Two Essential Foundations for Preaching” – namely, the preacher’s motivation for ministry, answering the question, “Why do we do what we do?” There are four characteristics of a preacher’s genuine motivation for ministry. Last time we covered the first characteristic – the motivation of a conscious call to preach. The second characteristic of a preacher’s motivation for ministry is...

The Motivation Of A Consecrated Gift To Preach

“My speech and my preaching were not with persuasive words of human wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power” (1 Cor. 2:4)

This is divine empowerment – not merely natural training or talent. Each person has certain gifts, either by natural talent or training. Prior to conversion, those gifts are used for self, but after God calls you, he takes all or some or none of those gifts and uses them for his purposes.

I say “all or some” because God may use us in an area of ministry that does not necessarily utilize all our gifts. For example, you may be a very talented athlete, but your athletic gifts may not be applicable to the ministry God calls you to. You may be a business manager, but God may not use your management abilities in the church.

Or, he may use “none” of your natural talents and give you new spiritual abilities. You may not have been a generous person prior to your conversion, and God may give you the gift of giving. You may have been a harsh, critical person before, and God may give you the gift of mercy.

Only God makes a preacher. Man can sharpen the skills of oratory, argument, methods of presentation, and even exegetical skills, but only God can make a preacher. Unless God gifts you as a preacher, it is unlikely that you will become one merely by seeking training from human teachers.

A degree from college or seminary does not indicate God’s call or a gift from God to preach. One must have a call from God to preach. Teachers can give you tools to improve your preaching, but only God can put passion into a man’s heart to preach. God makes preachers and calls them to the task, part of the preparation for which may involve formal education.

Timothy, and every preacher, is charged to do two things:

1. Stir Up Your Gift

“Stir up ... the gift of God that is in you” (2 Tim. 1:6). “The gift of God that is in you” refers to your God-given abilities, talent - those gifts God has given you to use for him in his service. This God-given talent may be so obvious, as in Timothy, that it was confirmed by the laying on of hand by the elders.

Don’t let your gift lie dormant, unused – stir it up! “Stir up” means keep it active and productive and effective through the enablement and empowerment of the Spirit. Utilize your gift for God. So, how do you “stir up” your gift? This brings us to the next point.

2. Do Not Neglect Your Gift

“Do not neglect the gift that is in you” (1 Tim. 4:14). To “neglect” means to make light of it. Don’t make light of (neglect) the gift God has given you. Rather, practise it and develop it. That’s our obligation - to use it for him. Exercise your gift. It’s given to you by God for the benefit of the body of Christ and the glory of God.

The first characteristic, then, of a preacher’s motivation for ministry is a conscious call to preach (as we noticed in our last edition). The second, is a consecrated gift to preach. The third is...

The Motivation Of A Compelling Aim To Preach

“I determined not to know anything among you, except Jesus Christ and him crucified” (1 Cor. 2:2)

There needs to be a burden, a compulsion to preach the truth with a specific aim:

1. To glorify the Son of God (1 Cor. 1:29, 31; Jn. 16:14)

2. To magnify the Word of God (1 Cor. 1:18; 2 Tim. 4:5)

3. To edify the church of God (Eph. 4:12, 16)

4. To satisfy the heart of God (1 Cor. 1:21)

We must preach with the same compelling aim as the prophets. The prophets spoke as a consequence of “the burden of the Lord” which came to them (Hab. 1:1; Zech. 12:1; Mal. 1:1). They were so weighed down with the message from God that they could not refrain from declaring what God had said to them.

This is incarnational preaching. (We’re going to write more on this in the next edition). God spoke to them and they spoke the message of God to the people. The people saw the truth lived out before their eyes.

Declaring the Word of God must be a burden that compels us to preach it. According to C.H. Spurgeon, a preacher’s compelling aim must be to preach the gospel with sincerity and truth, and completely disinterested from selfish motives. He says that a preacher must have no ulterior motive or self-interest for preaching because the Lord abhors those who commercialize the Gospel and seek to make personal gain from the Lord’s work.

We must preach only because we are convinced that God has called us. Preaching is not a means to any other end than the glory of God and the transformation of people’s lives through the preaching of the Gospel. True preachers serve the living God, not men or self. They are on assignment by God and are responsible to God, and, therefore, their motivation for preaching comes only from God and not from selfish interests.

Some people are encouraged to go into pastoral ministry because they have an innate desire to help people, or because they have a natural ability that can be used in ministry. But that misses the point concerning a true call from God. The call of God is first and foremost a vertical call (a call from God), not a call from self or other people. Without this call of God a preacher cannot survive or endure.

The fourth characteristic of a preacher’s motivation for ministry is...

The Motivation Of A Clear Incentive To Preach 1

The task of preaching is overwhelming at times. This caused the apostle Paul to ask: “Who is sufficient for these things?” (2 Cor. 2:16). He answers his own question: Our sufficiency is from God” (2 Cor. 3:5).

The burden of preaching is great. What keeps us going? How do we maintain drive and endurance? What is our daily incentive? We have three sources of incentive (see 2 Cor. 4:17-5:15):

1. The Incentive Of The Hope Of Glory

This is forward looking, a future orientation of hope. This involves the right perspective - “…an eternal weight of glory…” (2 Cor. 4:17-18). Preachers derive their incentive to keep on preaching from their eternal perspective which outweighs any “suffering” here. We derive our hope by looking, not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen – looking up not around us.

The incentive of the hope of glory also involves the right objective. The first right objective is the realization of a glorified life - “…we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens” (2 Cor. 5:1-3). Our ultimate incentive is our glorification when our “groaning” and “mortality” will be swallowed up by life. This is the prospect of heaven, of being with and like Christ, when faith will give place to sight (5:7) and our anticipation will become reality. The hope of being with and like Christ should be our incentive each day in our service for him. The future gives value and direction to the present.

Then there is the satisfaction of a glorified Lord - “…we make it our aim…to be well-pleasing to him” (2 Cor. 5:9). That’s the bottom line – to please him.

In addition to the incentive of the hope of glory, there is ...

2. The Incentive Of The Fear Of Judgement

First, our accountability to God “we must all appear before the judgement seat of Christ” (5:10). We will have to give account of the things done in the body. Then will be manifested whether what we did in our lives and ministry had the lasting value of gold, silver, and precious stones, or whether it was of no eternal value at all, like wood hay stubble (1 Cor. 3:10-15). This is an incentive to serve God diligently to the end.

Then, there is our responsibility to men “knowing the terror of the Lord, we persuade men” (2 Cor. 5:11). Our knowledge of the judgement of the Lord on those who are not saved is a driving incentive to preach.

3. The Incentive Of The Love Of Christ

This is the greatest incentive of all – “for the love of Christ constrains us” (2 Cor. 5:14). The love of Christ constrains us in two ways. First, The love of Christ compels us. We should be compelled by the love of Christ to reach others. Christ was so compelled by love that he laid down his life for those who were his enemies. We should project the love of Christ through our preaching – his love working in us, compelling us to preach the gospel.

Also, the love of Christ confines us. It confines us within a certain course of action. Jesus was “straitened” (confined) by love – confined to take a certain course of action even though the end meant death. We are confined by the love of Christ to preach his message to a dying world.

Conclusion: Make sure of your motivation for ministry! Paul’s injunction remains irrevocably the incentive for all who give themselves to serve the Lord. “Therefore, my brethren, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your labour is not in vain in the Lord.” (1 Cor. 15:58).

If our motivation for ministry is genuine, our labour will not be in vain and the proof of it will be at the judgement seat of Christ. Until then, we should press on having a single eye of faith, and a devoted heart of love for God, so that we preach the Word with all diligence and faithfulness for the glory of God and the blessing of souls.

In our next edition of the Net Pastors’ Journal, we will look at the second essential foundation for preaching: the preacher’s incarnation of the message

Part II: Preparing For Preaching

“Studying the Text”

Before we can begin to prepare a sermon, we must study the text. In the last edition of this Journal, we outlined some biblical principles for studying the text – accurate interpretation, analytical interpretation, and authoritative interpretation.

In addition to biblical principles for studying the text, I want to suggest...

A Practical Approach To Studying The Text

As we stated above, biblical preaching demands accurate interpretation of the Scriptures. Let me now develop an exegetical methodology with some practical suggestions for achieving accurate interpretation. The two disciplines that are vital to this commitment are exegesis and hermeneutics. What do we mean by these terms?

Exegesis is the task of investigating and determining the meaning of the text by discovering what the author intended to communicate to his original audience; exposing (bringing into view; drawing out) the meaning of what the author wrote and meant. This is the opposite of eisegesis, which is imposing on the text what is not there and which the author did not intend to say or mean.

Hermeneutics is the philosophy and methodology that guides the exegetical process. It is the interpretive discipline that sets out guidelines, techniques, and principles that govern the exegetical process (e.g. in deciding between interpretive options).

Integral to this process is “bridging the gap” between the ancient text, language, culture, audience and the contemporary language, culture, and audience; bridging the gap between what it meant then and what it means now in today’s context (i.e. its relevance, significance). David Larsen explains it this way: “The biblical text comes alive... when correspondence occurs between the situation the biblical writers address and the situation of the modern reader or hearer.” 2

The Word of God is living and powerful and no more so than when it is preached so that the written word of God’s ancient people becomes the spoken word for God's people today. Therefore, we need to determine what it meant then in order to determine what it means now - what its message is for us today. The basic, most accurate, and practical approach to studying the text in order to determine what it says and means is what I call the Grammatical-Historical-Contextual-Theological approach.3 This is an expanded version of what is commonly called the grammatical-historical method.

To fully and properly understand the text, we need to study the grammar, the context (historical and literary), and the theology. This approach to studying the text helps us arrive at the best understanding possible of what the original author meant.

Study The Grammar

Grammatical study is fundamental to biblical preaching. This is the attempt to discover through grammatical observation and analysis precisely what the author meant. We are trying to answer the questions: “What did the text mean then? How do we explain it in our culture today? What does it mean to this congregation?” This is where the detailed, heavy work takes place in the research process.

The purpose of this procedure is to understand the specific words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and the relationship between them in such a way that you discern the author’s meaning. To do so, ask the following questions of the text ...

a) What is the subject? What is the text about?

b) How is the subject expressed? What is being said about the subject? These thoughts make up the theme and structure of the sermon.

c) Why is the subject written about? What does the writer want to accomplish in this passage? What response is he expecting? What is the application of the text to life?

A comprehensive knowledge of grammar and the ability to conduct grammatical analysis is essential to the accurate understanding of the written Word. For example, you must be able to identify the subject and complements of the clause or sentence.

Grammatical study consists of two subcomponents:

1. Studying Sentences And Paragraphs (Syntax)

This is an examination of the structure of the passage in order to determine, as best we can and as accurately as we can, the author’s intended meaning. This has to do with how the author conveys meaning by the arrangement of words to form phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs, and their functional relationship to each other (i.e. the way in which words are put together to form thought units) with a certain flow and interrelationship.

We need to study the flow of words and their interrelationships in order to arrive at an accurate understanding of the text. This is how we discover the overall theme and purpose of the passage. We will see how syntactical study works when we look at textual structure in a subsequent edition of this Journal.

2. Studying Words

In studying the words, we want to explore the various ways they are used to convey meanings (semantic range of meaning) and the various ways they are constructed to convey meaning (morphology).

So we need to examine the possible semantic range of meaning of each word (most words can have more than one meaning) as it was used historically in the day the document was written. From the semantic range, our task is then to uncover (1) what meaning the author had in mind when he used that word (this is usually discovered from the context and subject matter); and (2) what the contemporary equivalent might be.

Next we need to study the form and structure of words. Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech - verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each

So, in studying words, we need to determine what part of speech it is, how it is used in the sentence, and the form of the words used. Nouns have three basic forms: (1) number (singular or plural); (2) case (nominative, accusative, genitive, or dative); and (3) gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). Verbs also need to be parsed as to their form (tense, voice, and mood).

Word studies provide excellent insight into the passage. They safeguard the preacher from explaining something that the text does not mean or say, and they open up the historical, geographical, and literary context.

Be especially careful in looking up unknown words, key words, difficult words, and factual words like names of people and places, dates, numbers, and historical data.

Study The Context

This is where we research issues related to contextual and introductory matters. The biblical error of most cults is typically rooted in contextual inaccuracy. They take texts out of context and give them their own private interpretation.

God chose to reveal himself within various contexts:

a) Cultural context. The life setting, the type of people, the way their society operated etc. What were the customs and traditions of the people addressed?

b) Economic and political context. What was the political scene and economic conditions going on behind the scene?

c) Geographic context. What was special about the climate, terrain etc that impacts our understanding of the text?

d) Historical context. What factors of time and circumstances impacted what the author wrote and, therefore, what he meant. Try to gain a sense of the history of the text (i.e. the history behind the text) by asking: What was going on historically that impacts what the author is saying? Also, try to gain a sense of the history about the text by asking: Who is writing? Why was it written? To whom was it written? When was it written? What is the subject? Where was it written (location of writing and recipients)? By answering these questions you will be more able to place the text within the historical realities that were going on around the writing of the text.

e) Literary context. In order to “rightly divide the word of truth” and be contextually accurate, we must never take a verse out of context. As Dr. Olford used to say: “A text out of context is a pretext.”

So, never interpret a Scripture passage or verse in isolation. Move from the immediate context (the verses and passages round it) to the broader context (its book) and to the broadest context (the canon). Ask: what role does the passage play in the immediate context of its chapter or section of the book? Survey the flow of thought in the unit of thought itself and how it connects to the surrounding passages, the book as a whole, and the canon of Scripture. Try to gain a sense of the structural relationship of the text to the context. Know what comes before and after the passage.

Understand the major divisions of the book in which the passage is located. Get a sense for its primary features, basic themes, emphases, patterns, and key words. Know why this book is in the Bible – what role the book as a whole plays in its Testament and section of the testament (e.g. gospels, epistles).

And always be sure to consider the literary genre of the passage - e.g. prose, Hebrew poetry, allegory, narrative, parable, gospel, apocalyptic, prophetic, wisdom, epistolary etc. Genre recognition helps you to understand how the literature works. Every type of literature communicates in a different way and is subject to different interpretation. Look at the key characteristics of the literary genre in which the document is written and determine how that genre impacts meaning.

Study The Theology

Theology has to do with who God is, what he is doing, how he relates to human beings etc. A theological study of the text, therefore, is the determination of what the passage is telling us about God and divine truth. “Teaching” in Paul’s terminology (2 Tim. 4:2) means the explanation of the theological (doctrinal) meaning of the text.

The Bible is a book about God. So, we want to know what the text is saying about God - his will, works, his character, his nature, his world, purposes, plans, kingdom, rule.

In order to interpret Scripture accurately, every text must be interpreted in the light of its theological significance both within the passage, text itself, the book and the canon. You need to understand the theological significance of the text...

(1) within the thought of the author; and

(2) within the context of biblical revelation.

This process helps you concentrate on permanent principles and precepts – not just facts, figures, and textual specifics. Ask: what are the principles that transcend time and culture? That’s what we want to know and to preach. We want to know:

(1) what the text reveals about God;

(2) what the text reveals about our relationship to God and to one another; and

(3) what ethical instruction the text contains.

So, study the passage for its theological significance. What is the writer telling us that is of theological significance and, therefore, timeless? View the text theologically. Focus on its essential truths. Write them out.

Conclusion. Studying the text using good study principles and methods is hard work, but must be done in order to “rightly divide the word of truth” (2 Tim. 2:15) so that we may clearly explain and apply the Scriptures.

Part III: Leadership – Being A Godly Role Model

“Your Personal Surrender to the Holy Spirit,” Pt. 4

Godly leaders live Spirit-filled Christian lives. But what exactly is the Spirit-filled life? What does it look like? How can we pursue it ourselves? In seeking to understand this concept better we have already discussed in previous editions of the NET Pastors Journal, (1) The meaning of the Spirit-filled life (Spring 2014); (2) The necessity of the Spirit-filled life (Summer 2014); (3) The reality of the Spirit-filled life (Summer 2014); and (4) The activity of the Spirit-filled life, specifically Spirit-filled unity in the church in Eph. 5:19-21 (Fall 2014). In this edition, we continue to explore the activity of the Spirit-filled life in the very practical and personal arena of...

Spirit-Filled Harmony In The Home (Eph. 5:22-6:4)

Unity in the church depends on harmony in all our relationships and that harmony begins at home. People who are filled with the Spirit live consistent, Spirit-filled lives in every arena of life – church, home, workplace, the world.

The idea of mutual submissiveness expressed in Eph. 5:21 characterizes both the preceding passage (5:19-21) dealing with unity in the church and the subsequent passage (5:22-6:4) dealing with harmony in the home.

Harmony in the home stems from the Spirit-filled relationship between husbands and wives as well as children and parents. First, harmony between husbands and wives (Eph. 5:22-33).

Harmony between husbands and wives is initiated by a Spirit-filled wife yielding to her husband respectfully (5:22-24, 33). “Wives submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord” (22). Since the fall, submission doesn't come naturally for any of us. Eve wanted to dominate the relationship with Adam, rather than enjoy mutual submission and creation equality.

The nature of true, Spirit-filled submission is to voluntarily yield yourselves. This yielding isn’t imposed on wives; it’s something Spirit-filled wives do willingly. They yield (submit) to their husbands as to the Lord - in the same way as they do to the Lord; out of obedience to the Lord, recognizing that the Lord has invested certain authority in their husband and, therefore, that behind their husband is the Lord. Thus, to yield to your husband is to yield to the Lord. Submissive harmony is marked by this spirituality.

The basis for their yielding is “because the husband is head of the wife, just as Christ also is the head of the church; and he is the Saviour of the body” (23). Submission presupposes headship and the basis for the wife’s submission is the husband’s headship which comes from God. That’s why Spirit-filled wives yield to their husbands, because they recognize the divine order and authority in society.

There is a correspondence between Christ’s headship of the church and the husband’s headship of the wife. “Therefore, just as the church is subject to Christ, so let the wives be to their own husbands in everything” (24).

Harmony in the home not only stems from a Spirit-filled wife yielding to her husband respectfully, but it also stems from a Spirit-filled husband loving his wife redemptively (5:25-29). Notice the following aspects of redemptive love.

a) Redemptive love is a selective love (25a). Christ “loved the church” – his bride, his body. His love was selective, exclusive, only for her. Spirit-filled husbands only have eyes for their wife (1 Tim. 3:2).

b) Redemptive love is a sacrificial love (25b). “Husbands love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave himself.” Spirit-filled husbands must love their wives with the same kind of sacrificial love with which Christ loved the church, a love that is willing to die for her – to give himself.

c) Redemptive love is a selfless love (25c). “Christ also loved the church and gave himself.” He gave up his rights and privileges, renounced his power and position, and gave himself. He didn't send someone else; he made the ultimate selfless sacrifice. He didn’t think of himself, but entirely of her.

d) Redemptive love is a substutionary love (25d). He gave himself “for her” – on her behalf, He took her place, suffered the death she should have suffered.

e) Redemptive love is a sanctifying love (26-27). “That he might sanctify and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word” (26). Christ’s immediate purpose was to make his bride holy. To this end, He has sanctified us positionally. We are fully sanctified at the moment of conversion, set apart from the world and for God. And He continues to sanctify us practically. Throughout our lifetime he makes us more and more like himself in character and conduct.

