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Update on Preserving the Word of God: The Hazards of Shooting an Oversized Majuscule

On June 17, 2009, a two-person team from the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (J. D. Lemming and Dan Wallace) began shooting a large majuscule at the world-renown Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (Bavarian State Library; a.k.a. the BSB) in Munich. To do this job we used the Graz Traveller’s Conservation Copy Stand™, on loan to CSNTM from the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster. (Thanks are especially due to Martin Fassnacht and Ulrich Schmid for working out the collaboration between INTF and CSNTM, and for Martin joining us for the first two days in Munich to help us do the work.) We drove to Munich from Münster, screaming down the Autobahn in a packed-to-the-brim Mercedes Benz ‘Combi’—that is, uh, um… a station wagon. Over 200 kph, whizzing by the police without any feelings of guilt whatsoever. I love Germany.

We worked at the BSB for a week, after spending three weeks in Münster and four days in England. We were able to take over 2700 pictures of manuscripts at the BSB in five days. The digitization staff is top drawer, with state-of-the-art equipment. Profound thanks go to Mr. James Potalsky and his staff for their hospitality, kindness, assistance, and professionalism.

The Traveller’s Conservation Copy Stand™ is a marvel. It’s designed to photograph manuscripts, folds up into its own suitcase, and the complete ensemble weighs less than 50 lbs. It comes with laser lights, two light panels, a fixed cradle, Plexiglas and mylar for shooting pages with deep valleys, a pedal for taking the shot which also frees up the hands, etc.

The Copy Stand with a Normal-sized Manuscript

But there are a few problems with the Copy Stand, among them a short travel between the lens and the manuscript page. That is to say, with larger manuscripts a 50mm lens will not have enough of a wide angle to take in the whole page of text to be photographed. With Gregory-Aland 0142, we found this to be the case.

A word about Gregory-Aland 0142 is in order. This manuscript was written on parchment, produced in the tenth century. It contains 381 leaves (or 762 pages) of text, with extra leaves at the front and back of the book. The contents are Acts, the general letters, Paul’s letters, and Hebrews. The reason it is 762 pages long is because it includes commentary—and the commentators did not have the gift of brevity! It is one of only about 320 known majuscule NT manuscripts (i.e., manuscripts written with capital letters; these were produced during the first millennium CE), and belongs to an even rarer class of majuscule manuscripts that contain Acts, the general letters, Paul, or Hebrews (only 100 such manuscripts). Of these Acts/Catholic letters/Paul (including Hebrews in the manuscripts) majuscule manuscripts, only 19 others have at least portions of both Acts–Catholic letters, and Paul. Most are incomplete, but Gregory-Aland 0142 is largely complete, with all or most of the text from Acts, Paul’s letters, Hebrews, and the Catholic letters.

CSNTM has used its own tripod system for photographing manuscripts, which requires extensive training in order to reach maximum efficiency. But for the Munich trip, we collaborated with INTF and used their Copy Stand. With the tripod system, we have no problem shooting large manuscripts. The camera can go back several feet from the manuscript page, allowing us to photograph even the largest of manuscripts. But the tripod system is significantly slower than the Copy Stand approach, and we didn’t have the time to shoot this manuscript by our traditional means.

The Copy Stand with an Over-sized Manuscript

As I mentioned, the Copy Stand did not have enough travel to allow a 50mm macro lens to capture the whole page of this large manuscript. We had to think quickly about how to solve the problem. We decided to go to the best photography store in Munich and purchased a 30mm lens. This is a wide-angle lens that can capture the whole page of a very large manuscript with plenty of room to spare. The only problem is that it doesn’t come with a macro feature, which enables the camera to focus when closer than 40 cm. (I understand that no 30mm lenses have macro capability.) So, we had to keep the camera a good distance from the manuscript. The only problem with this was that now the manuscript looked rather tiny in the picture, taking up less than half of the space on the screen. This would mean that we would have to crop each picture for it to look normal. But it also means that we would get half the resolution that our cameras can give us because half of the picture was simply the black background.

We proceeded with the knowledge that every one of the nearly 800 pictures would have to be manually cropped. But as we started to shoot this massive manuscript—which measures about 32 cm by 24 cm, and is thus just a bit smaller than Codex Alexandrinus---we found another challenge. The manuscript was so heavy (it’s nearly 10 cm thick---without the covers) that the natural counter-balance of the Copy Stand was not enough. Like a see-saw, the manuscript was the fat kid on one end and he was using his weight! One of the BSB staff found what felt and looked like a large block of lead. We placed it on the other end of the Copy Stand to give the equipment some stability. It did the trick.

Then there was the problem of the light panels. They are cocked so as to fill shadows on normal-sized manuscripts. But with an oversized manuscript, the corners of each page can end up being outside the range of the lights and thus in the dark. An oval ring of light was cast on the text, but the corners were left out. If we moved the camera closer, we would lose focus; farther away, we would cast the corners into outer darkness. Shooting the manuscript posed a constant battle between the Skylla of black and the Charybda of blurriness.

As we worked through the manuscript, the inevitable hills and valleys that mar the landscape of parchment manuscripts began to take shape. And, of course, there is the bowing of the leaves into the spine as the book was flipped through its pages. Shooting codex manuscripts poses three special challenges: the beginning of the manuscript, the end of the manuscript, and the middle of the manuscript. Usually the easiest part to shoot is the first third of the recto (right-side) pages and the last third of the verso (left-side) pages. But shooting the end of the recto or beginning of the verso can often be tricky, in no small measure due to the all-too-tight rebinding of the manuscript, usually done centuries after it was written. The middle as well creates the problem of a sudden drop-off toward the spine if the manuscript is opened too widely. But if it is not opened enough, material on the inner margin cannot be captured. Another Skylla and Charybdis!

As always, CSNTM’s first order of business is to protect the manuscript at all costs. But in situations like this, the quality of the images may be impaired by this first principle. The pictures may not be great, but the manuscript is protected. Yet we still try to achieve good quality pictures that are easy to read and aesthetically pleasing. If the page is rather bulbous because of a tight binding, we have to increase the f-stop in order to capture everything in focus. Our EOS 1Ds Mark III Canon cameras have an f-stop as high as f-32. That gives us significant flexibility in shooting bowed pages and enables us to capture text in inner margins. But with the 30mm non-Canon lens that we needed to use to shoot 0142, the f-stop only went up to f-16. And with the page at a greater distance than we like it to be, the problem of getting in-focus shots of the whole page each time became quadrupled.

These problems are just the tip of the iceberg of what we had to deal with. The further the manuscript was from the camera, the more difficult it became to make sure that it was straight and that all four corners were the same (or close to the same) distance from the camera lens plane. Usually, the hazards of trapezoidal images (i.e., when a rectangular page looks like a trapezoid because the page is not completely parallel to the focal plane) are problems especially for tripod photography, but even the Copy Stand has issues with this with larger manuscripts. In the end, even though we were able to photograph every page with clarity and sufficient focus for readability, the distance of the page from the lens was so great that keeping the trapezoidal hazard in check was not always an issue in my mind. The result was poor quality images that are not up to CSNTM’s standards. We will be returning to Munich to shoot the manuscript again though, this time either with a better wide-angle lens or with our tried and true tripod system. Either way, the job will get done and will get done right.

To learn more about the work of CSNTM, please visit www.csntm.org. Tens of thousands of images of New Testament manuscripts are posted here, with much more to come.

Related Topics: History, Textual Criticism

Regla de carpintero que cuenta la historia

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Kurt Jarvis tiene una manera increíble de contar la historia bíblica con un gobernante de carpintero.

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As Quatro Orações Transformadoras de Paulo

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I. Efésios 1:17-19a

Peço que o Deus de nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo, o glorioso Pai, vos dê um espírito de sabedoria e de revelação, no pleno conhecimento dele. Oro também para que os olhos do vosso coração sejam iluminados, a fim de que conheçais a esperança para a qual Ele vos chamou, as riquezas da gloriosa herança dele nos santos e a incomparável grandeza do Seu poder para connosco, os que cremos...

II. Efésios 3:16-19

Oro para que, com as Suas gloriosas riquezas, Ele [o Pai] vos fortaleça no íntimo do Seu ser com poder, por meio do Seu Espírito, para que Cristo habite nos vossos corações mediante a fé; e oro para que vós, arraigados e alicerçados em amor, possam, juntamente com todos os santos, compreender a largura, o comprimento, a altura e a profundidade, e conhecer o amor de Cristo que excede todo o conhecimento, para que sejais cheios de toda a plenitude de Deus.