Sanctification involves the washing of water in (or, by) the word – spiritual cleansing through the agency of the word of God. The “washing of water” is figurative of spiritual purification. The means of cleansing is the word of God that washes us clean from the defilement of the world. So, there is this daily aspect of spiritual cleansing that makes us fit for communion with a holy God.

This is the kind of love that Spirit-filled husbands ought to have for their wives, seeking their spiritual cleansing, their progressive sanctification to be more like Christ. The ultimate goal, of course, of sanctification is “that he might present her to himself, a glorious church, not having spot nor wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy and without blemish” (27).

The ultimate goal of every Spirit-filled husband is to present his wife before God in all her spiritual beauty, for God’s pleasure and glory. Glorious because the glory of God shines from her. Glorious because she is arrayed in the splendour and beauty of a bride on her wedding day. Glorious because she will be free from every spiritual blemish (spiritually beautiful) – no wrinkles; no age spots; no evidence of earthly pollution or traces of defilement; no moral or spiritual stain; but a bride adorned for her bridegroom, the holy, spotless Lamb of God.

f) Redemptive love is a sympathetic love (28-29a). “In the same way (that Christ loved the church, so) husbands ought to love their own wives as their own bodies; he who loves his wife loves himself. For no one yet hated his own flesh.” “Sympathy” is a relationship between persons in which the condition of one induces a parallel or reciprocal condition in another. That’s what is meant here. You consider your wife as your own flesh and you treat her as such. There is a harmony of feeling, a sympathy between what you feel for yourself and what you feel for her. Whatever happens to her happens to you. However she feels, you feel. She is a member of your body, just like your arm or leg. That’s the intimacy, unity, and bond of the marriage relationship; no distinction between yourself and your wife. You love her as you love yourself. That’s a sympathetic love, a reciprocal feeling for her.

g) Redemptive love is a sustaining / supportive love (29b-30). “For no one yet hated his own body, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as the Lord does the church. For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bones.” When you love your flesh, you take care of it, you provide it with needed and nutritious food, you sustain it. Just as you care for your own body with nourishment and protection and exercise, so you do spiritually for your wife. It’s a sustaining love.

Because she is your flesh, you express your love for her by protecting her from danger, by preserving her to live a life for God’s glory, by meeting her spiritual, emotional, sexual, and physical needs. And all of this is in accordance with the principle of Gen. 2:24.

This is the love a Spirit-filled husband is to have for his wife. Your love is to be selective (eyes only for her), sacrificial (pay the utmost price for her; if necessary, die for her), substitutionary (take her place; suffer for her), sanctifying (making her more and more like Christ), sympathetic (giving the same love and attention to her as you would to your own body), and sustaining / supportive (nourishing and cherishing her). She is a member of your body. She is your equal who voluntarily submits to your leadership. So, make sure you earn her voluntary submission.

What’s the conclusion of the matter? “Let each of you (husbands) in particular so love his own wife as himself, and let the wife see that she respects her husband” (5:33). For the husband it’s matter of love for his wife. For the wife it’s a matter of respect for her husband.

Part IV: Sermon Outlines

John 18:33-38, Jesus’ Dialogue With Pilate

For the English audio version of these sermons, click on these links: Link 1 - John 18:38-19:3; Link 2 - John 19:4-9; Link 3 - John 19:9-10; Link 4 - John 19:11-12.

Title: The Persuasion of Power, Parts 1, 2, 3, 4

Point #1: See previous edition of this Journal.

Point #2: The Kingship of Jesus Exposes a Conflict of Powers (18:38-19:12)

1. The controlling power of public opinion (18:38b-19:6)

2. The crippling power of fear (19:7-9a)

3. The confident power of knowledge (19:9b)

4. The conceited power of position (19:10)

5. The comprehensive power of God (19:11)


1 Adapted from Stephen F. Olford, Anointed Expository Preaching (Broad & Homan), 295-303

2 David Larsen, Telling the Old, Old Story,” 79.

3 Adapted from Walter C. Kaiser Jr., Toward An Exegetical Theology (Baker, 1981), 67-147.

Related Topics: Pastors

Jurnalul Electronic Al Păstorilor, Rom Ed 14, Ediţia de Iarnă 2015

Ediţia de Iarnă, 2015

Autor: Dr. Roger Pascoe, Preşedinte,

The Institute for Biblical Preaching

Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

http://tibp.ca/

C:\Users\Roger\Documents\My Documents\Institute for Biblical Preaching\Forms, Binder Cover Page, Logo\IBP Logos\IBP Logo.jpg

“Întărind Biserica în Predicare Biblică şi Conducere”

Partea I: Două Fundamentele Esenţiale Ale Predicării

În ultimul număr al Jurnalului Pastoral am început să explorăm prima dintre cele „Două fundamentele (baze) esențiale ale predicării” și anume motivația predicatorului pentru lucrare. Astfel, am răspuns la întrebarea, „De ce facem ceea ce facem?”. Există patru trăsături ale unei motivații autentice pentru lucrarea de predicare. În numărul anterior am abordat prima dintre aceste trăsături – motivația rezultată din conștientizarea chemării la predicare. A doua trăsătură a motivației pentru lucrarea de predicare este …

Motivația Rezultată Din Înzestrarea Cu Darul Predicării

“Şi învăţătura şi propovăduirea mea nu stăteau în vorbirile înduplecătoare ale înţelepciunii, ci într-o dovadă dată de Duhul şi de putere”(1 Cor. 2:4)

Aceasta este o împuternicire divină – nu un talent, sau o simplă instruire. Fiecare persoană are anumite daruri, fie ca înzestrare naturală, fie dobândite prin instruire. Înainte de convertire acele aptitudini sunt folosite pentru propria persoană, însă după ce Dumnezeu te cheamă, El ia unele din acele daruri, (sau pe toate, ori niciunul) și le folosește pentru scopurile Sale.

Spun „toate sau unele” deoarece Dumnezeu ne poate folosi într-o anumită lucrare unde nu este neapărat nevoie să folosim toate darurile noastre. De exemplu, poți fi un atlet foarte talentat, însă aceste aptitudini atletice s-ar putea să nu fie necesare în lucrarea la care te cheamă Dumnezeu. Poți fi un bun manager, însă Dumnezeu s-ar putea să nu folosească aptitudinile tale managerial în lucrarea bisericii.

Ori, s-ar putea ca Dumnezeu să nu folosească „niciunul” din darurile tale naturale, însă în schimb, să îți ofere noi daruri spirituale. E posibil să nu fi fost o persoană generoasă înainte de convertire și apoi Domnul să-ți fi oferit darul dărniciei. Sau, poate ai fost o persoană dură, cu o atitudine de critică și Dumnezeu să-ți fi oferit darul milei.

Doar Dumnezeu poate face un predicator. Omul își poate șlefui aptitudinile oratorice, argumentarea, metodele de prezentare și chiar deprinderile exegetice, însă numai Dumnezeu poate să facă un predicator. Dacă Dumnezeu nu îți oferă darul predicării, nu te poți aștepta să devii unul, prin simpla instruire oferită de către profesori.

Diplomele obţinute de la o Facultate sau un Seminar biblic nu arată că cineva are chemare sau dar de predicare din partea lui Dumnezeu. Profesorii îți pot oferi unelte prin care să îți îmbunătățești predicarea, însă numai Dumnezeu poate pune în inima omului pasiune de a predica. Dumnezeu face predicatori și îi cheamă în slujire, iar o parte din pregătirea lor poate să includă și educația formală.

Timotei, și fiecare predicator, este încredințat să facă două lucruri:

1. Înflăcărează Darul Din Tine

„Înflăcărează… darul lui Dumnezeu care este în tine” (2 Tim. 1:6). „Darul lui Dumnezeu care este în tine” se referă la abilitățile (darurile) date de Dumnezeu – acele daruri pe care Dumnezeu ți le-a dat spre a le folosi în slujirea Lui. Darul din partea lui Dumnezeu poate fi așa de evident, cum a fost în cazul lui Timotei, încât a fost confirmat de către prezbiteri prin punerea mâinilor.

Nu lăsa ca darul tău să dormiteze, să fie nefolosit – înflăcărează-l! „A înflăcăra” înseamnă să păstrezi darul într-o stare activă și productivă, să fie eficient prin împuternicirea oferită de Duhul Sfânt. Folosește-ți darul pentru Dumnezeu. Astfel dar, cum poți să-ți „înflăcărezi” darul? Să facem un pas spre punctul următor.

2. Nu Neglija Darul Din Tine

Nu fi nepăsător față de darul care este în tine” (1 Tim. 4:14). „A fi nepăsător” înseamnă a-l neglija. Nu ignora (nu neglija) darul pe care ți l-a dat Dumnezeu. Mai degrabă practică darul și dezvoltă-l. Aceasta este responsabilitatea noastră – să-l folosim pentru El. Exercită-ți darul. El ți-a fost dat de Dumnezeu spre folosul trupului lui Hristos și pentru gloria lui Dumnezeu.

Așadar, prima trăsătură în privința motivației pentru lucrarea de predicare este conștientizarea chemării la predicare (după cum am observat în ultimul număr). A doua este înzestrarea cu darul de predicare. A treia trăsătură este…

Motivația Bazată Pe Finalitățile Convingătoare Urmărite În Predicare

“Căci n-am avut de gând să știu între voi altceva decât pe Isus Hristos și pe El răstignit.” (1 Cor. 2:2)

Este nevoie de o povară, o constrângere de a predica adevărul având următoarele ținte:

1. Să-l glorifice pe Fiul lui Dumnezeu (1 Cor. 1:29, 31; In. 16:14)

2. Să promoveze Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu (1 Cor. 1:18; 2 Tim. 4:5)

3. Să zidească Biserica lui Dumnezeu (Ef. 4:12, 16)

4. Să mulțumească inima lui Dumnezeu (1 Cor. 1:21).

Trebuie să predicăm cu aceeași determinare și urmărind aceleași scopuri precum profeții. Ei au vorbit ca urmare a „poverii Domnului” venită peste ei (Hab. 1:1; Zah. 12:1; Mal. 1:1). Profeții erau așa de împovărați cu mesajul venit din partea Domnului, încât nu s-au putut abține să nu-l declare.

Aceasta este o predicare întrupată (însușită). (Vom scrie mai multe asupra acestui aspect în ediția următoare). Dumnezeu le-a vorbit profeților, iar ei au transmis mai departe acest mesaj oamenilor. Poporul a avut ocazia să vadă adevărul trăit în fața ochilor lor.

Proclamarea Cuvântului lui Dumnezeu trebuie să fie o povară care ne determină să predicăm. În opinia lui C.H. Spurgeon, marea țintă urmărită de predicator trebuie să fie vestirea Evangheliei, cu sinceritate și în adevăr, într-un mod total dezinteresat de motivații egoiste. Spurgeon spune că predicatorul nu trebuie să aibă interese proprii ori motivații ascunse în predicare, deoarece Dumnezeu are oroare față de cei ce comercializează Evanghelia și caută să aibă câștig personal din lucrarea Domnului.

Trebuie să predicăm numai fiindcă suntem convinși că Dumnezeu ne-a chemat. Predicarea nu este un mijloc spre un alt scop decât gloria lui Dumnezeu și transformarea vieților oamenilor prin Evanghelie. Adevărații predicatori îl slujesc pe Dumnezeul cel viu, nu pe oameni sau propriul sine. Ei au primit o misiune de la Dumnezeu și sunt responsabili în fața Lui. Prin urmare, motivația lor pentru predicare vine de la Dumnezeu și nu din interese egoiste.

Unii oameni sunt încurajați să intre în lucrarea pastorală fiindcă au o dorință înnăscută de a-i ajuta pe oameni, sau fiindcă au o abilitate naturală ce poate fi folosită în lucrare. Prin această perspectivă se ratează, însă, ideea referitoare la chemarea adevărată din partea lui Dumnezeu, și nu din propria persoană sau din partea altor oameni. Fără chemare din partea lui Dumnezeu predicatorul nu poate să rabde și să-și ducă lucrarea la bun sfârșit.

A patra trăsătură a motivației pentru lucrarea de predicare este …

Motivația Dată De Imboldul Clar Pentru Predicare1

Uneori slujba de predicare este copleșitoare. Faptul acesta l-a determinat pe apostolul Pavel să întrebe: „Și cine este de ajuns pentru aceste lucruri?” (2 Cor. 2:16). Apoi, dă răspuns la propria întrebare: „Priceperea noastră vine de la Dumnezeu.” (2 Cor. 3:5).

Povara predicării este mare. Ce ne face să mergem mai departe? Cum să fim perseverenți și să avem râvnă? Care este imboldul nostru zilnic? Avem trei surse de încurajare (vezi 2 Cor. 4:17-5:15):

1. Imbold Bazat Pe Speranța Gloriei

Aceasta înseamnă să privești înainte, să ai o nădejde orientată spre viitor, ceea ce implică o perspectivă corectă – „…o greutate veșnică de slavă…” (2 Cor. 4:17-18). Predicatorii obțin imboldul de a continua să predice din perspectiva eternă care contrabalansează „suferințele” de aici. Avem speranță atunci când privim, nu la lucrurile care se văd, ci la cele nevăzute – privim în sus, nu în jurul nostru. Imboldul obținut din speranța gloriei implică și un obiectiv corect. Primul obiectiv este realizarea unei vieți glorificate - „… avem o clădire de la Dumnezeu, o casă care nu este făcută de mână, ci este eternă.” (2 Cor. 5:1-3). Cel mai de seamă imbold are la bază glorificarea noastră, atunci când „gemetele” noastre și „moartea” vor fi înghițite de viață. Perspectiva cerului este să fim cu și ca Hristos, dacă avem credință și nu umblăm prin vedere (5:7). Ceea ce anticipăm va deveni realitate, iar speranța asemănării cu Hristos și a viețuirii împreună cu El ar trebuie să ne dea imbold să-L slujim în fiecare zi. Viitorul oferă direcție și valoare prezentului.

Apoi, ne dorim să fim pe placul Domnului glorificat – „…de aceea ne și străduim să-I fim plăcuți…(2 Cor. 5:9). Aceasta este ideea de bază – să-i fim plăcuți Lui.

În plus, pe lângă imboldul oferit de speranța gloriei, există și…

2. Imbold Bazat Pe Teama De Judecată

Întâi de toate, noi suntem responsabili în fața lui Dumnezeu„căci toți trebuie să ne înfățișăm înaintea tronului de judecată a lui Hristos…” (5:10). Va trebui să dăm socoteală privitor la ceea ce am făcut când am fost în trup. Atunci se va arăta dacă ceea ce am făcut în viața și lucrarea noastră are valoarea aurului, argintului și a pietrelor prețioase, sau nu are nicio valoare eternă, la fel ca fânul și trestia (1 Cor. 3:10-15). Vedem aici un imbold să-l slujim pe Dumnezeu, cu sârguință, până la sfârșit.

Apoi, mai este și responsabilitatea noastră față de oameni - „ca unii care cunoaștem frica de Domnul, pe oameni căutăm să-I convingem…” (2 Cor. 5:11). Cunoașterea judecății Domnului abătută asupra celor ce nu sunt mântuiți constituie un imbold puternic la predicare.

3. Imbold Bazat Pe Dragostea Lui Hristos

Acesta este cel mai puternic imbold dintre toate – „căci dragostea lui Hristos ne constrânge” ( 2 Cor. 5:14). Dragostea lui Hristos ne constrânge în două moduri. Întâi, dragostea lui Hristos ne silește. Ar trebui ca dragostea lui Hristos să ne silească să ajungem la alții. Hristos a fost atât de determinat de dragoste încât și-a dat viața pentru dușmanii Săi. Noi trebuie să transmitem dragostea lui Hristos prin predicarea noastră – dragostea Lui care lucrează în noi și ne determină să predicăm Evanghelia.

De asemenea, dragostea lui Hristos ne restrânge. Adică, ne limitează la un anumit mod de acțiune. Isus a fost restrâns prin dragoste – ținut pe linia unui anumit plan de acțiune, chiar dacă acesta a presupus moartea. Noi suntem restrânși prin dragostea lui Hristos să predicăm mesajul Său unei lumi aflată pe moarte.

Concluzie: Verifică-ți motivația pentru lucrare! Îndemnurile lui Pavel rămân și astăzi un imbold pentru cei ce vor să-l slujească pe Domnul. „De aceea, preaiubiţii mei fraţi, fiţi tari, neclintiţi, sporiţi totdeauna în lucrul Domnului, căci ştiţi că osteneala voastră în Domnul nu este zadarnică.” (1 Cor. 15:58).

Dacă motivația noastră pentru lucrare este autentică, munca nu va fi în zadar, iar dovada se va vedea la scaunul de judecată al lui Hristos. Până atunci, trebuie să continuăm să avem credință și o inimă plină de iubire față de Dumnezeu, așa încât să predicăm Cuvântul cu toată strădania și credincioșia, pentru gloria lui Dumnezeu și binecuvântarea altora.

În următoarea ediție a Jurnalului Pastoral vom privi la cea de-a doua bază esențială pentru predicare: întruparea mesajului prin viața predicatorului.

Partea II: Pregătirea Pentru Predicare

“Studierea textului”

Înainte de a începe pregătirea unei predici trebuie să studiem textul. În ultima ediţie a acestui Jurnal, am pus în lumină o serie de principii biblice pentru studiul textului – o interpretare corectă, o interpretare analitică şi o interpretare autoritativă.

În plus, alături de aceste principii biblice, vreau să sugerez…

O Abordare Practică Pentru Studierea Textului

Aşa cum am precizat mai sus, predicarea biblică presupune o interpretare corectă a Sfintelor Scripturi. Aş dori să dezvolt o metodologie exegetică împreună cu o serie de sugestii practice importante pentru obținerea unei interpretări corecte. Cele două discipline vitale în discuția noastră sunt exegeza și hermeneutica. La ce ne referim?

Exegeza se ocupă cu investigarea și aflarea semnificației unui text, descoperind ce a intenționat autorul să comunice audienței originale; înseamnă expunerea (a săpa după…, a scoate în evidență) semnificației a ceea ce autorul a scris și a intenționat. Acest demers constituie opusul eisegezei, adică impunerea asupra textului a ceea ce nu se găsește în el și ceea ce autorul nu a intenționat să spună.