III. Filipenses 1:9-11

Esta é a minha oração: que o vosso amor aumente cada vez mais em conhecimento e em toda a percepção, para discernirdes o que é melhor, a fim de serdes puros e irrepreensíveis até o dia de Cristo, cheios do fruto da justiça, fruto que vem por meio de Jesus Cristo, para glória e louvor de Deus.

IV. Colossenses 1:9b-12

[Peço] que sejais cheios do pleno conhecimento da vontade de Deus, com toda a sabedoria e entendimento espiritual. E isso para que vivais de maneira digna do Senhor e em tudo possais agradá-lo, frutificando em toda a boa obra, crescendo no conhecimento de Deus e sendo fortalecidos com todo o poder, de acordo com a força da Sua glória, para que tenhais toda a perseverança e paciência com alegria, dando graças ao Pai, que nos tornou dignos de participar da herança dos santos no reino da luz.

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1. The Reward Of The Cross: When Dying Is Gain (Phil. 1:12-26)

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I don’t suppose anyone reading this has been on death row. It’s hard to imagine what it might actually be like - when all the appeals have been heard, even to the highest court of the land, and now you’re just sitting there day after day waiting for the verdict. That was Paul’s circumstance when he wrote his letter to the Philippians.

The subject of this passage is, “Magnifying Christ in adverse circumstances.” The central purpose of the Christian life is to be the presence of Christ on earth and we fulfill that purpose by magnifying Christ no matter what, by life or by death - that’s a summary of the teaching of this passage, which I have titled: “When dying is gain.” No matter what, by death or by life, Paul says, we must present Christ so that He is magnified in us before the world.

If you wonder how you can magnify Christ no matter what, understand first that...

I. We Can Magnify Christ Despite Our Personal Circumstances (1:12-20)

Paul’s personal circumstances, at the time of writing this epistle, were abominable. He was imprisoned awaiting the verdict of his trial. Prison then wasn’t like ours today – no TV and three hot meals. For Paul it meant being chained in a dark, damp, cold cavern. Yet, despite such ugly and depressing circumstances, Paul could say “that what has happened to me has really served to advance the gospel” (1:12). How could he rejoice in such circumstances, not knowing whether he would live or die for his faith?

The answer is that he could rejoice despite his circumstances because circumstances didn’t determine his outlook. What determined his outlook was whether Christ was magnified. And the reality was that, even in prison, through his ministry, (1) the prison guards were responding positively to the gospel (1:13), and (2) the Christians in Philippi, who previously were timid about their faith, had become bold in their proclamation of the gospel when they saw Paul’s example (1:14).

Yes, there were those who preached the gospel of Christ insincerely, “from envy and rivalry” (1:15a) but others preached “from good will” (1:15b), being emboldened by Paul’s example, “knowing that I am put here for the defense of the gospel” (1:16). That there were those who “proclaimed Christ out of selfish ambition, not sincerely but thinking to afflict me in my imprisonment” (1:17) did not discourage Paul. Rather, it encouraged him that “whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is proclaimed” (1:18a). Paul wasn’t endorsing the attitude of those who preached Christ out of envy and rivalry, but he looked beyond their motives to the end result, namely that “Christ is proclaimed.” For Paul, the proclamation of Christ undoubtedly embraces the truth about Christ’s person, his life, his teaching, and his works, central to which is Christ’s work of redemption. Indeed, this was the whole purpose and focus of Paul’s ministry, to make known the manifold riches of Christ, which were most supremely shown out at the cross.

“And in that I rejoice. Yes, and I will rejoice” (1:18b), Paul says. He rejoiced in all that God was sovereignly accomplishing through him in the spread of the gospel even in such adverse circumstances as his imprisonment, and even though some people preached Christ insincerely. Paul’s overriding goal was to magnify Christ no matter what, by life or by death, which at its core meant being conformed to Christ not only in his life but also in his death, the reality of which Paul was facing at that very moment.

This is the model of the Christian life and ministry - to be confident in God no matter what our circumstances, to be glad in Christ no matter what our circumstances, to be positive that God is alive and still in control no matter what our circumstances may be.

It’s so easy for us to think that God has abandoned us when our circumstances are depressing, hurtful, gloomy. Paul could have given up when he was cast into prison. He could have concluded that his life for God was over. But instead, he just went to work for Christ in the prison and God used him mightily for the advancement of the gospel (1:12-13) and for the empowerment of the Christians in that city (1:14).

We don’t know what God is going to do through us. We only see the present; we can’t know the future. So, let’s be very careful about jumping to conclusions about our circumstances and questioning “where is God in all this?” God is at work whether we can see it or not. Our calling is to magnify Christ no matter what, by life or by death.

How do you deal with adverse circumstances? When things don’t go your way, when ill health strikes, when you lose your job, when your spouse abandons you? Can you say that you still magnify Christ no matter what? That’s what the Christian life and calling is about. But, you ask, how can we do that? Where do we find the strength? What’s our assurance? Paul gives three reasons why and how we can magnify Christ despite our personal circumstances…

1. Because we can have full confidence in the prayers of Christ’s people (1:18b-19). Though Paul did not know what his future prospects were – whether he would be set free from prison or executed – nonetheless, he says, 18b Yes, and I will rejoice, 19 for I know that through your prayers and the help of the Spirit of Jesus Christ this will turn out for my deliverance” (1:18b-19).

Paul knows that Christian people were praying for him. That’s why he is absolutely confident that all of his circumstances would turn out for his deliverance (cf. Ps. 34:3-6), whether that means physical deliverance from prison or moral deliverance from his accusers through God's vindication of his life and faith. Like Job, Paul is adamant in his trust in God (Job 13:15-16). “He will deliver me from this present circumstance. He will prove that my manner of life and ministry are true. No matter what others say or how it turns out in the end. He will vindicate me.”

God responds to the united prayers of his people: 19a …through your prayers…this will turn out for my deliverance.” That’s why we pray for those who need deliverance - deliverance from economic slumps, from relational breakdowns, from spiritual attacks, from physical ailments, from false accusations, from persecution, or whatever other circumstances they may face. When God's people pray, you can have full confidence that God will intervene in your circumstances to sustain you, encourage you, and deliver you – physically or spiritually or both.

Prayer is our moral, emotional, spiritual, and, sometimes, physical lifeline. When God's people pray, our souls are nourished, our spirits are lifted, our hearts are refreshed, our hopes are reinforced, our faith is strengthened. For we know that God responds in dynamic ways to the fervent, united prayers of his people. I’m not saying that things will always be pleasant or the way we want them. But God is always there for us, whether in deliverance or sustenance.

So often we want to keep our troubles to ourselves. That’s part of North American culture particularly – self-sufficiency, independence. But that’s not the teaching of the New Testament. In fact, Paul himself frequently asked for the prayerful intercession of God's people, that he might be faithful amidst opposition (2 Cor. 1:8-11), that his ministry would be effective (Col. 4:3), that he might be bold in proclaiming the gospel (Eph. 6:18-20). We need the prayers of God's people. When my wife and I travel overseas we are very aware of the prayers of Christian friends here at home for us. That sustains us, protects us, empowers us, enables us to do what we do.

First, then, we can magnify Christ despite our personal circumstances because we can have full confidence in the prayers of Christ’s people. And, second, we can magnify Christ despite our personal circumstances...

2. Because we can have full confidence in the provision of Christ’s Spirit (1:19). “I know that through your prayers and the help of the Spirit of Jesus Christ this will turn out for my deliverance (1:19). On the human side, God's people pray, and on God’s side, he supplies to us “the Spirit of Jesus Christ.” The two go together - the intercessory prayers of God's people and the empowering provision of God's Spirit. There is a mysterious relationship between the efficacy of our prayers and God's responsive action. There is this inexplicable interplay between human agency and divine intervention in sustaining and empowering us no matter what our circumstances may be. How can it be that we pray and somehow influence a God who knows the end from the beginning and who is unchanging? I don’t know how that works, but I know it is true.

Paul was confident that the Spirit of God would teach him what to say (cf. Jn. 14:26), give him boldness of speech when he stands trial, and enable him to face the verdict whatever that might be. In like manner, we can have confidence that when God's people pray, God supplies us with the Spirit of Jesus Christ to enable us to remain true to him despite circumstances, to sustain us and empower us to keep on living for him, to break down the opposition of our enemies, to effect our spiritual, emotional, physical, and psychological protection and sustenance when we are under attack.

We have the same basis for confidence as Paul. That’s how we can carry on despite our circumstances. That’s how we can magnify Christ despite our circumstances. That’s how we can be the presence of Christ on earth despite our circumstances. No matter what our circumstances may be our hope and confidence are that God is in control, supplying his Holy Spirit to us so that we can sustain a vibrant and consistent testimony for Christ. Otherwise, we would give up, excusing ourselves with “What’s the use?” But, instead, these two inseparable resources (the prayers of the saints and the power of the Spirit) form the basis of our courage and confidence.

So, we can magnify Christ despite our personal circumstances, first because we can have full confidence in the prayers of Christ’s people; second because we can have full confidence in the provision of Christ’s Spirit; and third…

3. Because we can have full confidence in the preservation of Christ’s testimony (1:20). “It is my eager expectation and hope that I will not be ashamed about anything, but that now as always, with all boldness, Christ will be honored in my body, whether by life or by death” (1:20). His future deliverance and his present confident expectation concerning the outcome of his circumstances were in harmony with one another. Because Paul was absolutely confident of God's intervention on his behalf, he is also full of hopeful expectation that his testimony for Christ will be preserved, that he will not be ashamed about anything. That was the focus of his life, that when his life ended he would not be ashamed of anything - not ashamed of the gospel of the grace of God, not ashamed of the accusations brought against him, not ashamed of the final outcome of his imprisonment, not ashamed of any failure on his part to speak for Christ at his trial no matter what the outcome may be, not ashamed of his message of Christ and him crucified, not ashamed of his mission as an ambassador of Christ, not ashamed of his calling as an apostle of Christ, not ashamed of the circumstances of his life - even though that included bodily weakness, rejection, abandonment, shipwreck, and imprisonment for the name of Christ.

That was the focus of his life, that his testimony for Christ would be preserved such that, at the end of his life, he would not be ashamed of anything. “I never want to be ashamed of how I’ve spent my life,” he says, “but that now as always, with all boldness, Christ will be honored (magnified) in my body, whether by life or by death (1:20b).” Because of the intercessory prayers of Christ’s people and because of the empowering supply of Christ’s Spirit, Paul’s unwavering conviction and unswerving commitment is that in his life and testimony he would demonstrate his customary boldness, even now while waiting in prison for the verdict of his trial, such that Christ will be magnified before others in his life no matter what his circumstances or the outcome may be.

It didn’t matter that he was facing the death penalty for his faith and message. It didn’t matter that he was chained in a Roman prison, guarded by Roman soldiers. It didn’t matter that he had no one to defend him. It didn’t matter that everyone and everything seemed against him. His confidence was that the provision of Christ’s Spirit in response to the prayers of God’s people was sufficient to enable him to preserve the same testimony he always had, to persevere in proclaiming the gospel with the same boldness he always had, to defend the truth with the same courage he always had, to sustain the same faith in God that he always had, so that Christ would be exalted, highly honored, magnified in his life.

So, what does it mean “to magnify Christ”? It means to make Christ real before others, to bring Christ into view in a tangible way, to be the presence of Christ on earth so that when others see you they see him, when others hear you they hear him, when others are attracted to you they are attracted to him. John Piper describes it this way:

“You can magnify like a telescope or like a microscope. When you magnify like a microscope, you make something tiny look bigger than it is… Pretending to magnify God like that is wickedness.

“But when you magnify like a telescope, you make something unimaginably great look like what it really is. With the Hubble Space Telescope, pinprick galaxies in the sky are revealed for the billion-star giants that they are. Magnifying God like that is worship.

“We waste our lives when we do not pray and think and dream and plan and work toward magnifying God in all spheres of life. God created us for this: to live our lives in a way that makes him look more like the greatness and the beauty and the infinite worth that he really is. In the night sky of this world God appears to most people, if at all, like a pinprick of light in a heaven of darkness. But he created us and called us to make him look like what he really is. This is what it means to be created in the image of God. We are meant to image forth in the world what he is really like (John Piper, Don’t Waste Your Life, 32-33).

So, to magnify Christ means to live our lives (in our behavior, our thinking, our relationships, our ethics, our attitudes, our language, our goals, and our choices) in such a way that we make visible the One who is otherwise invisible; that we bring into view the One who is “unimaginably great”; that we make known the One who would be otherwise unknown. “And that,” Paul says, “is the purpose of my life – to preserve my testimony for Christ, to magnify Christ in my body (physical flesh), whether by life (freedom from death row) or by death (execution for his faith).” He fully expects to be delivered but whatever the outcome, he wants to magnify Christ and so “to image forth in the world what (God) is really like.” No matter how hard the circumstances may be, Paul is singularly focused and undeterred in his goal. Vindication isn’t his goal, exoneration isn’t his goal, clearing his name isn’t his goal, retiring and taking life easy isn’t his goal. His goal and the overriding passion of his life was that through his life and testimony (undergirded by the prayers of the saints and the power of the Spirit) he will magnify and glorify Christ.

Notice that it does not say “in” life or “in” death but “by” life and “by” death. In other words, he is not referring to his life or his death as circumstances by which he would magnify Christ, but as the manner and the means by which he would honor and glorify Christ. How can he have such unswerving commitment to this end? Because he is confident of God's care and control of all things; because he is confident of God's protection, intervention, sustenance, and response to His people’s intercession.

“But,” you say, “I understand how we can magnify Christ by our lives, but how do we magnify Him by our death?” On May 14, 1988, newspapers throughout the U.S. carried the story of a bus carrying the youth group from the First Assembly of God church in Radcliff, Kentucky, that was involved in what was called “the worst drunken driver accident in Kentucky” history in which 24 children and 3 adults died. At that time, Ninie Harmon was a reporter for a small newspaper in Lebanon, Kentucky. Though she did not cover the story, many of her reporter friends did.

Chuck Kytta, the youth minister of the church, was seated right behind the bus driver, and when the gas tank exploded, a heartbeat after the collision, he was instantly encircled in flames. When Chuck saw the flames around him, witnesses said, he looked up, lifted his hands and cried out, “Jesus, I'm coming home!” Some of the kids said he was smiling. Ninie Harmon wrote, “I was not a Christian in 1988, so I couldn't make any sense of what Chuck did. Here's this guy standing in flames, moments from a horrible death and he's smiling?” No matter how hard she tried, Ninie could not erase from her mind the image of Chuck Kytta. She wrote, “The only way to explain how a man could calmly accept, almost welcome, a painful death was to acknowledge that he understood some great truth I didn't, that he had something - faith? hope? God, maybe? - something I didn't have. And try as I might, I couldn't help yearning for whatever he had that made death a thing to embrace rather than to fear.”

Two years later, Ninie would come to faith in Christ. She says, “Chuck Kytta planted a seed in me that took root in my heart. One day, I will see Chuck in heaven. I'll tell him how the manner of his death pointed me toward eternal life” (Ninie Harmon, “Jesus, I'm Coming Home,” The Southeast Outlook, Louisville, Kentucky).

By his death, Chuck Kytta magnified, honored, and exalted Christ. In Paul’s case, his death would magnify Christ by his unswerving faith in Christ no matter what by paying the ultimate price for his faith in Christ, by illustrating that nothing even as powerful as death could disturb his faith in Christ. In our case, we can magnify Christ by our death, by maintaining our trust in him right to the end, by being confident in Christ even at death’s door, by praising God in death for a life that he redeemed.

I was vividly reminded of this one time when my wife and I visited a brother from our church in hospital. Here was a 93 year old man, lying in a hospital bed recuperating from hip surgery while also battling an infection. But despite the circumstances he was full of praise to God, saying: “There has not one thing failed of all his good promises” (1 Kgs. 8:56). Jim Hayley was magnifying Christ, no matter what. This is a message of motivation for us all that, no matter what the circumstances of life may bring, we can magnify Christ by life or by death.

So, we can magnify Christ despite our personal circumstances. And...