Hermeneutica este filosofia, sau metodologia care guvernează procesul exegetic. Este o disciplină interpretativă ce pune la dispoziție tehnici și linii călăuzitoare pentru realizarea procesului exegetic (ex. în a decide între mai multe opțiuni de interpretare).

O parte integrantă din acest proces o constituie „realizarea podului” între textul antic, (limbaj, cultură, audiență) și cultura, audiența limbajul contemporan; să facem un pod între ceea ce textul a însemnat atunci și ceea ce înseamnă acum, în contextul contemporan (de ex. relevanța, semnificația textului). David Larsen explică în felul acesta: „Textul biblic prinde viață… atunci când are loc o corespondență între situația de care se ocupă autorii biblici și situația în care se află ascultătorul sau cititorul modern.”2

Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu este viu și plin de putere, mai ales atunci când este predicat în așa fel încât Cuvântul scris al poporului din vechime al lui Dumnezeu să devină cuvântul rostit pentru poporul de astăzi al Domnului. Așadar, înainte de a afla ce înseamnă textul acum, trebuie să determinăm ce a însemnat el atunci. Abordarea gramaticală-istorică-contextuală-teologică3 este abordarea de bază, cea mai potrivită și mai practică pentru a studia textul și a afla ce semnificație are acesta. Abordarea aceasta este, de fapt, o versiune extinsă a ceea ce se cunoaște ca metoda istorico-gramaticală.

Pentru a înțelege corect și pe deplin ce semnificație are textul trebuie să studiem gramatica, contextul (istoric și literar) și teologia lui. Această abordare pentru studierea textului ne ajută să ajungem la cea mai bună înțelegere posibilă asupra a ceea ce a intenționat să spună autorul original.

Studiază Gramatica

Studierea gramaticii este fundamentală pentru predicarea biblică. Prin acest procedeu (observaţii şi analize gramaticale) căutăm să descoperim exact ce a intenţionat autorul să spună. Încercăm să răspundem la următoarele întrebări: „Ce a însemnat textul atunci? Cum putem să-l explicăm în cultura noastră de astăzi? Ce înseamnă textul pentru această adunare?” Această parte a studiului este locul unde ne implicăm în multă muncă, riguroasă și detaliată.

Scopul acestei proceduri este să înțelegem cuvintele specifice, frazele, propozițiile, subordonatele, paragrafele și relațiile dintre ele, astfel încât să discernem ce a dorit autorul să spună. În sensul acesta, este bine să adresăm următoarele întrebări cu privire la text…

a) Care este subiectul? Despre ce vorbește textul?

b) Cum este exprimat subiectul? Ce se spune despre subiect? Aceste gânduri constituie tema și structura predicii.

c) De ce a fost scris acest subiect? Ce intenționează autorul să obțină prin mesajul din acest pasaj? Ce răspuns așteaptă el? Cum se aplică textul la problemele vieții?

Pentru a înțelege corect Cuvântul scris este necesară o cunoaștere detaliată a gramaticii și deprinderea de a face analize gramaticale. De exemplu, trebuie să poți identifica subiectul și complementele unei propoziții, sau a unei subordonate.

Studiul gramatical este format din două părți:

1. Studierea Propozițiilor Și A Paragarafelor (Sintaxa)

Aici se are în vedere o examinare a structurii pasajului cu scopul de a determina, în cel mai bun mod posibil, semnificația intenționată de autor. Adică, suntem preocupați să vedem cum autorul transmite sensul intenționat de el, prin aranjamentul cuvintelor ce duc la formarea frazelor, a subordonatelor, a propozițiilor, a paragrafelor și relațiile funcționale dintre ele (modul în care sunt puse împreună cuvintele pentru a forma unități de gândire), care curg într-un anumit fel.

Trebuie să studiem modul în care curg cuvintele și relațiile dintre ele, așa încât să ajungem la o înțelegere corectă asupra textului. Așa descoperim tema principală și scopul unui anumit pasaj. Într-o ediție viitoare a acestui Jurnal vom vedea cum se face un studiu sintactic, atunci când vom privi la structura textuală a unui pasaj.

2. Studierea Cuvintelor

Atunci când studiem cuvintele dorim să aflăm modurile diferite în care acestea sunt folosite pentru a transmite semnificație (are semantică a înțelesului) și diversele moduri prin care cuvintele sunt alcătuite pentru același scop (morfologie).

Aşadar, trebuie să examinăm posibila arie semantică a fiecărui cuvânt (multe cuvinte pot avea mai mult decât un singur sens), aşa după cum a fost folosit din punct de vedere istoric, în vremea în care a fost scris documentul respectiv. În baza ariei semantice a cuvintelor dorim să aflăm (1) ce semnificație a avut autorul în minte atunci când a folosit cuvântul acela (acest lucru se descoperă de obicei privind la context și la subiectul tratat) și (2) ce echivalent contemporan ar fi pentru cuvântul acela.

Apoi, este nevoie să studiem forma și structura cuvintelor. Gramatica tradițională face o clasificare a cuvintelor pe baza a opt părți de vorbire – verbe, substantive, pronume, adjective, adverbe, prepoziții, conjuncții și interjecții. Fiecare parte de vorbire explică modul în care este folosit cuvântul. De fapt, același cuvânt poate fi substantiv într-o propoziție și verb sau adjectiv în alta.

Prin urmare, când studiem cuvintele este necesar să aflăm ce parte de vorbire avem în atenție, cum este folosită în propoziție și forma cuvintelor utilizate. Substantivele au trei forme de bază: (1) număr (singular și plural); (2) caz (nominativ, acuzativ, genitiv, sau dativ); și (3) gen (masculin, feminin sau neutru). Verbele trebuie și ele analizate după forma lor (timpul verbal, diateza și modul).

Studierea cuvintelor ne ajută să avem o perspectivă foarte bună asupra pasajului. Exercițiul acesta îl ajută pe predicator să nu explice ceva ce textul nu spune sau semnifică. Studiul cuvintelor ne îndreaptă și spre studiul contextelor literare, istorice și geografice.

Fiți atenți, în mod special, să vă focalizați asupra cuvintelor necunoscute, a cuvintelor cheie și a celor dificile, a cuvintelor faptice de genul numelor de oameni și locuri, date, numere și informații istorice.

Studiază Contextul

În această etapă facem cercetare cu privire la aspectele legate de introducere și contexte. Cele mai tipice erori sectare sunt înrădăcinate în greșeli legate de context. Ei scot textul din context și avansează apoi propria lor interpretare.

Dumnezeu a ales să Se descopere în cadrul mai multor contexte:

a) Contextul cultural. Condițiile de viață, tipurile de popoare, modul în care funcționa societatea lor etc. Care erau obiceiurile și tradițiile oamenilor cărora autorul le scrie?

b) Contextul politic și economic. Care era scena politică și condițiile economice din spatele respectivei situații?

c) Contextul geografic. Ce era special cu privire la climat, teren etc. – lucruri ce pot avea legătură cu înțelegerea textului.

d) Contextul istoric. Ce factori legați de vremuri și împrejurări au avut impact asupra a aceea ce a scris și a intenționat să transmită autorul? Încercați să ajungeți la o înțelegere asupra istoriei textului ( istoria din spatele textului) întrebându-vă: Ce se întâmpla din punct de vedere istoric, așa încât să aibă impact asupra a ceea ce spune autorul? De asemenea, încercați să vă faceți o idee cu privire la istoria despre text întrebând: Cine scrie? De ce a scris? Cui i se scrie? Când a fost scris? Ce temă este abordată? Unde a fost scris (locul de unde s-a scris și cel al destinatarilor)? Răspunzând la aceste întrebări vei putea plasa textul în cadrul realităților sale istorice.

e) Contextul literar. Pentru a „împărți drept Cuvântul adevărului” și a fi corecți din punct de vedere contextual este important să nu scoatem niciodată un verset din contextul său. După cum afirmă Dr. Olford „Un text scos din context devine pretext.”

Așadar, nu interpretați niciodată un verset sau pasaj scriptural în mod izolat. Treceți de la contextul imediat (versetele și pasajele din jurul său) la contextul mai larg (cartea din care face parte textul) și apoi la contextul întregii Scripturi (canonul). Întrebați: ce rol joacă pasajul în contextul imediat al capitolului sau al secțiunii din care face parte? Urmăriți curgerea argumentării în unitatea de text în sine și cum se leagă de pasajele din jurul acesteia, respectiv de carte ca întreg și de canonul Scripturii. Încercați să înțelegeți relația structurală dintre text și contextul său. Să știți ce este înainte și ce vine după pasajul respectiv. Urmăriți să înțelegeți secțiunile principale ale cărții din care face parte pasajul. Familiarizați-vă cu trăsăturile de bază ale cărții, temele principale, accentele și cuvintele-cheie. Identificați de ce există acea carte în Biblie – ce rol are cartea în Testamentul din care face parte, respectiv într-o anumită secțiune din Vechiul sau Noul Testament (evanghelie, epistole etc.).

Și luați în calcul genul literar specific pasajului – de exemplu, proză, poezie ebraică, alegorie, narațiune, pildă, evanghelie, genul apocaliptic, profetic, sapiențial, epistolar etc. Cunoașterea genului literar vă ajută să înțelegeți felul în care funcționează literatura. Fiecare tip de literatură comunică în mod diferit și se interpretează în mod diferit. Observați care sunt principalele caracteristici ale genului literar căruia îi aparține pasajul și stabiliți modul în care genul respectiv influențează semnificația textului.

Studiază Teologia

Teologia discută despre cine este Dumnezeu, ce face El, cum se relaționează la oameni etc. Prin urmare, un studiu teologic al textului presupune să determinăm ce ne spune pasajul despre Dumnezeu și adevărul divin. În terminologia paulină „învățătura” (2 Tim 4:2) înseamnă explicarea semnificației teologice (doctrinare) a textului.

Biblia este o carte despre Dumnezeu. Deci, vrem să știm ce spune textul despre Domnul – voia Lui, lucrările Sale, caracterul Său, natura Sa, lumea Sa, scopurile, planurile, împărăția, domnia.

Pentru a interpreta Scriptura în mod corect, fiecare text trebuie înțeles în lumina semnificației sale teologice, atât în cadrul pasajului, a textului în sine, a cărții și a canonului. Trebuie să înțelegeți semnificația teologică a textului…

(1) În cadrul gândirii autorului și

(2) În contextul revelației biblice.

Procesul acesta vă ajută să vă focalizați asupra preceptelor și a principiilor permanente – nu doar asupra faptelor, personajelor și specificităților textuale. Întrebați: ce principii transcend timpul și cultura? Acesta este lucrul pe care vrem să-l știm și să-l predicăm. Dorim să aflăm:

(1) Ce ne descoperă textul despre Dumnezeu;

(2) Ce ne descoperă textul despre relația noastră cu Dumnezeu și unii cu alții;

(3) Ce instrucțiuni etice conține textul.

Astfel dar, studiați pasajul pentru a descoperi semnificația lui teologică. Ce ne spune autorul și are semnificație teologică, depășind granițele timpului? Priviți textul în mod teologic. Concentrați-vă asupra adevărurilor sale esențiale. Notați aceste adevăruri.

Concluzie. Studierea textului prin folosirea metodelor și principiilor amintite presupune o muncă grea, însă dacă vrem „să împărțim drept Cuvântul adevărului” (2 Tim. 2:15) ea trebuie făcută. Astfel vom putea explica Scripturile în mod clar și le vom aplica în mod corect.

Partea III: Conducere – A Fi Un Model De Om Evlavios

“Supunerea ta personală față de Duhul Sfânt,” Pt. 4

Conducătorii evlavioşi trăiesc vieți pline de Duhul Sfânt. Dar, ce înseamnă, mai exact, o astfel de viață? Cum arată ea? Cum putem noi să o obținem? Pentru a înțelege mai bine acest concept am discutat, deja, în edițiile anterioare ale Jurnalului Pastoral, (1) Semnificația unei vieți pline de Duhul Sfânt (Primăvara 2014); (2) Necesitatea unei vieți pline de Duhul Sfânt (Vara 2014); (3) Realitatea unei vieți pline de Duhul Sfânt (Vara 2014) și (4) Activitatea unei vieți pline de Duhul Sfânt, în special unitatea bazată pe plinătatea cu Duhul, în Efeseni 5:19-21 (Toamna 2014). În această ediție vom continua să explorăm activitatea unei vieți pline de Duhul Sfânt în domeniul foarte personal și practic al…

Armonia Plină De Duhul În Familie (Ef. 5:22-6:4)

Unitatea în biserică depinde de armonia din toate relațiile noastre, iar această armonie începe acasă. Oamenii plini de Duhul trăiesc vieți armonioase, pline de Duhul în toate domeniile existenței – în biserică, în familia, la lucru și în lume.

Ideea de supunere reciprocă exprimată în Ef. 5:21 caracterizează atât pasajul precedent (5:19-21), unde se vorbește despre unitatea în biserică, precum și pasajul următor (5:22-6:4), unde este tratată armonia în familie.

Armonia în familie provine din relația plină de Duhul dintre soți și soții, precum și dintre părinți și copii. Mai întâi, armonia dintre soți și soții (Ef. 5:22-23).

Armonia dintre soți și soții este inițiată de către o soție plină de Duhul, gata să se supună soțului ei cu respect (5:22-24, 22). „Nevestelor fiți supuse bărbaților voștri ca Domnului” (22). După căderea în păcat, supunerea nu mai este ceva natural pentru niciunul dintre noi. Eva a dorit să domine în relația ei cu Adam, în loc să se bucure de supunere reciprocă și egalitate pe baza creației.

Natura adevăratei supuneri, cea plină de Duhul, constă în a te supune în mod voluntar. Această supunere nu le este impusă soțiilor; este ceva ce soțiile pline de Duhul fac în mod voluntar. Ele se supun soților ca Domnului – în același mod în care o fac față de Domnul; din ascultare față de Domnul, recunoscând că Dumnezeu a investit o anumită autoritate în soții lor și, prin urmare, admițând că în spatele bărbaților se află Domnul. Astfel, a te supune soțului, înseamnă a te supune Domnului. Supunerea reciprocă este marcată de acest aspect al spiritualității.

Baza pentru supunerea lor este „fiindcă bărbatul e capul nevestei, așa cum Hristos este capul Bisericii, iar El este Salvatorul trupului” (23). Supunerea presupune o rânduială a conducerii, iar rolul de cârmuire al soțului vine de la Dumnezeu. Motivul pentru care soțiile se supun bărbaților lor este că ele recunosc rânduiala și autoritatea divină în societate.

Există o corespondență între cârmuirea lui Hristos asupra bisericii și cea a bărbatului asupra soției sale. „Astfel, după cum biserica este supusă lui Hristos, tot așa nevestele să fie supuse bărbaților lor în orice lucru.” (24)

Armonia în familie provine nu doar din supunerea unei neveste pline de Duhul față de soțul ei, ci și din iubirea răscumpărătoare a unui soț plin de Duhul față de nevasta lui. (5:25-29). Observați următoarele aspecte ale iubirii răscumpărătoare.

a) Iubirea răscumpărătoare este selectivă (25a). Hristos „a iubit Biserica sa” mireasa Lui, trupul Lui. Dragostea lui a fost selectivă, exclusivă, dor pentru ea. Bărbații plini de Duhul au ochi doar pentru soțiile lor (1 Tim. 3:2).

b) Iubirea răscumpărătoare este jertfitoare (25b). „Bărbaților iubiți-vă nevestele, după cum și Hristos și-a iubit Biserica și s-a dat pe Sine.” Bărbații plini de Duhul trebuie să-și iubească nevestele cu același fel de dragoste jertfitoare cu care Hristos și-a iubit Biserica, o iubire gata să moară pentru ea – să se dea pe sine.

c) Iubirea răscumpărătoare este altruistă (25c). „După cum Hristos și-a iubit Biserica și S-a dat pe Sine”. El a renunțat la drepturile și privilegiile Sale, a renunțat la puterea și poziția Lui, și S-a dat pe Sine. Nu a trimis pe altcineva; El a adus cea mai de seamă jertfă altruistă. Hristos nu s-a gândit la Sine, ci la biserică.

d) Iubirea răscumpărătoare este substitutivă (25d) El S-a dat pe Sine „pentru ea” – spre binele ei, a luat locul ei și a suferit moartea pe care ea ar fi trebuit să o experimenteze.

e) Iubirea răscumpărătoare este sfințitoare (26-27). „Ca s-o sfințească după ce a curățit-o prin botezul cu apă prin Cuvânt” (26). Scopul imediat al lui Hristos a fost să o facă pe Mireasa lui să fie sfântă. Din punctul acesta El ne-a sfințit pozițional. Noi suntem pe deplin sfințiți la momentul convertirii, puși deoparte din lume pentru Dumnezeu. El continuă apoi să ne sfințească și din punct de vedere practic. De-a lungul vieții noastre Domnul ne face să ne asemănăm cu El tot mai mult în caracterul și comportamentul nostru.

Sfințirea implică „spălarea cu apă în (sau prin) Cuvânt” – curățire spirituală prin intermediul Cuvântului lui Dumnezeu. „Spălarea cu apă” este un limbaj figurativ privitor la curăția spirituală. Mijlocul curățirii este Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu care ne spală de murdăria lumii. Deci, există acest aspect al curățirii zilnice, așa încât să putem avea comuniune cu Dumnezeul sfânt. Acesta este genul de dragoste pe care bărbații plini de Duhul ar trebui să o aibă față de soțiile lor; să urmărească purificarea lor spirituală, sfințirea lor progresivă spre asemănarea cu Hristos. Desigur, scopul final al sfințirii este „ca să înfățișeze înaintea Lui această Biserică, glorificată, fără pată, fără zbârcitură sau altceva de felul acesta, ci sfântă și curată” (27).