II. We Can Magnify Christ Despite Our Personal Desires (1:21-26)

The pivot and apex of Paul’s argument is that, “For me to live is Christ and to die is gain” (1:21). This sums up his life. This is why he got up every day. This is how he could face tomorrow no matter what the circumstances. This was the passion of every heartbeat. Life, for the apostle Paul, was living Christ, being the visible manifestation of the ascended Christ, demonstrating the life of Christ to a lost world, proclaiming to needy people the redemption that is in Christ Jesus by grace through faith, preaching “Christ and him crucified” (1 Cor. 2:2; 1:23).

Living Christ is, then, the characterization of Paul’s life - not a life of mysticism or isolation from the world, but the life of Christ lived out in him, the life of one who has been taken captive by Christ, the life of one who is united with Christ and devoted to him. Everything he worked for, hoped for, trusted in, taught, loved, and obeyed was for Christ and about Christ from the moment of his Damascus road conversion experience. For Paul, there was no other reason for living than that. That’s why he encountered Christ on the Damascus road. That’s why he went into Arabia for three years to learn about Christ and the gospel. That’s why God sent him to be the apostle to the Gentiles. That’s why he was commissioned by the church at Antioch to engage in a ministry of church planting.

So, we can understand why, for Paul, “to live is Christ” but what does he mean that “to die is gain? When is dying gain? What benefit is there to dying? How would dying perpetuate the work God called him to? In what sense is death gain? To die, for Paul, was gain because that would be the culmination and fruition of everything for which he had lived! The sole purpose and object of his life was to gain Christ (see Phil. 3:8). While he lived, he gained Christ by counting everything he had once highly valued as nothing and Christ everything, by entering into the fellowship of Christ’s sufferings and being made conformable to Christ’s death, by striving toward the resurrection of the dead. This is the reward of the cross!

And when he died, he would also gain Christ because then he would gain the ultimate prize, attaining the resurrection from the dead (Phil. 3:11). He would gain Christ by dying because the ultimate goal was not merely to live Christ but to enter into the fruit of that life by being with and like Christ. That’s when dying is gain, because that is the end of a life well lived, the reward of a race well run, the prize of a fight well fought, the fulfillment of a lifelong goal (2 Tim. 4:7) - to see the One who had died for him and be completely and perfectly like him. This is why “to die is gain” because life is but the conduit to glory, because life on earth is but an interlude before life in heaven, because death holds no terror or sting for the Christian – it is merely the portal through which we attain our final goal. This is the reward of the cross!

Only if you can truly say that “for me to live is Christ” can you also truly say “and to die is gain,” not because you have some sort of morbid death wish, not because you are tired of living and want to give up, not because you have a perverted view of life after death, but because your whole goal is to be present with the Lord.

If your life in Christ is not the “loss of all things” (Phil. 3:7-8), then to die is not truly gain. If you have not surrendered everything earthly in order to pursue everything heavenly, then to live is gain and to die is loss. If your priority now is to accumulate earthly treasure rather than heavenly treasure, then to live is gain and to die is loss. But, for Paul, that paradigm is turned upside down. For him, possessions and position are illusive rubbish, but a relationship with Christ is eternal treasure (Phil. 3:8). Therefore, to die is the final step in gaining what he had given up everything to attain.

But now Paul discusses the “what if.” What if I live, and what if I die? He has already said that it doesn’t matter because he will magnify Christ whether by his life or by his death. But, if he had a choice, what would be his personal desire? If we had a choice, what would be our desire? Here’s the answer...

1. Our personal desire isn’t the deciding factor (1:22-24). 22 Now if I live on in the flesh, this means fruitful labor for me. Yet I do not know which one I should choose. 23 I am torn between the two. My desire is to depart and be with Christ, for that is far better. 24But to remain in the flesh is more necessary for your sake” (1:22-24). Paul seems to be on the horns of a dilemma. “I don’t know what to choose. I’m hard pressed to decide.” He sounds like Tevia in “Fiddler on the Roof,” trying to decide whether to allow Mortel, the poor tailor, to marry his daughter, Zeitel.

Tevia says to Mortel: “You’re just a poor tailor.”

Mortel replies: “I promise you, Tevia, your daughter will not starve.”

And Tevia thinks out loud: “Oh! He’s beginning to talk like a man. On the other hand, what kind of match would that be with a poor tailor? On the other hand, he’s an honest, hard worker. But on the other hand, he has absolutely nothing. On the other hand, things could never get worse for him - they could only get better.”

Similarly, Paul argues out loud: “On the one hand, 22a if I live on in the flesh, that means fruitful labor for me” among God's people, because then he would be able to continue to teach them and to serve with them “in the defense and confirmation of the gospel” (1:7) - that would be good. 22b Yet I do not know which one I should choose. 23a I am torn between the two (1:22b-23a). On the other hand, 23b my desire is to depart and be with Christ, for that is far better” (1:23b) - far better because to die is gain. But then again, “to remain in the flesh is more necessary for your sake” (1:24), presumably because he could continue to pastor them, teach them, build them up in their most holy faith (Jude 20) and assist them in their gospel outreach (1:5-7).

His dilemma here is not between life and death, about which he has no choice anyway, but between the desire to be with Christ (which, for him, is “far better”) and the need for his continuing ministry (which, for them, is “more necessary”).

“To depart and be with Christ” expresses the same idea as to “fall asleep in Jesus” (1 Thess. 4:14). These are simply euphemisms for death itself. At death, the Christian departs this world, your physical body is committed to the grave, and at the same time your spirit enters immediately into the conscious presence of the Lord, awaiting the moment of reunion of the spirit and the body at the coming of Christ. If the death sentence should be the immediate outcome of his imprisonment, Paul anticipates with great joy and anticipation the reality of being instantly with Christ. But if that should not be the case, then he would continue to await the upward call of Christ at His return, that glorious moment of the resurrection of the believing dead toward which Paul is striving - “the upward call of God in Christ Jesus” (3:14; cf. 3:20-21).

These are the two blessed prospects for the Christian: (1) to die and to be ushered spiritually into the immediate and conscious presence of Christ; or (2) to continue to live on in the flesh eagerly awaiting our resurrection at the imminent return of our Lord and Savior at the resurrection of the dead (3:20-21; 1 Thess. 4:13-18). Whichever it should be – to die now or to live on until the return of Christ - both experiences achieve the same goal, to “be with Christ” which in Paul’s view is “far better” than our present earthly experience.

So, what to do? Paul answers the question. Our personal desire is not the deciding factor, but rather...

2. Fulfilling God's desire is the deciding factor (1:25-26). 25 Being convinced of this, I know that I will remain and continue with you all for your progress and joy in the faith, 26 so that in me you may have ample cause to glory in Christ Jesus because of my coming to you again.” The tension is resolved. He is confident that their spiritual needs supersede his personal desire. If he is set free from death row, it is for their benefit - 25b for your progress and joy in the faith” - with the result that 26 in me you may have ample cause to glory in Christ Jesus because of my coming to you again” (1:25b-26).

That’s the deciding factor – doing God's will in serving others, producing fruit for God. For Paul, if he is set free, it would not be for his benefit but theirs - their spiritual growth, the strengthening of their faith, their spiritual encouragement, their joy in Christ. That’s the mission of the Christian life, to always fulfill God's will not our personal desire, to always minister Christ to others so that their faith in Christ is strengthened, their joy in Christ is more abundant, and their spiritual needs are met. This is the life of a servant of Christ, to be the presence of Christ on earth by magnifying Christ no matter what, by death or by life.

Final Remarks

You can magnify Christ despite your personal circumstances because you can have full confidence in the prayers of Christ’s people, in the provision of Christ’s Spirit, and in the preservation of Christ’s testimony. And you can magnify Christ despite your personal desires because your personal desire isn’t the deciding factor; rather, fulfilling God's desire is the deciding factor.

Christ is most magnified when we proclaim his substitutionary death on the cross for our sins and his glorious resurrection for our justification. May we never be ashamed of this message (Rom. 1:16; 2 Tim. 1:8, 12; 16; 2 Tim 2:15), which is so simple and yet so profound and life changing. May the message of the cross be central to our lives and ministry for in it, gruesome and cruel and unjust as it was, we magnify Christ in all his glory and supremacy.

To what extent does your life magnify Christ? Does your life (your speech, behavior, attitudes, relationships etc.) bring Christ into full view before others? Do your school or college friends notice that you have a totally different perspective and objective in life than they do? When people at work face difficult situations, do they turn to you because they know that you have a peace and confidence that transcend earthly living? Are you fully using your spiritual gifts in the church and community for the benefit of others? After you die, what will other people say about you or what would they write on your tombstone as their impression of you? Would they say: “He lived Christ,” or, “She was the living presence of Christ to me.” Will that be the legacy of your life?

Above all else, at the end of my life, I want others if possible to truly say: “He pointed me to Christ. He brought Christ near and personal to me.” A few years ago I wrote a poem based on our text entitled “Whether by Life or by Death.” For some of you this may bring back memories of loved ones who have already gone to heaven. For my wife and me, it brings back the memory of her brother who suffered a fatal stroke on August 26, 2006.

To live for God’s glory, that’s why we’re here on earth;

To worship our Maker, and praise his matchless worth;

To show in deed and word that Christ now reigns within;

To show and tell a dying world how to be saved from sin.

To live for him I understand, but what is dying for?

Is there a purpose even there, in pain and suffering sore?

Can we somehow serve God in the hour of our death?

And bring him glory even then in our dying breath?

“Oh, yes,” says Paul, “to live is Christ; to die is gain.”

Whether by life or death we can honor his name.

In our life he’s our Sovereign, Saviour, and Sanctifier.

In our death, our comforter, security, and peace-maker.

Sometimes, I think it’s easier in life more than death,

To live as Christians, fulfilling our purpose on earth.

But many have gone before who’ve shown us how to die

In the certainty of meeting our Savior from on high.

They knew the joy of heaven when they said their last goodbye.

They knew that God was in control, whatever ahead might lie.

They sought to honor God in the best way they knew how,

By loving Christ with all their heart, then at his knee to bow.

If you don’t live Christ, then you’ll live self, satisfying your own desires, chasing materialism, advancing your position, achieving greater recognition in the world. And that, says the preacher in Ecclesiastes, is vanity and a striving after wind” (Eccl. 1:14) because you end up with nothing, life slips through your fingers.

What about your church? Do you collectively embody Christ? Does your church minister to the needs of others, loving those who feel unloved, caring for those with burdens beyond their ability to bear, extending hope and peace and joy through the salvation that is in Christ to those who desperately need him? Reaching your community for Christ isn’t about events or programs, it’s about ministering to people at the basis of their need. We’ll only reach our community for Christ if, in his name and for his glory, they see him in our actions, hear him in our speech, recognize him in our relationships, and discern him in our consistency with the message of the gospel of Christ.

Is that true of you in your community? Are you ministering to the people of your city, people whom only Christ can deliver from their destructive habits, from their sexual immorality, from the grief of loss and broken relationships? Do the outcasts and disenfranchised people of your city know that if they come to your church, they will receive the unconditional love of Christ through you? Do those suffering from addictions in your city know that if they come to your church, they will be nurtured and restored to physical and spiritual wholeness and well-being? Does the homosexual community in your city know that through you there is hope and salvation and healing? Are they coming to your church because they recognize that Christ is present among you?

May God enable us to fulfill our Christian calling, magnifying Christ no matter what, by life or by death, to be his living presence in a world that desperately needs him, to radiate his presence to others whether by life or by death.

Related Topics: Christian Life

2. The Privilege Of The Cross: Walking Worthy Of The Gospel (Phil. 1:27-30)

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My wife and I have been to Ukraine about 10 times. Over those years I have had the privilege of teaching pastors who have had little or no formal theological or pastoral training. Some of those pastors told us of how they had been imprisoned for their faith during the communist years. We’ve heard their testimonies of being held in a 9’ x 12’ cell with 27 men - standing room only - and of eating grass and tree bark to stay alive.

I was reminded of their stories, and of the power of the gospel when Christians live for Christ under such circumstances, in an article written by a former Russian criminal called Kozlov. Describing his memory of life in a Soviet prison, he writes…

“Among the general despair, while prisoners like myself were cursing ourselves, the camp, the authorities; while we opened up our veins or our stomachs or hanged ourselves…the Christians (often with sentences of 20 to 25 years) did not despair. One could see Christ reflected in their faces. Their pure, upright life, deep faith and devotion to God, their gentleness and their wonderful manliness became a shining example of real life for thousands” (“Witnessing in a Soviet Prison,” cited in Christianity Today, June 21, 1974).

In other words, they conducted themselves in a manner that was “worthy of the gospel.” Christians who live in such a way speak powerfully to the world around them, don’t they?

Based on several verses in Philippians, the mission of my home church (and I would argue, every Christian and every church) is “to walk worthy of the gospel in order to make disciples.” Let’s take time now to consider what that means and what its implications are for our lives.

The subject of this message is: “How we should now live according to the gospel.” The overall teaching of this passage is that gospel-driven people are Christians who consistently enhance the gospel in their conduct and courage.

I. We Walk Worthy Of The Gospel When Our Conduct Reflects Our Faith (1:27)

“Only let your manner of life be worthy of the gospel of Christ” (1:27a). The gospel should radically change our conduct. Paul says: “No matter what may happen to me (whether I am released from prison and can come to see you or whether I remain imprisoned and unable to see you), just be sure to conduct yourselves in a way that is appropriate to and consistent with the gospel.” Francis Schaeffer wrote a book titled, “How should we then live?” Chuck Colson wrote a book titled, “How shall we now live?” The answer to both those questions is: “We should live according to the gospel.” When we believe the gospel and turn to Christ in faith, a radical ethical transformation takes place in our lives. We aren’t the same people anymore - we are “a new creation. The old has passed away; behold the new has come” (2 Cor. 5:17).

In fact, everything changes when we believe the gospel. It changes how we think and how we act. It changes our relationships, our attitudes, behavior, speech, goals, hopes, character, values, and our entire worldview. The gospel isn’t merely a doctrine that we believe but a life that we live; it has profound ethical implications.

Gospel-driven people consistently enhance the gospel by a manner of life that is worthy of the gospel. They are people who are focused on living in accordance with the gospel, such that the gospel identifies us, unites us, defines us.

So, what does it mean, “only let your conduct be worthy of the gospel of Christ”? It means that our conduct must reflect our faith. And…

1. Our conduct reflects our faith when we live on earth as citizens of heaven (1:27a). That’s the thought in the word “conduct” – it’s your manner of life. The root word here is the word for “city” or “community.” It has the idea of fulfilling one’s duties as a good citizen. To live worthy of the gospel means that Christians are to conduct themselves on earth in a way that is fitting and consistent with our heavenly citizenship. It has to do with consistency with who we are and with where we are going. We are to exercise our earthly citizenship as those whose spiritual citizenship and ultimate destiny is heavenly (3:20). Only when we live on earth as citizens of heaven can we live in a way that is consistent with and appropriate to the gospel. Our conduct reflects our faith when we live on earth as citizens of heaven. That’s how we live a life that is “worthy” of the gospel.

What does Paul mean by “worthy”? John Piper defines worthy as “acting in a way that fits the great value and glorious nature of God and the gospel and your calling.” A manner of life that is worthy of the gospel has the idea of living in a way that reflects the worth and cost of our salvation; a manner of life that reflects the truth and behavior of a follower of “the gospel of Christ.” It has to do with how much value we place on the gospel - how much does it really matter to us?

There are some things on which we do not place much value. Jesus used the example of a sparrow. How much value do you place on a sparrow? I don’t suppose that you would pay me anything for a sparrow because they are so common; they have no usefulness to us. So, how much worth do you place on your salvation? It cost Christ everything! He gave his life for us. No one else could ever have redeemed us. Our salvation then is of inestimable worth.

How much does the gospel matter to you? Is the cross central to your life? Does it regulate how you live? If so, then we will strive to live in a manner that is “worthy of the gospel,” a life that is consistent with the standards of the gospel. If we believe that Christ died for our sins, that should change how we live, shouldn’t it? It should change how we live because we are forgiven people, people who are reconciled to God and have peace with God. If we believe that Jesus died, was buried, and rose again on the third day, that should change how we live, shouldn’t it? It should change how we live because his resurrection is the precursor and guarantee of our resurrection, and that gives us a whole new hope for living, a new outlook on life and eternity. If we believe that Christ is coming back again, that should change how we live, shouldn’t it? It should change how we live because we know where we’re going; our future is secure. And when our lives change so that we live on earth as citizens of heaven, then we will walk worthy of the gospel.