Tot astfel, scopul final al fiecărui soț plin de Duhul Sfânt ar trebui să fie ca el să o prezinte pe soția lui înaintea Domnului în toată frumusețea ei spirituală, pentru gloria lui Dumnezeu. Să o prezinte glorificată în sensul că gloria lui Dumnezeu strălucește din ea, fiindcă ea este înfățișată în splendoarea și frumusețea unei mirese în ziua nunții ei. Este glorificată fiindcă va fi liberă de orice fel de vină spirituală – fără pată, fără zbârcitură; nu va mai fi nicio urmă de pângărire lumească, nici o pată din punct de vedere moral; ci o mireasă împodobită pentru Mirele ei, Mielul lui Dumnezeu, sfânt și fără pată.

f) Iubirea răscumpărătoare simpatitează (28-29a). „Tot așa trebuie să-și iubească și bărbații nevestele, ca pe trupurile lor. Cine își iubește nevasta se iubește pe sine însuși. Căci nimeni nu și-a urât vreodată trupul lui.” „Simpatia” este o relație dintre persoane în care condiția unuia induce o condiție paralelă sau reciprocă în cealaltă persoană. Despre acest lucru este vorba aici. Vei ajunge să-ți consideri soția ca pe propriu tău trup și, în consecință, o vei trata ca atare. Există o armonie a sentimentelor, o simpatie între ceea ce simți pentru tine și ce simți pentru ea. Orice i se întâmplă ei, se întâmplă ție. Orice simte ea, simți și tu. Ea este un mădular ar trupului tău, la fel ca o mână sau un picior. Aceasta este intimitatea, unitatea și legătura din relația de căsnicie; nu există nicio separare între tine și soția ta. O iubești la fel cu te iubești pe tine. Aceasta este dragostea are simpatizează, un sentiment de reciprocitate față de ea.

g) Iubirea răscumpărătoare susține/sprijină (29b-30). „…căci nimeni nu și-a urât vreodată trupul, ci îl hrănește, îl îngrijește cu drag, ca și Cristos Biserica; pentru că noi suntem mădulare ale trupului Lui, carne din carnea Lui și os din oasele Lui.” Când îți iubești trupul, ai grijă de el, îi oferi ceea ce are nevoie, îl hrănești, îl susții. La fel cum ai grijă de trupul tău, cu hrană și ocrotire, fă la fel cu soția ta, din punct de vedre spiritual. Este o iubire care sprijină.

Dat fiind faptul că ea este trupul tău, îți vei exprima dragostea prin faptul că o protejezi de pericol și o ajuți să trăiască o viață pentru gloria lui Dumnezeu. Poți face acestea împlinind nevoile pe care le are, emoționale, intime sau fizice. Toate acestea sunt în acord cu principiul din Geneza 2:24.

Un soț plin de Duhul ar trebui să aibă o astfel de dragoste față de nevasta lui. Iubirea ta trebuie să fie selectivă (să ai ochi doar pentru ea), jertfitoare (să plătești cel mai de seamă preț; dacă este nevoie să mori pentru ea), substitutivă (să iei locul ei; să suferi pentru ea), sfințitoare (să o ajuți să fie din ce în ce mai mult ca Hristos), empatică (să-i acorzi aceeași dragoste și atenție la fel cum ai face-o vizavi de trupul tău) și susținătoare (să o hrănești și să o prețuiești). Ea este o parte din trupul tău. Ea este egală cu tine și se supune în mod voluntar față de cârmuirea ta. Deci, asigură-te că vei câștiga supunea ei voluntară.

Concluzia întregii discuții „Încolo fiecare din voi să-și iubească soția ca pe sine și soția să-și respecte soțul.” (5:33). Pentru soț, aspectul esențial este iubirea față de soția lui, iar pentru nevastă e vorba despre respect față de soțul ei.

Partea IV: Schițe De Predică

Ioan 18:33-38, Dialogul Lui Isus Cu Pilat

Pentru versiunea audio în engleză a acestor predici, fă click pe următoarele link-uri: Link 1 - In. 18:38-19:3; Link 2 - In. 19:4-9; Link 3 - In. 19:9-10; Link 4 - In. 19:11-12.

Titlu: Persuasiunea puterii, Părți 1, 2, 3, 4

Punctul #1: Vezi ediția precedentă a acestui Jurnal.

Punctul #2: Domnia lui Isus expune un conflict de puteri (18:38-19:12)

1. Puterea dominantă a opiniei publice (18:38b-19:6)

2. Puterea paralizantă a fricii (19:7-9a)

3. Puterea asiguratorie a cunoașterii (19:9b)

4. Puterea vanitoasă a poziției (19:10)

5. Puterea atotcuprinzătoare a lui Dumnezeu (19:11)


1 Adaptare după Stephen F. Olford, Anointed Expository Preaching (Broad & Homan), 295-303.

2 David Larsen, Telling the Old, Old Story,” 79.

3 Adaptare după Walter C. Kaiser Jr., Toward An Exegetical Theology (Baker, 1981), 67-147.

Related Topics: Pastors

La Revue Internet Des Pasteurs, Fre Ed 14, Edition de l’hiver 2015

Edition de l’hiver 2015

Auteur: Dr. Roger Pascoe, Président de

l’Institut pour la Prédication Biblique

Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

http://tibp.ca/

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Institut Biblique pour le Ministère Pastoral

Renforcer les capacités de l’Eglise dans la prédication biblique et le leadership

1ère Partie: Deux Fondements Essentiels Pour La Predication

Dans la dernière édition de notre Revue, nous avions commencé par aborder le premier des «Deux Fondements Essentiels pour la Prédication» - à savoir, la motivation du prédicateur pour le ministère, répondant ainsi à la question: «Pourquoi faisons-nous ce que nous faisons?» Il ya quatre choses qui caractérisent l’authenticité de la motivation d'un prédicateur pour le ministère. La dernière fois nous avons couvert la première caractéristique - la motivation que procure un appel explicite à prêcher. La deuxième chose qui caractérise l’authenticité de la motivation d'un prédicateur pour le ministère c’est ...

La Motivation Que Procure Un Don Consacre Speciquement A La Predication

« Ma parole et ma prédication ne reposaient pas sur les discours persuasifs de la sagesse, mais sur une démonstration d’Esprit et de puissance» (1 Cor 2:4)

Il s’agit là d’un revêtement divin – il n’est pas question d’une simple formation ou d’un talent. Chaque personne a un certain nombre de dons : soit des talents naturels ou des acquis de la formation. Avant la conversion, vous utilisez ces dons pour vous même, mais après l’appel, Dieu se saisit de tous ou une partie de ces dons, ou d’aucun d’eux et les utilise pour accomplir ses desseins.

Je dis «tous ou une partie» parce que Dieu peut nous utiliser dans un domaine du ministère qui ne pas fait pas nécessairement appel à tous nos dons. Par exemple, vous pouvez être un athlète très doué, mais vos dons d’athlètes ne sont pas nécessairement applicables au ministère auquel Dieu vous appelle. Vous pouvez être un chef d'entreprise, mais Dieu pourrait ne pas utiliser vos capacités de gestion dans l'église.

Ou encore, il peut n’utiliser «aucun» de vos talents naturels, mais vous donner de nouvelles aptitudes spirituelles. Il se peut que vous n’ayez pas été une personne généreuse avant votre conversion, mais Dieu peut vous accorder le don de libéralité. Vous pourriez avoir été une personne dure et critique auparavant, mais Dieu peut vous accorder le don de la compassion.

Seul Dieu fait un prédicateur. La personne peut aiguiser ses compétences dans l’art oratoire, son argumentation, ses méthodes de présentation, et même ses compétences en exégèse, mais seul Dieu peut faire un prédicateur. A moins que Dieu vous accorde des dons de prédicateur, il est peu probable que vous le deveniez simplement en cherchant à vous former auprès des enseignants humains.

Un diplôme de l’université ou de la faculté de théologie n’est pas le signe d’un appel de Dieu ou d'un don de Dieu pour la prédication. Il faut avoir reçu un appel de Dieu à prêcher. Des enseignants peuvent vous donner des outils pour améliorer votre prédication, mais Dieu seul peut mettre la passion dans le cœur d'un homme pour prêcher. Dieu fait les prédicateurs et les appelle à la tâche, et une formation formelle peut alors faire partie de leur préparation.

Timothée, tout comme tout prédicateur, a reçu l’ordre de faire deux choses:

1. Ranimer Le Don

« Ranime … le don de Dieu que tu as reçu » (2Tim 1:6). Ce qui signifie les aptitudes que vous avez reçues de Dieu, les talents - les dons que Dieu vous a accordés afin que vous les mettiez à son service. Ce talent donné par Dieu peut être si évident, comme chez Timothée, au point qu’il a été confirmé par l’imposition des mains des anciens.

Ne laissez pas votre don dormir, inutilisé – Ranimez-le ! «Ranimer» signifie garder actif, productif et efficace grâce à la capacitation et au revêtement de l'Esprit. Utilisez votre don pour Dieu. Mais comment donc «ranimer» votre don? Cela nous amène au point suivant.

2. Ne Pas Negliger Le Don

«Ne néglige pas le don qui est en toi» (1 Tim 4:14). «Négliger» signifie prendre à la légère. Ne prenez pas à la légère (ne négligez pas) le don que Dieu vous a donné. Mais plutôt, mettez-le en pratique et développez-le. C’est là notre obligation - utiliser ce don pour lui. Exercez votre don. Il vous a été donné par Dieu pour le bien du corps du Christ et la gloire de Dieu.

Ainsi donc la première chose qui caractérise, la motivation d'un prédicateur pour le ministère c’est l’appel conscient à prêcher (comme nous l'avons vu dans notre dernière édition). La seconde caractéristique, c’est d’avoir un don consacré spécifiquement à la prédication. La troisième caractéristique est ...

La Motivation Que Procure Un But Irresitible A Precher

«Car je n’ai pas eu la pensée de savoir parmi vous autre chose que Jésus-Christ, et Jésus-Christ crucifié» (1 Cor 2: 2).

Il faut un fardeau, une forte interpellation à prêcher la vérité avec un but précis:

1. Glorifier le fils de Dieu (1 cor 1:29, 31; jean 16:14)

2. Magnifier la parole de Dieu (1 cor 1:18; 2 Tim 4:5)

3. Edifier l'église de Dieu (Eph. 4:12, 16)

4. Satisfaire le cœur de Dieu (1 cor.1:21)

Nous devons prêcher avec le même but irrésistible que les prophètes. Les prophètes ont parlé suite au «fardeau du Seigneur» sur eux (Hab 1:1; Zacharie 12:1; Mal 1:1). Ils avaient tellement le fardeau du message de Dieu qu'ils ne pouvaient pas se retenir de proclamer ce que Dieu leur avait dit.

C’est la prédication par incarnation. (Nous allons développer davantage ce sujet dans la prochaine édition). Dieu leur a parlé et ils rapportèrent le message de Dieu au peuple. Le peuple a vu la vérité manifestée et vécue sous leurs propres yeux.

Rapporter la Parole de Dieu doit être un fardeau qui nous oblige à le prêcher. Selon C.H. Spurgeon, le but irrésistible d'un prédicateur doit être de prêcher l'évangile avec sincérité et vérité, en étant complètement désintéressé de toute motivation égoïste. Il dit qu’un prédicateur doit n’avoir aucun motif inavoué ou intérêt personnel pour la prédication parce que le Seigneur a en horreur ceux qui commercialisent l'Evangile en cherchant à tirer un gain personnel de l'œuvre de Dieu.

Nous devons prêcher seulement parce que nous sommes convaincus que Dieu nous a appelés. La prédication n’est pas un moyen pour toute autre fin que la gloire de Dieu et la transformation de la vie des gens au travers de la proclamation de l'Evangile. Les vrais prédicateurs servent le Dieu vivant, pas les hommes ou soi-même. Ils sont en mission de la part de Dieu ; ils sont responsables devant Dieu, et, par conséquent, leur motivation pour la prédication vient uniquement de Dieu et non pas des intérêts égoïstes.

Certaines personnes sont encouragées à entrer dans le ministère pastoral, parce qu'ils ont un désir inné d'aider les gens, ou parce qu'ils ont une capacité naturelle qui peut être utilisé dans le ministère. Mais ce qui fait défaut dans ce cas c’est un véritable appel de Dieu. L'appel de Dieu est d'abord et avant tout un appel vertical (un appel de Dieu), pas un appel de soi-même ou d'autres personnes. Sans cet appel de Dieu un prédicateur ne peut survivre ou perdurer.

La quatrième caractéristique de la motivation d'un prédicateur pour le ministère c’est ...

La Motivation Que Procure Une Incitation Claire A Precher1

La tâche de la prédication est écrasante par moment. Ce qui a amené l'apôtre Paul à se demander: «Qui est suffisant pour ces choses?» (2 Cor 2:16.). Il répond ensuite à sa propre question en disant: «Notre capacité vient de Dieu» (2 Co 3. 5).

Le fardeau de la prédication est énorme. Qu’est ce qui nous motive à aller de l’avant? Comment pouvons-nous maintenir la force intérieure et être endurant? Qu’est ce qui nous incite au quotidien? Nous avons trois sources d'incitation (voir 2 Cor.4:17-5:15)

1. L'incitation Suscitée Par L'espérance De La Gloire

C’est un regard prospectif, une orientation future par l'espérance. Ce qui implique d’avoir la bonne perspective - «... un poids éternel de gloire ...» (2 Cor 4:17-18.) Les prédicateurs puisent leur incitation à persévérer à partir de leur perspective éternelle qui l'emporte sur toute «souffrance» d’ici bas. Nous tirons notre espérance en regardant, non pas aux choses qui sont visibles, mais à celles invisibles – en regardant vers le ciel, pas autour de nous.

L'incitation que procure l'espérance de la gloire suppose que nous ayons le bon but. Le premier but est l’accomplissement d'une vie glorifiée – « nous avons dans le ciel un édifice qui est l’ouvrage de Dieu, une demeure éternelle qui n’a pas été faite de main d’homme.» (2 Cor 5:1-3.). Notre incitation ultime est notre glorification quand nos «gémissements» et notre «mortalité» seront engloutis par la vie. C’est cela la perspective céleste : être avec Christ et être comme Lui; c’est là que notre foi cèdera la place à la vue (5: 7) et notre anticipation deviendra réalité. L'espoir d'être avec et comme le Christ doit être notre incitation chaque jour dans notre service pour lui. L’avenir donne de la valeur et une direction au présent.

Ensuite, il ya la satisfaction du Seigneur glorifié - «...nous nous efforçons de lui être agréables» (2 Cor 5: 9.). C’est notre motivation de fond - lui plaire.

En plus de l'incitation suscitée par l'espérance de la gloire, il y a ...

2. L’incitation Suscitée Par La Crainte De Jugement

Premièrement, du fait que nous rendrons compte à Dieu - «Car il nous faut tous comparaître devant le tribunal de Christ» (5:10). Nous aurons à rendre compte des choses accomplies dans le corps. Puis il sera prouvé si ce que nous avons fait dans nos vies et dans le ministère avait la valeur durable de l'or, de l'argent et des pierres précieuses, ou si cela n’avait aucune valeur éternelle comme le foin, le bois et le chaume (1 Cor 3: 10-15). Ceci est une incitation à servir Dieu avec diligence jusqu’à la fin.

Ensuite, il y a notre responsabilité vis-à-vis des hommes - «Connaissant donc la crainte du Seigneur, nous cherchons à convaincre les hommes» (2 Cor 5:11). Le fait que nous sachions quel est le jugement du Seigneur qui vient sur ceux qui ne sont pas sauvés est une incitation forte à prêcher.

3. L'incitation Suscitée Par L'amour De Christ

C’est la plus grande incitation de tous - «Car l’amour de Christ nous presse» (2 Cor 5:14.). L'amour du Christ nous presse de deux façons. Tout d'abord, L'amour du Christ nous incite. Nous devrions être incités par l'amour du Christ à toucher les autres par l’évangile. Christ était tellement incité par l'amour qu'il a donné sa vie pour ses ennemis. Nous devrions projeter l'amour du Christ à travers notre prédication - son amour à l’œuvre en nous, nous incitant à prêcher la bonne nouvelle.

En outre, l'amour du Christ nous rend focalisé. Il nous rend focalisé dans une certaine ligne de conduite. Jésus était «contraint» (rendu focalisé) par l'amour – focalisé dans une certaine ligne d'action même si la fin signifiait pour lui la mort. Nous sommes contraints par l'amour du Christ à prêcher son message à un monde mourant.

Conclusion: Soyez conscient de votre motivation pour le ministère! L’encouragement de Paul devrait rester irrévocablement une incitation pour tous ceux qui se donnent au service du Seigneur. «Ainsi, mes frères bien-aimés, soyez fermes, inébranlables, travaillant de mieux en mieux à l’œuvre du Seigneur, sachant que votre travail ne sera pas vain dans le Seigneur.» (1 Cor. 15:58).

Si notre motivation pour le ministère est authentique, notre travail ne sera pas en vain et le test de son authenticité, ce sera devant trône de jugement de Christ. Mais d’ici-là, nous devons persévérer en regardant par la foi, avec un cœur rempli d’amour et dévoué pour Dieu, afin que nous prêchions la Parole en toute diligence et fidélité pour la gloire de Dieu et la bénédiction des âmes.

Dans notre prochaine édition de la Revue Internet des Pasteurs, nous nous pencherons sur le deuxième fondement essentiel de la prédication: l'incarnation du message par le prédicateur.

2ème Partie : La Preparation Pour La Predication

“Etudier le texte”

Avant de préparer un message, nous devons étudier le texte. Dans la dernier numéro de la présente Revue, nous avions souligné quelques principes bibliques pour étudier le texte : une interprétation juste, une interprétation analytique, et une interprétation qui fait autorité.

En plus des principes bibliques pour étudier le texte, je voudrais vous proposer ...

Une Approche Pratique Pour L'étude Du Texte

Comme nous l'avons indiqué plus haut, la prédication biblique nécessite une interprétation juste des Écritures. Permettez-moi à présent de vous exposer une méthode exégétique suivie de quelques suggestions pratiques sur comment aboutir à une interprétation juste. Les deux disciplines qui sont essentiels pour cette tâche sont l'exégèse et l'herméneutique. Qu'entendons-nous par ces termes?

L’exégèse est la tâche qui consiste à rechercher et déterminer le sens du texte en découvrant ce que l'auteur avait l’intention de communiquer à son public d'origine; en exposant (mettant en exergue, tirant) la signification de ce que l'auteur a écrit et ce qu’il veut vraiment dire. C’est le contraire de l’eisegesis qui impose au texte ce qui n’y est pas, ce que l'auteur n'avait pas l'intention de dire ou signifier.

L’herméneutique est la philosophie et la méthodologie qui guide le processus exégétique. C’est la discipline d'interprétation qui établit des orientations, des techniques et des principes qui régissent le processus exégétique (par exemple pour décider entre différentes options d'interprétation).

Au cours de ce processus il s’agit de «combler le fossé» entre le texte, la langue, la culture, l’audience de l’époque et la langue, la culture, et l’audience contemporaine; combler le fossé entre ce que cela signifiait à l’époque, et ce que cela signifie maintenant dans le contexte d'aujourd'hui (sa pertinence, sa signification). David Larsen l’explique de la manière suivante: «Le texte biblique prend vie ... lorsqu’il se crée une correspondance entre la situation dont parle les écrivains bibliques et la situation du lecteur ou de l'auditeur moderne.»2

La Parole de Dieu est vivante et puissante, et il est prêché, afin que la parole écrite de l'ancien peuple de Dieu devienne la Parole de Dieu pour le peuple de Dieu aujourd'hui. Par conséquent, nous devons déterminer ce que cela signifiait à l’époque afin de bien déterminer ce que cela signifie pour nous aujourd'hui - ce que son message est pour nous aujourd'hui. L'approche la plus élémentaire, la plus exacte, et la plus pratique pour étudier le texte afin de déterminer ce qu'il signifie est ce que j’appelle l'approche historico-théologique-grammatico-contextuelle.3 C’est une version élargie de ce qu'on appelle communément la méthode historico-grammaticale.

Pour comprendre entièrement et correctement le texte, nous devons étudier sa grammaire, son contexte (historique et littéraire), et sa théologie. Cette approche pour l'étude du texte nous permet d’aboutir à la meilleure compréhension possible de ce que l'auteur original voulait dire.

Etudier La Grammaire

L’étude de la grammaire est fondamentale pour la prédication biblique. C’est la tentative de découvrir avec précision à travers l'observation et l'analyse grammaticale ce que l'auteur voulait dire. Nous essayons de répondre aux questions: «Qu'est-ce que le texte signifiait à l’époque? Comment pouvons-nous l'expliquer dans notre culture d’aujourd'hui? Qu'est-ce que cela signifie pour cette assemblée? C’est là que prend place le travail ardu et détaillé dans le processus de recherche.

La finalité de cette procédure est de comprendre les mots, les phrases spécifiques, les propositions, les phrases, les paragraphes et la relation entre eux de manière à ce que vous puissiez discerner ce que l'auteur veut signifier. Pour ce faire, posez les questions suivantes sur le texte ...

a) Quel est le sujet? De quoi parle le texte?

b) Comment le sujet est-il abordé? Qu’est-ce qui est dit sur le sujet? Ces idées constituent le thème et la structure du message.

c Pourquoi le sujet a-t-il été traité? Qu'est-ce que l’auteur veut accomplir dans ce passage? Quelle réaction espère t-il avoir? Comment ce texte s’applique t-il dans la vie?

Une bonne connaissance de la grammaire et la capacité de mener une analyse grammaticale sont essentielles à la compréhension juste de la Parole écrite. Par exemple, vous devez être en mesure de distinguer le sujet des compléments dans une proposition ou une phrase.

L’étude de la grammaire comporte deux sous-composantes:

1. L’étude Des Phrases Et Paragraphes (Syntaxe)

Il s’agit d’examiner la structure du passage afin de déterminer, du mieux que nous pouvons et avec autant de précision que possible, ce que l'auteur avait l’intention de faire comprendre. Nous nous évertuons à voir comment l'auteur communique son message par sa manière d’agencer ses mots pour former des phrases, des propositions, des phrases et des paragraphes, et la relation fonctionnelle entre celles-ci (c’est-à-dire la façon dont les mots sont mis ensemble pour former des unités de pensée) avec un débit et une co-relation qui lui est spécifique.

Nous devons étudier le flot des mots et leurs interrelations afin de parvenir à une compréhension précise du texte. C’est ainsi que nous découvrons le thème général et le but du passage. Nous reviendrons sur comment faire une étude syntaxique lorsque parlerons de la structure du texte dans l’un des prochains numéros de la présente Revue.

2. L’étude Des Mots

Dans l’étude des mots, nous voulons explorer les différentes façons dont ils sont utilisés pour communiquer des significations particulières (champ sémantique) et les différentes façons dont ils sont construits afin de communiquer un certain sens (morphologie).

Nous devons donc examiner le champ sémantique de chaque mot (la plupart des mots ont plus d'un sens), tel qu’utilisé historiquement à l’époque où le document a été écrit. A partir du champ sémantique, notre tâche consiste alors à découvrir (1) la signification que l'auteur avait en tête lorsqu’il a utilisé ce mot (cela se fait généralement à partir du contexte et du sujet; et (2) quel pourrait être son équivalent de nos jours.

Ensuite, nous devons étudier la forme et la structure des mots. La grammaire traditionnelle distingue classiquement huit (8) catégories de mots ou classes de mots – les verbes, les noms ou substantifs, les pronoms, les adjectifs, les adverbes, les prépositions, les conjonctions, et les interjections. Chaque classe de mot explique comment le mot est utilisé. En fait, le même mot peut être un nom dans une phrase et un verbe ou un adjectif dans une autre phrase.

Ainsi, en étudiant les mots, nous devons déterminer à quelle classe ils appartiennent, comment ils sont utilisés dans la phrase et quelle est leur forme. Les noms ont trois formes de base: (1) le nombre (singulier ou pluriel); (2) le cas (nominatif, accusatif, génitif, ou datif); et (3) le genre (masculin, féminin ou neutre). Nous devons aussi faire l’analyse grammaticale des verbes pour déterminer leur forme (temps verbal, voix, et ton).

L’étude des mots fournit d’excellents indices pour comprendre le passage. Elle protège le prédicateur du risque de dire des choses que le texte ne signifie pas ou ne dit pas. L’étude des mots donne une ouverture sur le contexte historique, géographique et littéraire du passage.

Soyez particulièrement appliqué dans la recherche des mots inconnus, des mots clés, des mots difficiles, et des mots décrivant des faits, notamment les noms de personnes et de lieux, les dates, les chiffres et les données historiques.

Étudier Le Contexte

A cette étape nous faisons des recherches sur les questions se rapportant au contexte et à l’introduction. L'erreur d’interprétation biblique commise par la plupart des sectes est généralement due à l’inexactitude contextuelle. Ils prennent des textes hors de leur contexte et leur donne leur propre interprétation privée.

Dieu a choisi de se révéler dans divers contextes:

a) Le contexte culturel. Le cadre de vie, le type de personnes, la façon dont leur société fonctionnait, etc. Quelles étaient les coutumes et les traditions des peuples dont on parle?

b) Le contexte économique et politique. Quelle était l’arrière plan politique et les conditions économiques derrière les événements décrits?

c) Le contexte géographique. Qu’est ce qu’il y avait de particulier par rapport au climat, au relief, etc. qui affecte notre compréhension du texte?

d) Le contexte historique. Quels facteurs liés au temps et aux circonstances ont influencé ce que l'auteur a écrit et, par conséquent, ce qu'il voulait signifier. Essayez de sentir le sens de l'histoire du texte (c’est-à-dire l'histoire derrière le texte) en vous posant la question: Qu'est-ce qui se passait historiquement et qui a pu influencer ce que l'auteur dit? Aussi, essayez de sentir le sens de l'histoire dans le texte en vous posant la question: Qui l’a écrit? Pourquoi ceci a-t-il été écrit? Pour qui cela a t-il été écrit ? Quand est-ce que cela a t-il été écrit? Quel est le sujet? Où cela a était-il rédigé (lieu où se trouvaient l’auteur et les récipiendaires)? En répondant à ces questions, vous serez plus en mesure de placer le texte dans les réalités historiques qui se produisaient autour de la rédaction du texte.

e) Le contexte littéraire. Afin de «dispenser droitement la parole de vérité» et être contextuellement précis, nous ne devons jamais prendre un verset hors de son contexte. Comme le Dr Olford a l'habitude de dire: «Un texte hors contexte est un prétexte

N’interprétez donc jamais un passage de l'Ecriture ou un verset de façon isolée. Partez du contexte immédiat (les versets et les passages qui l’entourent) vers un contexte plus large (le livre), puis vers le contexte le plus large (le canon biblique).

Posez la question: quel rôle ce passage joue t-il dans le contexte immédiat de son chapitre ou de la section du livre? Examinez le flot de pensée dans l'unité de pensée elle-même et la façon dont il s’agence avec les passages environnants, le livre dans son ensemble, et le canon des Écritures. Essayez de saisir le sens du rapport structurel du texte au contexte. Prenez connaissance de ce qui vient avant et après le passage.

Cherchez à comprendre les principales divisions du livre dans lequel le passage est situé. Ayez une idée de ses caractéristiques principales, des thèmes de base, des emphases, des exemples, et des mots clés. Savoir pourquoi ce livre est dans la Bible - quel rôle le livre dans son ensemble joue dans son Testament et la section du testament (par exemple les évangiles, les épîtres).

Et prenez toujours en compte le genre littéraire du passage - par exemple la prose, la poésie hébraïque, l’allégorie, le récit, la parabole, l’évangile, l’apocalypse, la prophétie, la sagesse, le genre épistolaire, etc. En identifiant le genre cela vous aidera à comprendre comment fonctionne la littérature. Chaque type de littérature communique d'une manière différente et est sujette à des interprétations différentes. Regardez les caractéristiques clés du genre littéraire dans lequel le document est écrit et essayez de comprendre comment ce genre influence la signification.

Étudier La Théologie

La Théologie traite de qui est Dieu, ce qu'il fait, comment il est en relation avec les êtres humains, etc. Une étude théologique du texte c’est donc la détermination de ce que le passage nous dit à propos de Dieu et de la vérité divine. L’« enseignement» dans la terminologie de Paul (2Tim 4:2) signifie l'explication de la signification théologique (doctrinale) du texte.

La Bible est un livre sur Dieu. Donc, nous voulons savoir ce que le texte dit à propos de Dieu - sa volonté, son œuvre, son caractère, sa nature, son monde, ses desseins, ses plans, son royaume, son règne.

Pour interpréter l'Écriture avec précision, chaque texte doit être interprété à la lumière de sa signification théologique à la fois dans le passage, le texte lui-même, le livre et l’ensemble du canon biblique. Vous devez comprendre la signification théologique du texte ...

(1) dans la pensée de l'auteur; et

(2) dans le contexte de la révélation biblique.

Ce processus permet de vous concentrer sur des principes et préceptes permanents - et pas seulement des faits, des chiffres, et des spécificités textuelles. Posez la question: quels sont les principes qui transcendent le temps et la culture? C’est cela que nous voulons savoir et prêcher. Nous voulons savoir:

(1) ce que le texte révèle sur Dieu;

(2) ce que le texte révèle au sujet de notre relation avec Dieu et les uns aux autres;

(3) ce que le texte contient comme instruction éthique.

Ainsi, étudiez le passage pour sa signification théologique. Qu’est-ce qui, dans ce que l'auteur nous dit, a une signification théologique, et est par conséquent intemporelle? Reconsidérez le texte théologiquement. Concentrez-vous sur ses vérités essentielles. Écrivez-les.

Conclusion. Etudier le texte à l'aide de principes et méthodes efficaces est un travail difficile, mais vous devez le faire afin de «dispenser droitement la parole de la vérité (2 Tim 2:15) de sorte à pouvoir expliquer clairement et appliquer les Écritures.

3ème Partie: Le Leadership - Etre Un Modele Selon Le Cœur De Dieu

«L’abandon de votre personne au Saint Esprit» Partie 4

Les leaders qui craignent Dieu vivent une vie chrétienne remplie de l'Esprit. Mais qu’est-ce que la vie remplie de l'Esprit? A quoi cela ressemble t-il? Comment pouvons-nous la rechercher nous-mêmes? En cherchant à mieux comprendre ce concept, nous avons déjà abordé dans les numéros précédents de la Revue Internet des Pasteurs, (1) La signification de la vie remplie de l'Esprit (numéro du printemps 2014); (2) La nécessité de la vie remplie de l'Esprit (numéro du l’été 2014); (3) La réalité de la vie remplie de l'Esprit (Eté 2014); et (4) L'activité de la vie remplie de l'Esprit, en particulier l'unité suscitée par l'Esprit dans l'église – Eph 5:19-21 (Automne 2014).

Dans la présente édition, nous continuerons à explorer l'activité de la vie remplie de l'Esprit dans le domaine très pratique et personnelle de ...

L’harmonie Inspiree Par Le Saint Estprit Dans Le Foyer (Eph 5:22-6:4)

L’unité dans l'église dépend de l'harmonie dans toutes nos relations, et cette harmonie commence à la maison. Les gens qui sont remplis de l'Esprit vivent une vie cohérente et inspirée par l'Esprit dans chaque domaine de la vie – à l’église, à la maison, au travail, dans le monde.

L'idée de soumission mutuelle exprimée en Eph 5:21 caractérise à la fois le passage précédent (5:19-21) qui parle de l'unité dans l'église et le passage suivant (5: 22-6: 4) qui traite de l'harmonie dans la maison.

Harmonie dans la maison provient de la conduite de l'Esprit dans la relation entre le mari et la femme, ainsi qu’entre les enfants et les parents. Tout d'abord, l'harmonie entre le mari et la femme (Eph 5:22-33).

L’harmonie entre le mari et la femme est initiée par une épouse remplie de l'Esprit et qui se soumet à son mari respectueusement (5:22-24, 33). «Femmes soyez soumises à vos maris, comme au Seigneur» (22). Depuis la chute, la soumission ne vient pas naturellement pour aucun d’entre nous. Eve voulait dominer la relation avec Adam, plutôt que de profiter de la soumission mutuelle et de l'égalité à la création.

La nature de la vraie soumission inspirée par l'Esprit c’est le don de soi volontaire. Ce don de soi n’est pas imposé aux femmes; c’est quelque chose que les épouses remplies de l'Esprit font volontairement. Elles se donnent (se soumettent) à leurs maris, comme au Seigneur – c'est-à-dire de la même manière comme ils le font pour le Seigneur; par obéissance au Seigneur, en reconnaissant que le Seigneur a investi une certaine autorité dans leur mari et que, par conséquent, derrière leur mari il y a le Seigneur. Ainsi, en vous soumettant à votre mari c’est au Seigneur que vous vous soumettez. L’harmonie créée par la soumission est marquée par une telle spiritualité.

La base de la soumission d la femme c’est que «le mari est le chef de la femme, comme Christ est le chef de l’Eglise, qui est son corps,» (23). La soumission suppose qu’il ya un chef et la base de la soumission de la femme c’est la chefferie du mari qui vient de Dieu. C’est pourquoi les femmes remplis de l'Esprit se soumettent à leurs maris, parce qu'elles reconnaissent l'ordre et l'autorité voulue par dans la société.

Il existe une correspondance entre la chefferie de Christ sur l'église et la chefferie du mari sur la femme. «de même que l’Eglise est soumise à Christ, les femmes aussi doivent l’être à leurs maris en toutes choses.» (24).

L’harmonie dans la maison provient non seulement du fait qu’une femme remplie de l'Esprit accepte se soumettre à son mari respectueusement, mais il provient également du fait qu’un mari rempli de l'Esprit accepte d’aimer sa femme de façon rédemptrice (5: 25-29). Notez les aspects suivants de l'amour rédempteur.

a) L'amour rédempteur est un amour sélectif (25a). Christ «a aimé l'Église» - son épouse, son corps. Son amour était sélectif, exclusif, rien que pour elle. Un mari rempli de l'Esprit n’a d'yeux que pour sa femme (1 Tim 3:2).

b) L’amour rédempteur est un amour sacrificiel (25b). «Maris, aimez vos femmes, comme Christ a aimé l’Eglise, et s’est livré lui-même pour elle.» Les maris remplis de l'Esprit doivent aimer leurs femmes avec le même type d’amour sacrificiel dont Christ a aimé l'Église, un amour qui est prêt à mourir pour elle - qui se donne.

c) L'amour rédempteur est un amour désintéressé (25c). «Christ a aimé l’Eglise, et s’est livré lui-même pour elle» Il a renoncé à ses droits et privilèges, renoncé à son pouvoir et sa position, et s’est livré. Il n'a pas envoyé quelqu'un d'autre; il a fait l’ultime sacrifice désintéressé. Il n’a pas pensé pas à lui-même, mais entièrement à elle.

d) L'amour rédempteur est un amour qui se substitue (25d). Il s’est livré «pour elle» - en son nom, il a pris sa place, a subi la mort qu’elle devrait connaitre.

e) L'amour rédempteur est un amour de sanctification (26-27). «afin de la sanctifier par la parole, après l’avoir purifiée par le baptême d’eau» (26). Le but immédiat de Christ était de rendre son épouse sainte. Pour ce faire, il nous a sanctifiés de façon positionnelle. Nous sommes entièrement sanctifiés au moment de la conversion, mis à part loin du monde et pour Dieu. Et Il continue à nous sanctifier dans la pratique. Tout au long de notre vie, il nous rend de plus en plus semblable à lui en caractère et en conduite.

La sanctification implique «le baptême d'eau dans (ou par) la parole» - la purification spirituelle au moyen de la parole de Dieu. Le «baptême d'eau» est une image de la purification spirituelle. Le moyen de la purification c’est la parole de Dieu qui nous lave proprement de la souillure du monde. Donc, il ya cet aspect de purification spirituelle quotidienne qui nous rend aptes à la communion avec un Dieu saint.

C’est là le genre d'amour que les maris remplis de l'Esprit doivent avoir pour leurs femmes, désirer leur purification spirituelle, leur sanctification progressive pour être de plus en plus à la ressemblance du Christ. Le but ultime de la sanctification c’est «afin de faire paraître devant lui cette Eglise glorieuse, sans tache, ni ride, ni rien de semblable, mais sainte et irrépréhensible» (27).

Le but ultime de tout mari remplie de l'Esprit c’est de présenter sa femme devant Dieu dans toute sa beauté spirituelle, pour le plaisir et la gloire de Dieu. Glorieuse car la gloire de Dieu brille sur elle. Glorieuse parce qu'elle est vêtue de la splendeur et de la beauté propre à une mariée le jour de son mariage. Glorieuse parce qu'elle sera libre de toute tache spirituelle (spirituellement belle) – sans rides; sans signes de vieillesse; sans trace de pollution terrestre ou ni traces de souillure; sans taches morales ou spirituelles; mais une jeune mariée parée pour son époux, l’Agneau de Dieu saint et sans tache.

f) L'amour rédempteur est un amour sympathique (28-29a). «C’est ainsi que les maris doivent aimer leurs femmes comme leurs propres corps. Celui qui aime sa femme s’aime lui-même. Car jamais personne n’a haï sa propre chair ».

La « sympathie » est une relation entre des personnes dont l'état de l’un induit une condition parallèle ou réciproque chez l’autre. C’est ce que ca signifie ici. Vous considérez votre femme comme votre propre chair et vous la traitez comme telle. Il y a une harmonie de sentiment, une sympathie entre ce que vous ressentez envers vous-même, et ce que vous ressentez envers elle. Tout ce qui lui arrive, c’est à vous que cela arrive. Tel elle se sent, tel vous vous sentez. Elle est un membre de votre corps, comme votre bras ou votre jambe. C’est cela l'intimité, l'unité, et le lien de la relation conjugale : pas de distinction entre vous et votre femme. Vous l'aimez comme vous-même. C’est cela un amour sympathique, un sentiment réciproque pour elle.

g) L'amour rédempteur est un amour qui soutient/assiste (29b-30). «Car jamais personne n’a haï sa propre chair ; mais il la nourrit et en prend soin, comme Christ le fait pour l’Eglise, parce que nous sommes membres de son corps. » Quand vous aimez votre corps, vous prenez soin de lui, vous lui apportez la nourriture nécessaire et bien nourrissante, vous le soutenez. Tout comme vous prenez soin de votre propre corps par la nourriture, la protection et le sport, vous devez en faire autant spirituellement pour votre femme. C’est un amour qui soutien.