By contrast, what then is an “unworthy” manner of life? An unworthy manner of life is one that contradicts the claims of Christ and the gospel. An unworthy life is when a person says they are a Christian but they act as though they are not. It is a life that is marked by the world, the flesh, and the devil (Eph. 2:2-3; James 3:15). It is a life that is characterized by the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life (1 Jn. 2:15-17).

But a manner of life that is “worthy” of the gospel is one that is driven by our faith in Christ. It is a lifestyle that reflects the nature and character of the God whom we know, love, and follow. It is conduct that lives out, embodies, and incarnates the gospel of Christ. It is behavior that is suited to our heavenly citizenship and destiny, a way of life that causes others to say: “I know who those people are - they’re heavenly people. I know where those people are going - they’re destiny is in heaven.”

In other parts of the world people tell us that they can recognize someone from North America a mile away because we look, walk, talk, dress and act differently. That’s how we should reflect our heavenly citizenship. We should look like it, walk like it, talk like it, think like it, act like it. So that when others see how we live, they conclude that we are Christians, that we are “gospel” people, that the gospel is what propels us and under-girds our whole way of life.

Let us make sure our behavior and entire lifestyle is consistent with what we claim to believe. Let us make sure that our conduct reflects our faith. Let us be people who enhance the gospel by our practice. Let us be people who are living examples of the gospel we believe and preach, examples of the compassion of Christ, his mercy, grace, his nature and character. Let us be people about whom others say: “If that’s what a Christian is, then I want to be one too!”

So, our conduct reflects our faith when we live on earth as citizens of heaven. And...

2. Our conduct reflects our faith when we live in unity together (1:27b). “…so that whether I come and see you or am absent, I may hear of you that you are standing firm in one spirit, with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel.” Our unity is vital to maintaining a testimony to what we believe.

When we live in unity we “stand firm” together: “…standing firm in one spirit.” We stand firm in solidarity for what we believe. We are resolute in our steadfast commitment to the gospel. We will not move from the foundation of the gospel; we will not compromise; we will not give in to pressure. When we stand together, the church is an impenetrable defense, standing arm-in-arm for the truth we believe, not moving for anything or anyone. We are united in our defense and proclamation of the gospel; nothing distracts us from this task.

A church that is united does not bicker and fight about who does what, but each one takes his or her fair share of the load. They do not get bogged down in committee meetings or about how things should be done. They are not caught up in power struggles. Instead there is an attitude of harmony, unity, togetherness.

A gospel-driven church stands firm together “in one spirit.” They are so together in this gospel venture, it’s as though they have “one spirit” - there is no discernible difference between them; they are all gripped with one spirit; they are one spiritual community; they have one motivating force - one life, one goal, one desire, one purpose.

Do you know that many churches today are stripped of their effectiveness because of a divided spirit? When one person wants this and another person wants that, there is no cohesion, no energy, no forward movement. When there is a contentious spirit, some people go in one direction, some in another; there is no unity, no agreement and the church becomes gridlocked, stuck in first gear, impotent, ineffective.

But, a united church is a bulwark, a stonewall, of faith. They are an impenetrable community, impervious to the attacks of the enemy. They form a human shield of defense against any attack that the adversaries of the gospel may bring. They are united in thought, purpose, and action.

When we live in unity, we “stand firm in one spirit.” And...

When we live in unity, we “strive together” for our convictions: “...with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel.” The imagery here moves from standing to striving, from defense to offence, from standing firm to moving forward. This is not a passive kind of Christian commitment but an active striving as we seek to advance the gospel.

Striving together for the faith of the gospel implies action, like solders in a battle advancing should-to-shoulder, a community with one goal – preserving “the faith of the gospel.” Gospel-driven people unite in holding our convictions tightly and contending for them strenuously. We are like a team of athletes side-by-side, so tightly interwoven that we look like a single person. We are united in our determination to win the prize, resolute in achieving our goal, fixated on returning home victorious, inextricably fused together “with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel.” Our unity is firmly rooted in our convictions, and our convictions are based on the “faith of the gospel.”

“The faith” here refers to an objective body of truth - “the faith of the gospel.” It’s not a social cause, not an ideology, not a political platform, but “the faith of the gospel.” That’s what spurs us on courageously despite opposition, ridicule, or persecution. That’s what gives us unity despite adversaries, sceptics, atheists, secular humanists, postmodernists, new-agers, spiritists, evolutionists and the like.

It’s our conviction about the gospel that unites us. It’s not our kids clubs or programs (as good as they may be and as helpful as they may be). It’s not church activities or music. It’s a united conviction of the truth of the gospel. That’s what motivates us. That’s our unifying principle. That’s the basis of our solidarity. That’s what we live for. That’s our common goal, our common life, our common desire. Our unity does not stem from our popularity or from our charismatic personalities or prowess, but from our commitment to “the faith of the gospel.”

So, a gospel-driven church consistently enhances the gospel in conduct and courage. We enhance the gospel when our conduct reflects our faith, and...

II. We Enhance The Gospel When Our Courage Overcomes Our Fear (1:28-30)

Solidarity is essential for courage isn’t it? Our united commitment to the gospel generates courage in us and courage overcomes fear.

1. When courage overcomes fear, we consider opposition to the gospel proof of our salvation (1:28): “...not frightened in anything by your opponents.” (1:28a).

Our testimony for the gospel takes place on two fronts: (1) “Standing firm for the faith of the gospel” - that’s the positive aspect of what it means to “walk worthy of the gospel.” (2) “Not being frightened by your opponents” - that’s the negative aspect of what it means to “walk worthy of the gospel.”

Standing firm for the gospel incurs opposition. Contending for our convictions brooks antagonism from those who despise what we believe and stand for. Gospel-driven people courageously combat their adversaries. They are fearless in their defense and advancement of the gospel. They contend for the gospel on the courage of their convictions. They stand firm and strive together in solidarity with one another, like soldiers marching face-to-face toward the enemy. They aren’t like startled horses that suddenly shy away, or buck, they aren’t terrified or intimidated by their adversaries. Their convictions aren’t just words on a page - not a creed that they recite, not a statement of faith in their constitution. Their convictions are a living reality which renders them fearless in their battle with those who oppose the gospel.

Unity and conviction produce courage and bravery. We are far more bold in groups than as individuals, aren’t we? I remember when I used to participate in street preaching, sometimes on Saturday nights with other young people in a small town in northern Ontario and sometimes on a Sunday afternoon with my dad outside the provincial parliament buildings in Toronto. We couldn’t have done it alone; we needed each other to shore up our weaknesses and spur us on. When people heckled us, we derived strength from unity.

Unity produces bravery, and unity plus bravery produce activity. When fear is eliminated we can advance despite the obstacles or the enemies. Fear paralyzes us, but boldness invigorates us. Courage against opposition to the gospel is a clear sign that God is at work: “This is a clear sign to them of their destruction, but of your salvation, and that from God” (1:28b).

Courage against our opponents is a clear sign that God is at work in their ultimate destruction. Christian courage to withstand those who oppose the gospel without fear is clear evidence that God is at work. When we wonder where God is - why he doesn’t intervene on our behalf, and why he allows others to ridicule us and the gospel - be assured that he is still in control. He is at work in the ultimate destruction of our opponents. When sceptics and scorners attack us and the gospel and we are able to withstand their attack, that is “a clear sign to them of their ultimate destruction.” The God who gives us the courage to stand against them is the same God who will enforce their ultimate demise, for they are enemies of the cross of Christ, whose end is destruction (3:18-19), who are seeking to crucify again for themselves the Son of God and put him to an open shame (Heb. 6:6).

One day, the enemies of the gospel will be deposed. They will suddenly be cut off and Christ will make them his footstool. So, our courage to fearlessly withstand the opponents of the gospel is a clear sign that God is at work in the ultimate destruction of our opponents.

And, courage against our opponents is a clear sign that God is at work in our ultimate salvation. Those who laugh in derision at the gospel we preach will one day be held in contempt by Christ himself. Their opposition to the gospel is proof of God’s sovereignty. God is working out his purposes even when we may think he is silent and inactive. For just as their opposition to the gospel is proof of their ultimate destruction so it is proof of our ultimate salvation. God is preserving us from our enemies here and now and will ultimately save us eternally in a day to come.