Parce qu'elle est votre chair, vous exprimez votre amour pour elle en la protégeant du danger, en la préservant pour qu’elle vive une vie à la gloire de Dieu, en répondant à ses besoins spirituels, émotionnels, sexuels et physiques. Et tout cela est en accord avec ce que dit Genèse 2:24.

Voici l'amour qu’un mari rempli de l'Esprit doit avoir pour sa femme. Votre amour doit être sélectif (n’avoir d’yeux que pour elle), sacrificiel (payer le plus grand prix pour elle, si nécessaire, mourir pour elle), substitutif (qui prend sa place; qui souffre pour elle), qui sanctifie (la rendant de plus en plus semblable au Christ), sympathique (lui accordant le même amour et l'attention que vous donnez à votre propre corps), et qui soutien/assiste (la nourrir et la chérir). Elle est un membre de votre corps. Elle est votre égale qui se soumet volontairement à votre leadership. Donc, faites en sorte de gagner sa soumission volontaire.

Quelle est la conclusion sur ce sujet? «Que chacun de vous aime sa femme comme lui-même, et que la femme respecte son mari.» (5:33). Pour le mari c’est une question d'amour pour sa femme. Pour la femme, c’est une question de respect pour son mari.

4ème Partie: Plans De Predication

John 18:33-38, Le Dialogue De Jesus Avec Pilate

Pour la version audio anglaise de ces prédications, cliquez sur ces liens: Link 1 - Jean 18:38-19:3; Link 2 - Jean 19:4-9; Link 3 - Jean 19:9-10; Link 4 - Jean 19:11-12.

Titre: La persuasion du pouvoir, Parties 1, 2, 3, 4

Point n°1: Voir le numéro précédant de la Revue.

Point n°2: La royauté de Jésus expose un conflit de compétences (18:38-19:12)

1. Le pouvoir écrasant de l'opinion publique (18:38b-19: 6)

2. Le pouvoir paralysant de la peur (19:7-9a)

3. Le pouvoir confiant de la connaissance (19:9b)

4. Le pouvoir prétentieux de la position (19:10)

5. Le pouvoir tout suffisant de Dieu (19:11)


1 Adapté du livre de Stephen F. Olford, La Prédication par Exposition Ointe (Broad & Homan), 295-303

2 David Larsen, Raconter la Vieille, Vieille Histoire”, 79.

3 Adapté du livre de Walter C. Kaiser Jr., Vers une Théologie Exégétique (Baker, 1981), 67-147

Related Topics: Pastors

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Lesson 8: The Study of the Holy Spirit

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You might as well try to hear without ears or breathe without lungs, as try to live a Christian life without the Spirit of God in your heart. ― D. L. Moody

Introduction

Someone once articulated that the average church member’s understanding of the Holy Spirit is so vague it is nearly non-existent. Imagine a conversation with a Jehovah witness (JW); it might go something like this. JW: The word Trinity never appears in the Bible and is a myth. Christian: While you are correct that the word Trinity itself never occurs in the Bible the Bible teaches that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are separate persons but one God. JW: The Holy Spirit is merely God’s “active force”1 kind of like electricity but not a separate person. Christian: Really! I am not sure; that doesn’t sound right. I will have to get back to you on that.

Whether we know it or like it or not non-trininitarian groups are confronting Christians with such issues like this every day in person and in writings posted on the internet. A Unitarian website tries to convincingly offer thirty four “biblical” and historical reasons why the Holy Spirit is not a person.2

The study of the Holy Spirit in theological terminology is called pneumatology. The study of the Holy Spirit raises certain basic questions. Who is the Holy Spirit? What is the biblical evidence for the personhood of the Spirit? What did the Holy Spirit do in regard to creation and revelation? What is the Holy Spirit’s role in a person’s conversion and sanctification? What about spiritual gifts? These are some of the issues that this lesson is going to cover.

The Personhood and Deity of the Spirit

First things first. The Holy Spirit is a member of the Trinity and as such is a person. The Spirit has attributes that only a person could have. He has intelligence (1 Cor 2:10-13), feelings (Eph 4:30), and a will (1 Cor 12:11; Acts 16:6-12). He prays (Rom 8:26). He does miracles (Acts 8:39). He can be lied to (Acts 5:3). He can be insulted (Heb 10:29). He teaches and directs (John 14:26; Acts 8:29; Rom 8:14). Let’s look at two of these examples. In 1 Cor 12:11 Paul describes the Holy’s Spirit’s role in distributing spiritual gifts: “It is one and the same Spirit, distributing as he decides to each person, who produces all these things” (1 Cor 12:11). Here the Holy Spirit is seen “deciding” what gifts to gift to each person. In other words, the Holy Spirit has a will, which is one characteristic of a person. In Acts 5:3 the Holy Spirit is directly equated with God. Here in the early formation of the church Peter is rebuking two individuals who state that they had given more than they actually had: “But Peter said, ‘Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and keep back for yourself part of the proceeds from the sale of the land? Before it was sold, did it not belong to you? And when it was sold, was the money not at your disposal? How have you thought up this deed in your heart? You have not lied to people but to God!’” (Acts 5:3-4). Notice two aspects about these verses. The first is that the Holy Spirit is lied to. This means that the Holy Spirit is personal. You cannot lie to a table or to electricity because it is not a person. The second aspect is that lying to the Holy Spirit is equated with lying to God. This means that the Holy Spirit is God.

The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament: Creation, Revelation and Filling

In the very first verses of the Bible the Holy Spirit is seen as involved in the creation of the universe. There we read: “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was without shape and empty, and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep, but the Spirit of God was moving over the surface of the water” (Gen 1:1-2). In another place Elihu says to Job: The Spirit of God has made me, and the breath of the Almighty gives me life (Job 33:4 cf. Gen 2:7). In fact the Hebrew word for “spirit” (ruach) can also be translated as breath or wind. The same is true in Greek (pneuma) in the Greek Old Testament and Greek New Testament. The significance of this is that breath is what gives life to a body.

In regard to the revelation of God’s word the Holy Spirit also has a role. In citing Psalm 2 Peter and John state “Master, who said by the Holy Spirit through your servant David our forefather, ‘Why do the nations rage, and the peoples plot foolish things” (Acts 4:25). Here the Psalm is said to be by the Holy Spirit though David. The human author David is described as the intermediate source of the message while the Holy Spirit is the source that channeled it to him. In citing Psalm 95, similarly the author of Hebrews states, “Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says, “Oh, that today you would listen as he speaks! (Heb 3:7). In this passage even though the Psalmist writes the message the Holy Spirit “says” it.

In the Old Testament the Holy Spirit filled individuals for various kinds of service and in some cases this filling is explicitly seen as temporary. A good example of the temporary nature of the filling of the Spirit in the Old Testament occurred in the life of Israel’s first king, Saul. The record of it starts in the book of First Samuel: “Then the spirit of God rushed upon Saul and he prophesied among them” (1 Sam10:9). But later after Saul’s disobedience to God the Spirit of God departed from him: “Now the Spirit of the Lord had turned away from [departed] Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord tormented him” (1 Sam 16:14). Apparently, the next King of Israel, David, learned from Saul’s example. After David’s sin of adultery (and murder) with Bathsheba he recorded a prayer found in Psalm 51, “Do not reject me! Do not take your Holy Spirit away from me” (Ps 51:11). David did not want what happened to Saul happen to him. However, a temporary filling of the Spirit seen in the Old Testament era should not be confused with the baptism of the Spirit in the church age (Acts 2). This baptism is a permanent act of the indwelling of the Holy Spirit in the life of a believer. So Christians can be assured that the Holy Spirit will not be taken from them (cf. Eph 1:13-14).

The Work of the Holy Spirit in regard to Man’s Salvation

The Bible also describes the Holy Spirit as very active in man’s salvation. In fact, the Spirit is indispensable for anyone to be saved. His work can be divided into three general categories of activity: his pre-conversion work, conversion work and post-conversion work.

The Pre-Conversion Work of the Holy Spirit

Prior to anyone placing his or her faith in Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit is involved in setting the conditions that allow for someone’s faith response to the gospel. One of these roles is the convicting of sin and truth. John states, “And He (The Helper = Holy Spirit), when He comes, will convict the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment; concerning sin, because they do not believe in Me; and concerning righteousness, because I go to the Father and you no longer see Me; and concerning judgment, because the ruler of this world has been judged” (John 16:8-10; NASB). One could supplement this idea with the concept that the Holy Spirit speaks to individuals though the preaching of the gospel. Paul writes to the Thessalonians “our gospel did not come to you merely in words, but in power and in the Holy Spirit” (1 Thess 1:5).3

The Conversion Work of the Holy Spirit

Regeneration may be defined as “the impartation of new life” or “the washing of the new birth.” This washing and new life is accomplished by the Holy Spirit. The primary verse that supports this is from Paul’s letter to Titus. He states, “He [God] saved us not by works of righteousness that we have done but on the basis of his mercy, through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit” (Titus 3:5). While some theologians place regeneration prior to faith which results in conversion, it’s probably better to see regeneration as equated to conversion itself. In Acts Peter states, "Repent, and each one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit” (Acts 2:38). Here, the gift of the Holy Spirit is conditioned upon repentance in relation to the gospel preaching of Peter.

Upon conversion the believer in Jesus Christ is said to be baptized into the body of Christ by the Holy Spirit. This baptism is a one time event in which metaphorically speaking Christ becomes our head and we are joined with believers as fellow members of the body. Paul states, “For in [or by] one Spirit we were all baptized into one body. Whether Jews or Greeks or slaves or free, we were all made to drink of the one Spirit” (1 Cor 12:13). This baptism forms our union with Christ and with fellow believers. Related to the baptism of the Spirit is the indwelling of the Spirit. Upon and after conversion, the Holy Spirit indwells the life of the believer. Paul reminds the Corinthian church, “Do you not know that you are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit lives in you?” (1 Cor 3:16). In the book of Romans Paul adds, “You, however, are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God lives in you. Now if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, this person does not belong to him” (Rom 8:9). One could say that the indwelling Spirit is the definition of a Christian.

Believers, who are indwelt with the Holy Spirit, are also sealed with the Holy Spirit. Paul writes, “And when you heard the word of truth (the gospel of your salvation) – when you believed in Christ – you were marked with the seal of the promised Holy Spirit, who is the down payment of our inheritance, until the redemption of God’s own possession, to the praise of his glory” (Eph 1:13-14). Sealing communicates God’s mark of permanent ownership on us. The Holy Spirit is also described in these verses as a pledge or down payment that insures that God will complete his salvific work in us.

Spiritual Gifts

Lastly, every person who has been born again receives a spiritual gift from the Holy Spirit. Paul writes: “Now there are different gifts, but the same Spirit. . . . To each person the manifestation of the Spirit is given for the benefit of all” (1 Cor 12:4, 7). This leads us to the very large topic of spiritual gifts and their use in the life of a believer. In some cases unfortunately this is a topic comes with a lot of questions and even controversy. Lists of spiritual gifts occur in Romans 12; 1 Corinthians 12 and Ephesians 4. The gifts are listed in the order in which they are given.

Romans 12

1 Corinthians

Ephesians 4

Prophecy

apostle

 

apostle

Service

prophet

 

prophet

Teaching

teacher

evangelist

Exhortation

miracles

pastor

Contributing

gifts of healing

teacher4

Leadership

helps

 

Mercy

gifts of leadership

 

 

different kinds of tongues

 

 

message of wisdom

 

 

message of knowledge

 

 

faith

 

 

interpretation of tongues

 

 

discernment of spirits

 

We can begin the process of studying spiritual gifts by describing points of clarity and agreement from 1 Corinthians 12-14. The first point is that each Christian has at least one spiritual gift (1 Cor 12:7). It’s not that some Christians have gifts and some don’t. Second, it’s the Holy Spirit who decides what gift(s) he gives to each person. We may want to have one gift or another but it’s the Holy Spirit who decides on the distribution (1 Cor 12:7-9). It’s not what we want but rather what he wants. Thirdly, gifts are to be used for the “benefit of all” (1 Cor 12:7). Gifts are not given primarily for the benefit of the gift holder but rather as a ministry for others. Spiritual gifts are not to be self-focused but rather others focused. Fourthly, not all people have the same gift. This is Paul’s point at the end of 1 Cor 12 where he asks a series of questions where the expected answer is no.5 For example, “Not all speak in tongues do they?” The answer is that no not all have the gift of tongues. Lastly, gifts are to be exercised in love. As Paul states, exercising gifts without love is like an annoyance of banging gongs or symbols (1 Cor 13:1).

Most evangelical Christians are at least somewhat aware that there are questions and points of difference and disagreement regarding spiritual gifts. For example, is God giving all gifts today, such as the gift of apostleship, prophecy, tongues, or healing? The gifts of apostleship and prophecy are foundational to the church and on which the church is built. Paul writes regarding the church “you have been built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the cornerstone.” (Eph 2:20; cf. Heb 2:3-4). One criteria of apostle in the early church is that the person saw the resurrected Jesus (Acts 1:22; 1 Cor 9:1). Unless Christ made a special appearance as he did to Paul on the road to Damascus this criteria would not be replicable today. There is no explicitly clear statement that some gifts have ceased but one must also compare the claim of possessing a certain gift with Scripture. What is the nature of the gift in the Bible? What is its purpose? How did or does it function? Comparing claims of how the various gifts operate with the Scripture itself is the best way to determine a claim’s validity or lack thereof. God can give any gift anywhere at anytime but the question to consider now is, “Is he giving all gifts today?” To answer this question, we need to compare the claim closely with the Scripture. Lastly, for most evangelicals even if one does not hold to all the gifts functioning today this does not rule out God doing miracles directly such as healing in response to prayer (James 5:13-18). My own view though is to be very cautious about accepting claims of apostleship or prophet or other “sign” or “revelatory” gifts. These were gifts of authority, infallible prediction, miracles/signs, and revelation that God used in the founding of the church.

The Post-Conversion Work of the Holy Spirit

What is the role of the Holy Spirit following conversion? The filling, empowering and guiding of the believer is included in this part of the Holy Spirit’s ministry. While the baptism of the Holy Spirit occurs once at conversion, the filling of the Spirit can happen multiple times after conversion and also is commanded. In Acts after Paul’s conversion we read, “But Saul (also known as Paul), filled with the Holy Spirit, stared straight at him” (Acts 13:9). Here the filling of the Spirit is at the forefront propelling Paul’s ministry and happens well after his conversion recorded in Acts 9. To the church at Ephesus Paul writes, “And do not get drunk with wine, which is debauchery, but be filled by the Spirit” (Eph 5:18). Here the filling of the Spirit is given as a command to be followed. In this analogy the Spirit is compared negatively to wine. The point is don’t let wine control you but rather have the Holy Spirit do so. Closely related to being filled with the Spirit is being empowered with the Holy Spirit. Paul writes, “But I say, live by the Spirit and you will not carry out the desires of the flesh . . . But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control” (Gal 5:16, 22-23). It is by the power of the Holy Spirit that enables Christians to live lives obedient to God. Lastly, not only does the Holy Spirit fill and empower but he also leads or guides the believer in Jesus Christ. “For all who are led by the Spirit of God are the sons of God” (Rom 8:14).

Symbols of the Holy Spirit

A final area of discussion is that of some instances where the Holy Spirit is referred to in the Bible with a symbol. Four prominent symbols that refer to the Holy Spirit are the dove, fire, wind and water.6 Each one communicates something different about the Holy Spirit. When looking at a symbol, one must be careful to make sure the context is identifying the symbol with the referent you are considering in this case the Holy Spirit. For example, even though the Holy Spirit is identified with a dove in Matt 3:16 it would be an interpretive mistake to see the Holy Spirit in every place a dove is referred to in the Bible. In Genesis 8:8 Noah sends out a dove to see if the flood waters had receded, but one should not interpret this as Noah sending out the Holy Spirit.

Dove

Probably the most recognizable symbol of the Holy Spirit is the dove that appeared at the baptism of Jesus. It is recorded in all four gospels (Matt 3:16; Mark 1:10; Luke 3:22; John 1:32). Matthew writes, “After Jesus was baptized, just as he was coming up out of the water, the heavens opened and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming on him” (Matt 3:16). The dove as a symbol of the Holy Spirit communicates beauty, gentleness, and peace. The dove also comes from above, perhaps suggesting coming from heaven.7

Fire

Another symbol of the Holy Spirit is fire. In the Bible, fire can communicate the Lord’s presence (Exod 3:2), purification (1 Pet 1:7) or judgment (Lev 10:2; Heb 12:29) depending on the context. The most explicit passage that refers to the Holy Spirit as fire is in Acts 2. “Now when the day of Pentecost had come, . . tongues spreading out like a fire appeared to them and came to rest on each one of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit” (Acts 2:1-4). In a similar analogy, Paul commands the Thessalonians, “Do not quench the Spirit” (NASB; I Thess 5:19). Disobedience to the Spirit is like throwing water on a fire.              

Wind

The Greek word for Spirit (pneuma) can also be translated as breath or wind. Perhaps then it is not surprising that the Holy Spirit is seen and compared to as wind. Two verses in the New Testament communicate this.8 In Acts 2:4 Luke writes, “Suddenly a sound like a violent wind blowing came from heaven and filled the entire house where they were sitting.” And in John 3:8, John describes, “The wind blows wherever it will, and you hear the sound it makes, but do not know where it comes from and where it is going. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit." The image of wind communicates that the Holy Spirit is powerful, invisible, immaterial and sovereignly blows where he intends.9

Water

Lastly, water is also an image of the Holy Spirit. Jesus makes this explicit connection on one of the feast days of Israel. “On the last day of the feast, the greatest day, Jesus stood up and shouted out, "If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me, and let the one who believes in me drink. Just as the scripture says, `From within him will flow rivers of living water.' (Now he said this about the Spirit, whom those who believed in him were going to receive, for the Spirit had not yet been given, because Jesus was not yet glorified)” (John 7:37-39). As physical fresh water is needed for physical life, the living water of the Holy Spirit is needed for spiritual life.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Christians should not be afraid of the Holy Spirit but rather look to the Spirit for guidance and spiritual strength. The Holy Spirit is alive and active today in the lives of both believers and unbelievers.10 As Christians, we are to be eternally grateful that the Holy Spirit is our permanent indwelling companion, gifting us to serve others and empowering us to live the Christian life. He is to be respected, followed and cherished.

Discussion Questions

  1. How would you respond scripturally to someone that said that the Holy Spirit is just an impersonal force like lightening?
  2. In Psalm 51 David prayed to God to not take the Holy Spirit from him. Why did he pray this? Could God take his Holy Spirit from us today?
  3. Does God communicate to us through his Holy Spirit apart from the Bible? If so, how and how can we be sure what the message is?
  4. How should the indwelling Holy Spirit affect our daily lives?
  5. Can people perform miracles today the same way that the apostles did in the first century?
  6. How would you decide if a spiritual gift is being used in an authentic manner or not? Has some gift ever been claimed where you thought something was not biblical about it?