“And that from God,” Paul says. It’s all from God - our unity in the face of opposition, our courage when we face attack, our steadfastness when our convictions are challenged, our boldness in withstanding opponents of the gospel, our defense and advancement of the gospel come what may. It’s all from God - the destruction of the enemies of the gospel as well as our eternal salvation. It’s all from God - we couldn’t do it ourselves. God is working out his sovereign purposes; he is in control. The enemies of the gospel will suffer eternal punishment and we will experience eternal salvation. This give us confidence, doesn’t it? This gives us motivation to go on. This gives us courage that overcomes fear. This motivates us to walk “worthy of the gospel.”

When courage overcomes fear, we consider opposition to the gospel proof of our salvation. And...

2. When courage overcomes fear, we consider affliction for the gospel a privilege for our Savior (1:29-30): 29 For it has been granted to you that for the sake of Christ you should not only believe in him, but also suffer for His sake, 30 engaged in the same conflict that you saw I had and now hear that I still have.”

When we are called to salvation we are given the privilege not only to believe in Christ, Paul says, but also “to suffer for His sake.” Salvation and suffering go together because we are united to Christ in a world that is hostile to him, because we stand with Christ against those who oppose the gospel, and because we are those who defend and advance the gospel.

Suffering for Christ is a privilege that is “granted” to us. We don’t usually think of suffering that way, do we? But according to Paul, we are not to consider suffering a burden but a privilege which has been granted to us by God because that’s what the Christian life entails - suffering opposition for the gospel of Christ, being willing to lay down our all for the truth, to affirm with Paul that “to live is Christ and to die is gain” (1:21).

When we live worthy of the gospel, we will suffer “for the sake of Christ.” We will suffer on behalf of Christ in the sense of taking his place as his representatives in the world. When we live as he lived - as a humble servant who was willing to give his life for those who opposed him - we will suffer just as he suffered. That’s how we enter into the fellowship of his sufferings (cf. 3:10). As he suffered, so we suffer with him and for him. His cause is our cause, his sufferings our sufferings (cf. Col. 1:24-25). As he was willing to sacrifice his own life for the benefit of others so we must be willing to sacrifice ourselves for the benefit of others - to endure hardships so that others can hear the gospel, to experience ill health so that we can comfort others who similarly suffer, to mourn so that we can share in the grief of others, to sacrifice financially so that we can support others in their need.

This is a distinctly Christian privilege – the privilege of the cross - which is “granted” to us as a gift, Paul says. There is nothing we can do to earn it or merit it. It’s not something we would wish for ourselves but it is something that God has granted to us. So, we should not regard suffering as something to be avoided nor as necessarily the judgement of God on us, but as a privilege to be embraced for the cause of Christ.

We don’t usually think of suffering like that, do we? But that’s how the Christians in the persecuted countries of the world view it. How else could they endure it? They consider their suffering a privilege. It motivates them, unites them. Indeed, suffering is a cord that binds together all believers. Like the Philippians, it places us in the line of faith with the apostles and all Christians. Like them, we engage in the same struggle as Paul, engaged in the same conflict that you saw I had and now hear that I still have” (1:30). Like him, the Christians in Philippi were striving against the adversaries of the gospel and like him they were suffering (cf. 1:7, 13). They had seen his suffering for the gospel when he was imprisoned in their city (Acts 16) and they had heard of his present imprisonment in Rome (Phil. 1:12-18).

Affliction is the natural result of walking worthy of the gospel, of defending and advancing the gospel of Christ, of standing firm and striving together for the faith of the gospel. Just as unity gives us courage against opposition to Christ, so unity gives us courage to sustain affliction for Christ. We’re not in this alone. Suffering has always been part and parcel of the Christian experience. Though each person’s struggle and suffering may be different, we all have to struggle in the Christian life. If we do not face struggles and suffering, perhaps that’s an indication that we are not “standing firm in one spirit with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel.”

Final Remarks

This, then, is what it means to walk worthy of the gospel. Remember our thesis: Gospel-driven people are Christians who consistently enhance the gospel in conduct and courage. We enhance the gospel when our conduct reflects our faith and when our courage overcomes our fear.

Is this an accurate portrait of us and our church? Do we enhance the gospel by the way we live? When people around us see our manner of life - how we use our money, spend our time, treat others; how we react when we’re ill treated, when things go wrong - when tragedies occur, when ill-health strikes, when life’s circumstances are hard, when they listen to what you say, how you speak about others, the kind of language you use.

Do they see the gospel enhanced and reflected in us? Do they know intuitively that we belong to Christ, that we serve the living and true God? Are they attracted to Christ through us? Is our conduct consistent with our faith? Do others see the very essence of the gospel so attractively and consistently portrayed in us that they say: “That’s what I need. That’s what I want!”

Do you steadfastly defend the gospel? Is your church united as one spirit as one soul standing shoulder-to-shoulder for the cause of Christ, striving together for the faith of the gospel? Is that the paramount concern of your church - to be epistles known and read by all people? Does your city know that your church is a gospel-driven church, a community of people on their way to heaven, united in your defense and proclamation of the gospel?

Do you display courage for Christ that overcomes your fear? Courage in the face of opposition for your faith. Courage in spite of adversity, ridicule, even persecution. Courage that stems from the conviction that God is sovereign in all circumstances. Courage that enables you to bear afflictions for Christ as a privilege and not a burden. That’s what a gospel-driven church is like. That’s what it is to walk worthy of the gospel

May our resolve be that we live together as a community of people whose conduct and courage points others to Christ.

Related Topics: Christian Life

3. Unity Through The Cross: When Humility Leads To Harmony (Phil. 2:1-18)

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On December 13, 2003, the world was stunned by the news that U.S. soldiers had captured Saddam Hussein in Iraq. News agencies delighted in repeatedly showing pictures of this man being checked out by a doctor for head lice. The soldiers who captured him mockingly told him “President Bush sends his regards,” and the world laughed in derision. The man who once defied nations, who once lived in pompous extravagance, who once disposed of people like worthless animals, was displayed to the world, disheveled, dirty, and disgraced, hiding in a hole in the ground. This man had gone from a powerful dictator to a pitiful desperado, from a decadent palace to a dismal pothole.

Nearly 2000 years before, another man made a long journey downward from heavenly splendor to earthly squalor. He was displayed to the world in abject humiliation, not in a rat hole but on a rugged cross, not with lice in his hair but with a crown of thorns on his head. Out of greed and arrogance, Saddam Hussein desperately tried to hang on to power but was deposed by forces stronger than himself. But out of obedience and love, Jesus, our Saviour, voluntarily surrendered his power and humbled himself.

If you asked most Christians what Paul’s letter to Philippians is about they usually say: “Joy” or “Rejoicing.” In fact I would argue that this epistle is about unity – specifically, “unity through humility.” How do we know this? We know this because of the repeated references to a united, humble attitude (mind): (1) “one spirit ... one mind” (1:27); (2) “be of the same mind…being united in spirit, and having one purpose” (2:2); (3) “Do nothing out of selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility consider others as more important than yourselves. Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others” (2:3-4); (4) “Have the same attitude toward one another that Christ Jesus had” (2:5); (5) “Let those of us who are mature think this way” (3:15); (6) “I urge Euodia and I implore Syntyche to agree in the Lord” (4:2); (7) “And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus” (4:7).

Now, you could also say that Paul repeats references to “joy” and “rejoicing” as well in this epistle – that’s true. But his exhortations that they “rejoice” are precisely because they weren’t rejoicing. You don't have to tell someone who is rejoicing to rejoice. The Philippians lacked joy because they lacked unity. They were a church that was divided by arguments, complaints, people pushing their own agendas and promoting themselves (2:1-3). Unity of spirit seems to have been the issue at this church.

Philippians 2:1-4 is a continuation of the appeal in 1:27-30 to live worthy of the gospel, which entails “standing firm in one spirit, with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel” (1:27). Verses 1-4 set the stage for verses 5-18.

What they needed was harmony in the church and the way to harmony is through humility. They needed to imitate Christ in his humility (2:5ff.) by “considering others as more significant (important) than yourselves” (2:3), by acting in each other’s best interests (2:4). This is the path to unity among believers.

The subject of the passage we are studying today is “Church Unity: like-mindedness in the church.” The point of this passage is that if you want your church to be united, you need to think less of yourself and more of others. The apostle Paul says that...