1 http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/wp20091101/myth-god-is-a-trinity (Accessed December 27, 2012).

2http://www.biblicalunitarian.com/articles/holy-spirit/34-reasons-why-the-holy-spirit-is-not-a-person-separate-from-the-only-true-god-the-father (Accessed December 27, 2012).

 

3 Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994), 639.

4 While some people see one gift of “pastor-teacher” here based on one Greek article in the original language it is probably better to see two separate gifts due to the fact that the words are plural and teaching is seen as a separate gift in Romans 12. See Dan Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), 284.

5 And God has placed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, gifts of healing, helps, gifts of leadership, different kinds of tongues.  Not all are apostles, are they? Not all are prophets, are they? Not all are teachers, are they? Not all perform miracles, do they? Not all have gifts of healing, do they? Not all speak in tongues, do they? Not all interpret, do they? (1 Cor 12:28-30).

6 Walvoord lists several others including “clothed with power”, oil, the earnest or pledge, the seal, and the servant Walvoord, The Holy Spirit, 18-25.

7 Walvoord, The Holy Spirit, 19.

8 One could also add though 2 Peter 1:20-21, “Above all, you do well if you recognize this: No prophecy of scripture ever comes about by the prophet’s own imagination, for no prophecy was ever borne of human impulse; rather, men carried along by the Holy Spirit spoke from God.” Here the Holy Spirit “carries along” men and the imagery may suggest a ship being powered by wind. Walvoord, The Holy Spirit, 24.

9 Walvoord, The Holy Spirit, 24.

10 For more information on the Holy Spirit today one could see Daniel B. Wallace and M. James Sawyer, eds. Who’s Afraid of the Holy Spirit? An Investigation into the Ministry of the Spirit of God Today. Dallas: Biblical Studies Press, 2005.

Related Topics: Basics for Christians, Christian Life, Discipleship, Pneumatology (The Holy Spirit), Spiritual Gifts, Spiritual Life

Lesson 81: Growing Closer to Christ (John 15:7-11)

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February 8, 2015

Every Christian longs to know Jesus Christ more intimately. The apostle Paul said that he counted everything else as rubbish so that he could know Christ (Phil. 3:7-10). Although he had been a believer for about 25 years when he wrote that, he added that he had not yet obtained his goal, but he pressed on toward the mark. If Paul still needed to grow after 25 years as a believer, then certainly we all need to work at growing closer to Jesus Christ.

That’s the topic that our Lord covers in our text on the night before He died. The overall theme is “abiding” in Him. We could call it dwelling in Him or making Him at home in our hearts. The idea is to grow closer to Christ, where we live daily in fellowship with Him. In John 15:1-5, Jesus used the analogy of the vine and the branches to teach that His true followers abide in Him and so bear much fruit. Now He fleshes out five aspects of how we can grow closer to Him:

To grow closer to Christ, abide in Him, in His word, and in prayer; live to glorify the Father by bearing fruit; abide in His love; obey His commandments; and stay focused on His joy.

1. To grow closer to Christ, abide in Him, in His word, and in prayer (John 15:7).

John 15:7: “If you abide in Me, and My words abide in you, ask whatever you wish, and it will be done for you.” We saw Jesus’ similar promise in John 14:13-14, “Whatever you ask in My name, that will I do, so that the Father may be glorified in the Son. If you ask Me anything in My name, I will do it.” To ask in Jesus’ name means to ask on the basis of who He is and what He has done for us on the cross. It assumes that we’re seeking to do His will and to promote His kingdom purposes.

In John 15:7, rather than asking in Jesus’ name, the condition that Jesus lays down is that we must abide in Him and His words must abide in us. While similar to asking in His name, the nuance is slightly different.

A. To grow closer to Christ, abide in Him.

In our last study, I cited this description of abiding in Christ (The New Scofield Reference Bible [Oxford University Press], p. 1148):

To abide in Christ is, on the one hand, to have no known sin unjudged and unconfessed, no interest into which He is not brought, no life which He cannot share. On the other hand, the abiding one takes all burdens to Him, and draws all wisdom, life, and strength from Him. It is not unceasing consciousness of these things, and of Him, but that nothing is allowed in the life which separates from Him.

Dr. James Rosscup wrote an entire book, Abiding in Christ [Zondervan]. He notes (pp. 106-126) that it includes both the concept of time and that of quality. The time factor means that this isn’t a quick fix to solve all your problems. It isn’t a remedy to pull off the shelf when things aren’t going well, only to be put back on the shelf once life is back on track. Abiding in Christ is a lifelong relationship with Him. You’re in it for the long haul.

The quality factor means that the relationship grows more intimate over the years. Just as marriage is a lifelong relationship where both partners should grow closer to one another over the years, so it should be with Christ. But as those who have been married for very long know, growing closer isn’t automatic. It requires purposefully spending time together. You have to keep working through issues that come up. If you don’t work at it, it’s easy to drift apart. The same is true of abiding in Christ. There will be times when you feel closer and times when you feel more distant. But the key is to keep coming back to Him and to keep working on your relationship with Him. You can’t put it on autopilot.

B. To grow closer to Christ, His words must abide in you.

“My words” refers to all that Jesus taught. But since all of the Old Testament was written to point to Christ (Luke 24:27, 44) and all of the New Testament points to Him, letting His words abide in us means being at home with the Bible. The primary way that Christ reveals Himself to us is not through dreams and visions, but through the written Word of God. If a dream or vision contradicts what the Bible says, then it is not from God. So if you want to grow closer to Jesus Christ, spend much time in His word, asking the Holy Spirit to reveal more of Christ to you. To grow closer to Jesus Christ, read your Bible over and over until you are at home with it.

C. To grow closer to Christ, ask and receive from Him in prayer.

Jesus says that if we abide in Him and His words abide in us, then “ask whatever you wish, and it will be done for you.” The context here is bearing fruit for His kingdom purposes. So “whatever you wish” is not a blanket promise that covers, “Lord, I wish for a million dollars! I wish for a happy, trouble-free life!” Rather, Jesus is talking about whatever we wish to help further His kingdom purposes through us.

But, as I pointed out when I spoke on John 14:13-14, these seemingly blanket promises that Jesus repeats (also, John 15:16; 16:23-24; Mark 11:24) are not easy to understand and apply, even if we limit them to prayer for His kingdom purposes. I’ve prayed for the salvation of some who died without Christ. I’ve prayed for healing for Christian marriages that ended in divorce. I’ve prayed for restoration for believers who are sinning, but they haven’t come back to Christ. In that message (12/14/14, on fcfonline.org), I offered the following thoughts on how to wrestle with this problem:

First, the tension we experience stems from the fact that we can know God’s will of desire, but we can’t know His will of decree. While God desires the sanctification of all believers (1 Thess. 4:3), He also permits sin and can even use our sins for ultimate good. Jesus prayed for Peter, not that he wouldn’t fall, but that his recovery from that fall would be used to strengthen others (Luke 22:31-32). We should pray that God would further His kingdom purposes, but we also need to submit to the fact that we don’t know His will of decree in any situation.

Second, Jesus’ promise to do whatever we ask does not negate the many Scriptures that exhort us to wait on the Lord. Jesus doesn’t say when He will do it. Paul’s longing and prayer for his fellow Jews was for their salvation (Rom. 10:1), but he never saw that prayer answered.

Third, God often accomplishes His purposes in ways that seem backwards to us. We pray for the gospel to spread, so God sends persecution. We pray for power, so God makes us weak (2 Cor. 12:9).

Fourth, we do not understand all that God is doing, so we may go to our graves not knowing why He seemingly didn’t answer our prayers. We only see a tiny fraction of what God is accomplishing in His eternal purpose. Somehow, though, He uses our prayers in that process, even when we don’t know how to pray as we should (Rom. 8:26).

But Jesus’ point in John 15:7 is that if we live closely with Him and His word governs our requests, we should be asking and receiving answers from Him on a regular basis. One of the most helpful treatments of prayer that I’ve read is that of John Calvin in The Institutes of the Christian Religion [Westminster Press]. Here is one rich quote that you can chew on for a long time (3:20:1):

But after we have been instructed by faith to recognize that whatever we need and whatever we lack is in God, and in our Lord Jesus Christ, in whom the Father willed all the fullness of his bounty to abide [cf. Col. 1:19; John 1:16] so that we may all draw from it as from an overflowing spring, it remains for us to seek in him, and in prayers to ask of him, what we have learned to be in him.

So to grow closer to Christ, abide in Him, in His word, and in prayer.

2. To grow closer to Christ, live to glorify the Father by bearing much fruit (John 15:8).

John 15:8: “My Father is glorified by this, that you bear much fruit, and so prove to be My disciples.” As we saw in our last study, the purpose for which God saved us is that we would bear much fruit. The point of planting a vineyard is not to grow pretty leaves, but to grow fruit. While God has given each of us different gifts, we are to use those gifts to bear fruit for His kingdom.

I’m not much of a gardener or botanist, but I can identify some types of trees. We were driving in Phoenix recently and I saw a tree loaded with round orange things and I concluded, “That’s an orange tree!” I’ve seen trees with round red things on them and I correctly concluded, “Those are apple trees!” You say, “Well, duh! Anyone can identify a tree by its fruit.” Yes. As I recall, Jesus said something like that (Matt. 7:20; Luke 6:44). It’s true, but it’s also kind of convicting! Someone should be able to look at your life and say, “Aha! That’s a Christian!” They should know by our fruit that we follow Jesus.

Since God saved us so that we would be fruitful for His purposes, it’s important to know what fruit is. Generally, fruit is Christlikeness produced in us as we rely on the Holy Spirit. Just as an orange tree bears oranges, not thistles, so a Christian produces Christlikeness. At the root of this is not just going to church or serving in the church or being a moral or religious person, but having Christ dwell in you through the new birth. If you haven’t trusted in Christ to save you from your sins, you can’t bear fruit in your life that glorifies Him.

I trust that you know: the chief end of man is that we glorify God and enjoy Him forever. Jesus says that we will glorify God when we bear much fruit. As others see what God produces in and through us as we live closely with the Lord Jesus, they will get a glimpse of what He is like. More specifically, when people see the fruit of the Holy Spirit, “love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control,” in us (Gal. 5:22-23), God will be glorified.

To bear fruit that glorifies God, it’s important to keep two things in mind: First, check your motives. Why do you want to bear fruit? It’s easy to fall into the trap of serving the Lord so that others will say nice things to you and about you. If you feel hurt when people don’t give you enough praise, it probably indicates that you were not serving for God’s glory, but for your own glory. Or, if you want to build an impressive ministry so that others will say, “What a great man of God!” your motives are wrong, because you’re seeking your own glory, not God’s glory.

Second, check your source of power. If you’re serving the Lord in your own strength and just asking Him for a little help now and then, you’re not serving in His power. Serving in His power doesn’t mean that you don’t work hard, but rather that you work hard as you rely on God’s power. Paul put it (Col. 1:29), “For this purpose also I labor, striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.” If you feel burned out, chances are you were serving in your power, not in God’s power.

But there’s a benefit when you glorify God by bearing fruit: Jesus says (John 15:8b) that you “so prove to be My disciples.” J. C. Ryle applies it (Expository Thoughts on the Gospels [Baker], p. 105), “Fruitfulness in Christian practice will not only bring glory to God, but will supply the best evidence to our own hearts that we are real disciples of Christ.” He means, when you see God work through you and you realize that the results are not because of your cleverness or hard work, but rather, because God worked through you, it assures your heart that you are a true disciple of Jesus Christ.

Thus, to grow closer to Christ, abide in Him and in His word, asking and receiving from Him through prayer. Live to glorify the Father by bearing much fruit.

3. To grow closer to Christ, abide in His love (John 15:9).

John 15:9: “Just as the Father has loved Me, I have also loved you; abide in My love.” What a staggering statement! Just as the Father has perfectly loved the Son throughout all eternity, never wavering in His love, so Jesus loves His people! That’s the greatest motive for why we should want to grow closer to Christ: He loves us with infinite, inexhaustible love! As the hymn puts it, “O, the deep, deep, love of Jesus!” Or as Paul puts it (Gal. 2:20), “I have been crucified with Christ; and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself up for me.”

Abiding in Christ’s love is absolutely essential if you want a genuine, fresh, and fruitful Christian life. If your experience of His love fades, His commandments will seem burdensome, serving Him will become drudgery, and you’ll become vulnerable to all sorts of temptations. Remember how the Lord confronted the church at Ephesus? They were serving Him. They were persevering under persecution. They were upholding sound doctrine. But the Lord said, (Rev. 2:4), “But I have this against you, that you have left your first love.” He was probably referring to their love for Him. But the way you keep your love for Christ fresh is to remember His great love for you. Never get over the wonder that the eternal Son of God loved you and gave Himself for you! As Paul prayed for the Ephesians (Eph. 3:17-19):

… that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith; and that you, being rooted and grounded in love, may be able to comprehend with all the saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth, and to know the love of Christ which surpasses knowledge, that you may be filled up to all the fullness of God.

But we need to think this through a bit more carefully. Often Christians doubt Christ’s love when they go through difficult trials. They mistakenly think, “If God really loved me, He wouldn’t allow these awful things to happen to me!” But Jesus says here that just as the Father loved Him, so He loves us. Did the Father’s perfect love for the Son mean that He spared Him from trials? No, He came to do the Father’s will, namely, the cross. So, does the Lord’s perfect love for you mean that He will spare you from all trials? No, because it’s usually through such trials that we come to know Him more deeply. It’s what Paul called “the fellowship of His sufferings” (Phil. 3:10). So as someone has said, “Never interpret God’s love by your circumstances; rather, interpret your circumstances by God’s love.”

4. To grow closer to Christ, obey His commandments (John 15:10).

John 15:10: “If you keep My commandments, you will abide in My love; just as I have kept My Father’s commandments and abide in His love.” Jesus doesn’t let us think that abiding in His love is just a warm, fuzzy feeling. He plainly states that to abide in His love, you must keep His commandments. The flip side is, you’re not abiding in His love if you’re living in disobedience to His commandments.

It’s relatively easy to obey the Lord when things are going well. But the test of obedience is when He takes you through difficult trials. At such times, you may not understand why these trials are happening, but like Abraham walking to Mount Moriah to sacrifice Isaac, you have to trust Him and obey.

Elisabeth Elliot lost her first husband, Jim Elliot, to Auca Indian spears. She lost her second husband, Addison Leitch, to cancer. In an address to the Urbana Missions Conference (December, 1976), she told of being in Wales and watching a shepherd and his dog. The dog would herd the sheep up a ramp and into a tank of antiseptic where they had to be bathed. The sheep struggled to climb out, but the dog would snarl and snap in their faces to force them back in. Just as they were about to come up out of the tank, the shepherd used a wooden implement to grab the rams by the horns, fling them back into the tank, and hold them under the antiseptic again for a few seconds.

Mrs. Elliot asked the shepherd’s wife if the sheep understood what was happening. She replied, “They haven’t got a clue.” Mrs. Elliot then said, “I’ve had some experiences in my life that have made me feel very sympathetic to those poor rams—I couldn’t figure out any reason for the treatment I was getting from the Shepherd I trusted. And He didn’t give a hint of explanation.” But, she pointed out, we still must trust our Shepherd and obey Him, knowing that He has our best interests at heart. It’s through obedience in times of suffering that we grow closer to our Savior, who suffered and died for us.

So, to grow closer to Christ, abide in Him, in His word, and in prayer; live to glorify the Father by bearing much fruit; abide in Christ’s love; and obey His commandments. Finally …

5. To grow closer to Christ, stay focused on His joy (John 15:11).

John 15:11: “These things I have spoken to you so that My joy may be in you, and that your joy may be made full.” If I were to ask, “What word pops into your mind when I say, ‘obedience’?” what would you say? Duty? Drudgery? Rules? No fun? What about, “joy”? What about “fullness of joy”? Jesus associates obedience with our experiencing full joy in Him (John 15:10-11). If you don’t associate obedience and fullness of joy, maybe you need to change your thinking!

It’s interesting that in John’s Gospel, the word “joy” has only been used once so far (in John 3:29 by John the Baptist). But in the upper room as Jesus faces the cross, He uses it seven times (twice here; John 16:20, 21, 22, 24; 17:13; Leon Morris, The Gospel According to John [Eerdmans], p. 674). The world can only offer joy when things are going well. It’s relatively easy to be full of joy when you have a happy marriage, beautiful children, a satisfying, well-paying job, and good health.

But it’s only those who know Christ who can say (Rom. 5:3), “We exult in our tribulations”; or (James 1:3), “Consider it all joy, my brethren, when you encounter various trials”; or (1 Pet. 4:13), “To the degree that you share the sufferings of Christ, keep on rejoicing, so that also at the revelation of His glory you may rejoice with exultation.” This doesn’t mean putting on a happy face when you’re hurting inside. Hebrews 12:11 realistically says that God’s discipline for the moment does not seem joyful, but sorrowful. The Bible acknowledges that there is a time for tears and grieving (Rom. 12:15; 1 Thess. 4:13; John 11:35). But John Newton said it well (“Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken”):

Fading is the world’s best pleasure,
All its boasted pomp and show;
Solid joys and lasting treasure
None but Zion’s children know.

Conclusion

I want you to think about your relationship with Christ. If you don’t have one, you can begin by coming to the cross as a repentant sinner and believing in His death and resurrection for you. If your love for Jesus has grown lukewarm or cold, get back into His Word and prayer this week. Make it a daily priority. Make it your aim to live to glorify the Father by bearing much fruit. Dwell in Christ’s love; obey His commandments; and stay focused on His joy. These are Christ’s prescription for you to grow closer to Him.

Application Questions

  1. Someone says, “I tried reading the Bible, but I didn’t get anything out of it.” How would you help him?
  2. How can you know whether you’re trusting in God’s power or your own power when you’re serving Him? Does burn out mean that you weren’t trusting in His power?
  3. Why is a person who is not abiding in Christ’s love more vulnerable to temptation than one who feels His love?
  4. What does it mean to be “sorrowful, yet always rejoicing” (2 Cor. 6:10)? Where is the balance between joy and sadness?

Copyright, Steven J. Cole, 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture Quotations are from the New American Standard Bible, Updated Edition © The Lockman Foundation

Related Topics: Christian Life

The Phantom Heresy: Did the Council of Ephesus (431) Condemn Chiliasm?

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Introduction

One popular Catholic apologetic resource states, “As far as the millennium goes, we [Catholics] tend to agree with Augustine and, derivatively, with the amillennialists… . In the 1940s the Holy Office judged that premillennialism ‘cannot safely be taught,’ though the Church has not dogmatically defined this issue.”1 On the other hand, one writer commenting on the history of millennial thought notes, “Following Augustine, the Church had long believed that the reign of the saints foretold by Revelation was already in operation through its own good offices, and shown little enthusiasm for the idea that Christ would return imminently to set up an earthly kingdom: indeed, the Council of Ephesus declared such a belief heretical in 431.”2 The problem here should be immediately evident. Did the Council of Ephesus in A.D. 431 condemn Chiliasm as heresy or not? Surely, the truth of the matter must lie somewhere between “the Church has not dogmatically defined this issue” and “the Council of Ephesus declared such a belief heretical.”

The Phantom Heresy: Two Traditions

The student of the history of millennialism will soon learn that two separate traditions regarding this issue are currently being propounded. The oldest tradition of writers on the history of millennialism appears to be ignorant of any alleged condemnation of Chiliasm in any official and dogmatic capacity in early Christian history.3 Any mention of an official condemnation at the Council of Ephesus is conspicuously missing from what appear to be otherwise thorough works on the history of millennialism.4 Although D. T. Taylor suggests that Pope Damasus “formally denounced Chiliasm” at Rome in A.D. 373, he refers to no condemnation by the third ecumenical council.5 Likewise, D. H. Kromminga makes no mention of the alleged condemnation in his standard work on millennialism, but rather describes a “gradual subsidence of chiliasm in the ancient church,” and writes, “Of suppressive efforts against chiliasm no trace appears.”6 C. Cooper notes, “From the third to the fifth centuries Chiliasm was vigorously fought and ruthlessly put down, although it was not officially declared a heresy. It was all really rather awkward, because previously nearly everybody of note had been a Chiliast… . Between Chiliasm and the charge of heresy stands the canonization of Justin the Martyr and Irenaeus.”7 In another work on the history of millenarianism, under a subsection entitled “The Church Turns Against Millenarians,” Michael St. Clair makes no indication of any condemnation at the Council of Ephesus.8 Finally, Frederic J. Baumgartner appears to be in utter ignorance of any official condemnation at Ephesus when he writes, “The solution to millennial anxiety offered by Augustine of Hippo quickly became the accepted one for Latin Christianity, while by 400, for the Greek Church, more concerned with disputes over Christ’s nature, the absence of Donatism reduced the sense of millennial urgency.”9

On the other hand, a newer tradition, since the late 1950s, alleges that the third ecumenical council of Ephesus did, in fact condemn millennialism in some fashion. Norman Cohn writes, “This [view of Augustine] at once became orthodox doctrine, and so definitively that in 431 the Council of Ephesus condemned belief in the Millennium as a superstitious aberration.”10 Similarly, Robert Clouse states, “This doctrine [of Augustine] was so fully accepted that at the Council of Ephesus in 431, belief in the millennium was condemned as superstition.”11 Peter Toon, progressing in tone from condemnation as simply a “superstitious aberration” to nearly a charge of heresy, writes, “This teaching [of Augustine] soon became accepted as orthodoxy and has in general been so regarded in both Catholic and Protestant Churches ever since the Council of Ephesus in 431 condemned belief in a literal, future millennium as superstition” and “[T]he Council of Ephesus in 431 accepted amillennialism as orthodox eschatological teaching.”12 By 2001 Andrew Bradstock claims, “[T]he Council of Ephesus declared such a belief [that Christ would return imminently to set up an earthly kingdom] heretical in 431.”13

Chasing the Heresy Down the Hole

A perusal of works on the history of the ecumenical councils and the Council of Ephesus in particular reveals that a condemnation of Chiliasm is far from obvious and certainly not in the category of common knowledge, as would be, say, the condemnation of Arius at Nicea.14 In fact, a reading of the primary sources available on the Council of Ephesus reveals little more than the Nestorian controversies and its ecclesiastical effects.15

Moreover, when one attempts to start with the various secondary sources that make mention of a condemnation of Chiliasm by the Council of Ephesus and work backwards to the primary source, one is disappointed by what is ultimately found. In 2001, Stanley Grenz and John R. Franke refer to “the condemnation of premillennialism at the Council of Ephesus in 431 C.E.”16 Although they cite no primary or secondary source for this statement in particular,17 the authors do rely on other secondary sources in this chapter that make the same claim: Peter Toon’s “Introduction” to Puritans, the Millennium and the Future of Israel18 and Stan Grenz’s Millennial Maze.19 In the same year, Andrew Bradstock claims that the Council of Ephesus declared Chiliasm “heretical.”20

Bradstock himself relies on an earlier secondary source, that of Richard Kyle, who writes in 1998, “In 431 the Council of Ephesus condemned as superstition the belief in a literal millennium.”21 Kyle apparently relies on Paul Boyer’s work of 1992 in which he asserts, “With the condemnation of millennialism by the Council of Ephesus in 431, Augustine’s views became orthodoxy.”22 Boyer relies on Peter Toon (“Introduction,” 1970) as his own secondary source for this assertion.

Stanley Grenz, in his popular and influential work, The Millennial Maze, appears to rely upon both Peter Toon’s 1970 work and an earlier book by Norman Cohn (1957) when he writes that at Ephesus the church “condemned as superstition the belief in a literal, future thousand-year reign on the earth.”23

In 1977, in his introduction to a widely-read book on the subject of the millennium, Robert G. Clouse states, “His [Augustine’s] teaching was so fully accepted that at the Council of Ephesus in 431, belief in the millennium was condemned as superstitious.”24 For this statement Clouse relies upon Peter Toon (“Introduction,” 1970).

Although several authors above relied on Peter Toon’s assertion in 1970 that “the Council of Ephesus in 431 condemned belief in a literal, future millennium as superstition,”25 Toon himself relied upon the original 1957 edition of a work by Norman Cohn entitled The Pursuit of the Millennium, in which he wrote, “This [view of Augustine] at once became orthodox doctrine, and so definitively that in 431 the Council of Ephesus condemned belief in the Millennium as a superstitious aberration.”26 It is this same 1957 first edition that Robert Clouse relied upon in a 1968 article in which he states in similar terms, “This doctrine [of Augustine] was so fully accepted that at the Council of Ephesus in 431, belief in the millennium was condemned as superstition.”27

Norman Cohn’s 1957 and 1961 editions of his Pursuit of the Millennium both contain this same assertion.28 In those books, Cohn refers to a 1904 work in French by Léon Gry. In Gry’s work on the history of millennialism, he writes regarding the eventual unfavorable opinion towards Chiliasm: “On ne parlat pas autrement au Concile d’Ephèse de 431.”29 In a footnote at this point, he explains, “Au Concile d’Ephèse, les Orientaux posèrent cette question à saint Cyrille: «Num iterum erit secundum revolutionem et naturae consequentiam dispensationis opus, juxta deliramenta, fabulosique mille annorum infausti Apollinarii dogmata?»” Gry thus uses the original Latin quotation to illustrate the attitude toward the notion of a thousand year reign among the Eastern bishops, not bothering to inform indicate what Cyril’s answer to the question was.30 He is not asserting that the Council at large was making an official condemnation of the doctrine. Cohn apparently realizes this by the time he publishes in 1970 the revised and expanded edition of his Pursuit, for the reference to the condemnation at the Council of Ephesus is conspicuously missing.31

Finally, what of the Latin source quoted by Gry in his footnote? This original source is not easy to track down,32 but an examination of the context in which the passage is found reveals that the question posed by the Eastern bishops to Cyril is not indicative of any sort of official condemnation of Chiliasm at the Council of Ephesus. In fact, the context of the question as well as the failure of Cyril to even respond to the matter of Chiliasm makes this clear.33 Yet it was not Gry’s contention that Ephesus officially condemned Chiliasm. Rather, he was demonstrating the attitude of the Eastern bishops concerning the concept of the earthly millennium in the early fifth century. This is likely why it appears that Cohn’s misunderstanding or mistranslation of the comments by Gry was subsequently—though quietly and justifiably—corrected by him in his later edition.

As can be seen from the reconstruction of the history of the claim that the Council of Ephesus condemned Chiliasm in 431, the original source records no such condemnation, anathema, decree, or declaration. Cohn appears to have misunderstood or mistranslated his source in Gry (or failed to check Labbe directly!) and made the false assertion in his 1957 and 1961 editions of The Pursuit of the Millennium, but, apparently being corrected of his error, removed the statement from his 1970 edition. However, by then it was too late, for already others who had relied on the earlier editions were doomed to repeat the error without consulting either Gry or, more importantly, Labbe. Having been made by able scholars with a far-reaching influence in popular volumes, this error has now reproduced itself at the popular level with no hope for restraint.34

Implications and Conclusion

The purpose of this article was twofold. First, by tracing the error to its source, I have attempted to counter the assertion that the Council of Ephesus condemned Chiliasm in A.D. 431. In light of the conclusions of this article, any continued assertion of this nature must satisfy a weighty burden of proof with reference to primary source evidence. Given the plentitude of untranslated, unedited, or perhaps even presently non-extant material on this subject, the case will of course never be finally closed. Nevertheless the burden of proof has been re-shifted to those who maintain an official ecumenical condemnation of Chiliasm.

Second, this article has illustrated a methodological problem to which all researchers and writers are prone. The temptation is always great to “trust” a secondary source when we believe that author to be quoting a primary source accurately, or to have done the right work in the primary sources to authorize a claim, or to simply have enough expertise in a particular area of study to be free from gross inaccuracies. I may add that all of us have likely succumbed to this temptation at times, especially under the pressure of deadlines. However, if proper methods of source verification are not followed, it is wisest to simply leave out the minor point that has not been corroborated. I suspect, though, that the phantom condemnation of Chiliasm at Ephesus is not an isolated occurrence, but that our fields of research may be riddled with similar shortcuts leading to unwitting inaccuracies and errors.

Yet few errors of scholarship are as literally damning as the alleged condemnation of Chiliasm at the ecumenical Council of Ephesus in A.D. 431. For the growing number of evangelicals who take seriously the authority of the Tradition of the church, its rule of faith, and the expression of these in especially the first four ecumenical councils,35 an assertion that one of those councils has condemned a particular doctrine is a serious and sobering charge. Naturally, one may be tempted to consider whether the proliferation of the unwarranted assertion of an early ecumenical condemnation of Chiliasm is sometimes motivated by a present-day anti-premillennialism that unconsciously wishes the early church had universally condemned Chiliasm after all.

Nay, it seems both ancient and contemporary orthodoxy will still need to make room for premillennialists.


1 Available online at http://www.catholic.com/library/rapture.asp, accessed April 4, 2002. The pronouncement by the Holy Office referred to therein occurred in July of 1944 in answer to the following question: “Quid sentiendum de systemate Millenarismi mitigati, docentis scilicet Christum Dominum ante finale iudicium, sive praevia sive non praevia plurium iustorum resurrectione, visibiliter in hanc terram regnandi causa esse venturum?” The response to the question, confirmed by Pope Pius XII, was short and direct: “Systema Millenarismi mitigati tuto doceri non posse,” i.e., “A mild millennial system is not able to be taught safely” (Henricus Denzinger, ed., Enchiridion Symbolorum: Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum, 36th emended ed., ed. Adolfus Schönmetzer [Freiburg: Herder, 1976], 759). What is meant by “mitigated” or “mild” millennialism and by the qualifier “safely” renders the official answer ambiguous.

2 Andrew Bradstock, “Millenarianism in the Reformation and the English Revolution,” in Christian Millenarianism: From the Early Church to Waco, ed. Stephen Hunt (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2001), 77

3 Indeed, apart from isolated papal or magisterial opinions as in note 1 above, the first “official” and “dogmatic” condemnation of Chiliasm appears to be that of the Lutheran Augsburg confession of 1530, when the notion of an earthly kingdom was condemned in the following terms: “They condemn others also, who now scatter Jewish opinions, that, before the resurrection of the dead, the godly shall occupy the kingdom of the world, the wicked being every where suppressed” (Damnant et alios, qui nunc spargunt Judaicas opiniones, quod ante resurrectionem mortuorum pii regnum mundi occupaturi sint, ubique oppressis impiis). Original Latin and English translation are taken from Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom with A History and Critical Notes, vol. 3, The Evangelical Protestant Creeds, with Translations, 4th ed. rev. and enlarged, Bibliotheca Symbolica Ecclesiae Universalis (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1877; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1977), 18. Following suit, Bullinger’s Second Helvetic (Swiss) Confession of 1566 condemns “Jewish dreams that there will be a golden age on earth before the Day of Judgment, and that the pious, having subdued all their godless enemies, will possess all the kingdoms of the earth” (Damnamus praeterea Judaica somnia, quod ante judicii diem aureum in terries sit futuram seculum, et pii regna mundi occupaturi, oppressis suis hostibus impiis) (Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, 3: 257).

4 Cf. Brian E. Daley, The Hope of the Early Church: A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

5 D. T. Taylor, The Voice of the Church on the Coming and Kingdom of the Redeemer; or, A History of the Doctrine of the Reign of Christ on Earth, rev. and ed. H. L. Hastings (Peace Dale, RI: H. L. Hastings, 1855), 115.

6 D. H. Kromminga, The Millennium in the Church: Studies in the History of Christian Chiliasm (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1945), 102, 113.

7 C. Cooper, “Chiliasm and the Chiliasts,” Reformed Theological Review 29 (1970): 12.

8 Michael J. St. Clair, Millenarian Movements in Historical Context (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992), 85-87.

9 Frederic J. Baumgartner, Longing for the End: A History of Millennialism in Western Civilization (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 47.

10 Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Messianism in Medieval and Reformation Europe and Its Bearing on Modern Totalitarian Movements (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), 14

11 Robert Clouse, “The Apocalyptic Interpretation of Thomas Brightman and Joseph Mede,” Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society 11 (1968): 182.

12 Peter Toon, “Introduction,” in Puritans, the Millennium and the Future of Israel: Puritan Eschatology 1600 to 1660 (Cambridge, MA: James Clarke, 1970), 14, 17.

13 Bradstock, “Millenarianism in the Reformation,” 77.

14 Cf. Adhemar d’Alles, Le dogma d’Éphèse (Paris: Gabriel Beauchesne, 1931); Leo Donald Davis, The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology, Theology and Life Series, no. 21 (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1987).

15 More thorough translations of the primary texts include James Chrystal, ed. and trans., The Third World Council, That Is, The Third Council of the Whole Christian World, East and West, Which Was Held A.D. 431 at Ephesus in Asia, 3 vols., Authoritative Christianity (Jersey City, NJ: James Chrystal, 1895); and A. J. Festugi, Les Actes des Conciles d’Éphèse (431) et Chalcédoine (451): Première traduction française, Textes Dossiers Documents, ed. Charles Kannengiesser (Paris: Gabriel Beauchesne, 1982).

16 Stanley Grenz and John R. Franke, Beyond Foundationalism: Shaping Theology in a Postmodern Context (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001), 242.

17 The authors appear to present the statement as if it were common knowledge.

18 Toon, “Introduction,” 14, 17

19 Stanley J. Grenz, The Millennial Maze: Sorting Out Evangelical Options (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1992), 44.

20 Bradstock, “Millenarianism in the Reformation,” 77.

21 Richard Kyle, The Last Days are Here Again: A History of the End Times (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998), 39.

22 Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture, Studies in Cultural History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 49.

23 Stanley J. Grenz, The Millennial Maze: Sorting Out Evangelical Options (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1992), 44

24 Robert G. Clouse, “Introduction,” in The Meaning of the Millennium: Four Views, ed. Robert G. Clouse (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1977), 9.

25 Toon, “Introduction,” 14, 17.

26 Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium (1957), 14.

27 Clouse, “The Apocalyptic Interpretation,” 182.

28 Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Messianism in Medieval and Reformation Europe and Its Bearing on Modern Totalitarian Movements, 2d ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), 14

29 Léon Gry, Le Millénarisme dans ses origenes et son développement (Paris: A. Picard, 1904), 106-107

30 Those familiar with the proceedings at Ephesus will immediately realize the problems with reading Gry and concluding that he is referring to an official condemnation of Chiliasm. Most Eastern bishops were at odds with Cyril throughout the whole council and were not reconciled until after the proceedings. Any question posed to Cyril by the Eastern bishops would not have been to establish the dogmatic and universally-binding opinion on the matter.

31 Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Messianism and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages, rev. and exp. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 29. Any excision from an “expanded” edition ought to attract attention, though it did not seem to have had much of an effect on those who have continued to repeat the allegation of the 431 condemnation based on the 1957 or 1961 editions.

32 I must at this point extend tremendous gratitude to Amanda Saville of the Queens College Library in Oxford, U.K. and my longtime friend and sometimes research assistant, Jason Lina, as well as the staff at Southern Methodist University’s Bridwell Library for their gracious assistance in my pursuit of the original Latin volumes containing the passage cited by Gry. This work would have been impossible to complete without their assistance.

33 Philippe Labbe and Gabriel Cossart, ed., Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta, 16 vols. (Lutetiae Parisiorum: Societatis typographicae Librorum Ecclesiasticorum jussu Regis constitutae, 1671-72), 3: col. 834-37. The questions posed to Cyril in challenge of his third anathema focused on the divine and human natures of Christ. I will quote the passage at length here to set forth the Eastern bishops’ barrage of questions preceding the final question excerpted by Gry: “Quomodo igitur, quasi oblitus suorum verborum, ad unam hypostasin cogit, naturas confundens, naturalem divinam unitionem nominans? Et quis unquam admittet naturalem divinam unitionem in sacramento dispensationis? Si enim naturalis unitio, ubi gratia? Ubi divinum sacramentum? Naturae enim, ut edocti sumus, semel ab ordinante Deo ordinatae, necessariis consequentiis serviunt. Num etiam iterum erit secundum revolutionem & naturae consequentiam dispensationis opus juxta deliramenta, fabulosaque mille annorum infausti Apollinarii dogmata?” In Cyril’s defense of the Anathema against the Eastern bishops’ objection, he makes no mention of Apollinarius’s Chiliasm, focusing his discussion entirely on the Christological issues at hand. Certainly, there was no official condemnation of Chiliasm in this passage and the opinions of Eastern bishops especially held no authority at the synod.

34 An examination of both professional and amateur internet web sites will reveal the pervasiveness of the assertion. For just a sampling, see http://www.preteristarchive.com/StudyArchive/pc_millennial-reign.html; http:// www.christinyou.net/millennium.html; http://latter-rain.com/escha/millen.htm; http://www.religion-online.org/cgi-bin/relsearchd.dll/showchapter?chapter_id=141; http://www.bostontheological.org/colloquium/bts/btsrichardson.htm; Allen http://w3fp.arizona.edu/mesassoc/Bulletin/Pres%20Addresses/ Stowasser.htm.

35 Cf., for example, D. H. Williams, Retrieving the Tradition and Renewing Evangelicalism: A Primer for Suspicious Protestants (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999) for a contemporary expression of this movement.

Related Topics: Eschatology (Things to Come), History

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