I. Our Unity Stems From Our Attitude To One Another (2:5-11)

Attitude is so important for how we live. You’ve probably heard your mother or schoolteacher at one time or another say, “You need to change your attitude.” And that’s what Paul says to the Christians at Philippi. He says: “You’ve got an attitude problem. You need to start working together. You need to show mutual concern, not self-ambition. You need lowliness of mind, not self-conceit. You need to look out for one another’s interests not your own. You need to change your attitude! You need the attitude of Christ!”

Paul now gives the supreme example of what he means by his appeal that they be of the same mind, of one accord, by not pursuing self-ambition but lowliness: “Have the same attitude toward one another that Christ Jesus had” (2:5). He is the supreme example of self-sacrifice for the benefit of others and of humility out of love and respect for others. This is the way to unity - the lowering of self and the elevation of others, just as Christ lowered himself so that others could be exalted. In fact, Christ-like humility produces harmony in the church.

Our mission is to live Christ (1:21), to be his presence on earth, and that includes practicing his humility, which, in turn, produces unity. To do this we need to express his attitude to one another…

1. The attitude of Christ expressed in emptying himself (2:6-7): “…who, existing in the form of God, did not consider equality with God as something to be held onto (grasped)” (2:6). Before coming into the world and taking on human form Christ Jesus was in the “form of God.” Paul is not saying that Jesus was God in “form” (i.e. appearance) but not in reality. No, to be in the “form” of God means that he possessed all the characteristics of God that are essential to the reality of being God, for that is who he is - truly God, nothing less than God (Jn. 1:1), “in very nature God” (NIV).

Nonetheless, he did not consider his “equality with God” something to be held on to at all cost, something to be exploited for his own benefit, which, if he had done so, might have prevented him from humbling himself and “becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross” (2:8). But to the contrary, he let his position go, along with all its rights and privileges. Unlike human monarchs and presidents who desperately hold onto power and position, he gave it up! He did not consider equality with God something to be held onto ... but (rather) emptied himself (2:7a). He gave it all up!

(1a) He emptied himself by the position that he took (2:7a-b). As the Christian song by Donald McClurkin says: “He came from heaven to earth to show the way.” He gave up heaven to stoop to earth. Rather than holding on to his own rights and position, as the Philippians evidently were, Christ “emptied himself” (2:7a). He emptied himself by the position that he took, a position of no reputation, divesting himself of his privileges but without in any way ceasing to be fully God. Christ’s self-humbling stands in stark contrast to the Philippians’ self-exaltation and conceit (2:3).

He gave up his glorious position to take a despised position. The One who was adored by the angels of heaven became despised by the people on earth. He gave up his infinite riches to become poor (2 Cor. 8:9). He became voluntarily poor with no place to be born, no home to live in, no bed to sleep in, no tomb to be buried in. He took on our burden and debt of sin (cf. Jn. 1:29) - the sinless One became sin for us (2 Cor. 5:21).

He gave up the independent exercise of his divine rights to become dependent, obedient, submissive. He became the perfect servant whose mission was to do the Father’s will. As someone else has said: The only One who had “the right to assert his rights, waived them” (Wuest, cited in Hendriksen, 109). Majesty was given up for meekness. Self-existence was replaced by self-renunciation. Superiority was set aside for submission.

This is the mystery and wonder of the incarnation, that God became a man without ever ceasing to be God. This is the attitude that Paul is urging on us – complete selflessness that looks out for the concerns of others; not grasping onto our own rights and privileges but letting them go for the benefit of others. The story is told of the late Dawson Trotman, founder of The Navigators, who was visiting Taiwan on one of his overseas trips. During the visit he hiked with a Taiwanese pastor back into one of the mountain villages to meet with some of the national Christians. The roads and trails were wet and their shoes became very muddy. Later, someone asked this Taiwanese pastor what he remembered most about Dawson Trotman. Without hesitation the man replied, “He cleaned my shoes.” How surprised this humble national pastor must have been to get up in the morning and to realize that the Christian leader from America had risen before him and cleaned the mud from his shoes. That spirit of servanthood marked Dawson Trotman throughout his Christian life. He died as he lived, actually giving his life to rescue someone else from drowning (Jerry Bridges, “Loving By Serving,” Discipleship Journal, May/June 1985). This is the attitude of Christ that we need to demonstrate to one another - emptying self for the benefit of others.

What did this self-emptying look like? How did Christ do this? “... by taking the form of a servant (slave)” (2:7b). The point here is not “what” he let go, but “how.” This was an act of self-abasement, self-impoverishment. Note the irony here: Christ emptied himself by becoming human. Humanity is the highest of God’s creation, but becoming human for Christ was a lowering of himself (the Creator) to the position of the creature he had made. And, more than that, he took the position of a slave, the lowest place in human society.

Christ emptied himself by the position that he took - he took the form of a slave. He took that position in addition to, not in place of, his deity. The One who was in the “form of God” also took the “form of a slave.” That’s how he could be our Saviour, because he is the God-man, perfectly holy and perfectly human, and thus the perfect sacrifice and substitute for our sins. The “form” of a slave doesn’t mean that he appeared as a slave but really was not. He actually took the lowest position on the economic and social scale, someone without rights or privileges, the servant of all (cf. 2 Cor. 8:9; Lk. 22:27). In fulfilling his mission as the servant of God (Isa. 42:1-4), he became the servant of men (cf. Jn. 13:1-17). Christ entered world history not as the “Lord” but as a “slave.” He came “not to be served but to serve, and to give his life a ransom for many” (Matt. 20:28; Mk. 10:45).

Hudson Taylor was scheduled to speak at a large Presbyterian church in Melbourne, Australia. The moderator of the service introduced the missionary in eloquent and glowing terms. After telling the congregation what Taylor had accomplished in China, he presented him as “our illustrious guest.” Taylor stood quietly for a moment, and then opened his message by saying, “Dear friends, I am only the little servant of an illustrious Master.” Taylor gave up a lot in order to serve God on foreign soil. But Jesus gave up far more – he gave up everything! We can’t even imagine what Jesus gave up in order to come to earth in human form and be a servant to mankind.

Christ emptied himself by the position that he took. And...

(1b) Christ emptied himself by the nature that he took (2:7c): “... taking on the likeness of humanity” (2:7c). Now Paul uses a different word – not “form” but “likeness.” Paul is saying that Christ was “similar to our humanity in some respects and dissimilar in others” (Fee, 213). He was similar in that he was truly and fully human, like us. He was dissimilar in that he was at the same time fully God. He was similar to us in his full humanity but dissimilar to us in his sinless nature (cf. Rom. 8:3). Thus, he was like us but not exactly because he was not solely human – he was God manifest in flesh (cf. Heb. 1:3). This concept is known as the “hypostatic union” – the union of Christ’s divine and human natures (Jn. 1:1, 14; Gal. 4:4; 1 Tim. 3:16). He took human nature and therefore experienced human needs and emotions (e.g. hunger, tiredness etc.) as we do, but he had no sin. He was “one who has been tempted in every way as we are, yet without sin” (Heb. 4:15). So, though he was fully human, he was not identical to us because he had no sin.

To be united in the church and to express Christ’s presence on earth, we need to express Christ’s attitude to one another. First, the attitude of Christ expressed in emptying himself. Second...

2. The attitude of Christ expressed in humbling himself (2:8): “And being found in human form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.”

(2a) He humbled himself by the human form he took (2:8a): “And being found in human form (appearance), he humbled himself.” Notice that each time, his mode of existence (his form, likeness, outward appearance) is accompanied by a corresponding action. He was in the “form of God” and he “emptied himself.” He was in the “likeness of men” and he “humbled himself.”

Having come in human likeness, his humanity was self evident: he was born, grew up, had siblings, was hungry, tired, wept etc. To all outward appearances he was a man (and he truly was), but though others recognized his humanity, they failed to recognize his deity. They did not believe his claims to deity - they rejected his words and works; they hated him. As God he chose to “empty himself” and as man he chose to “humble himself.” This is the attitude that Paul wants us to adopt - self-renunciation for the benefit of others; emptying of self.

He humbled himself by the human form he took, and…

(2b) He humbled himself by the cruel death he died (2:8b): “…by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.” Again as the song says: “He came from heaven to earth to show the way, from the earth to the cross my debt to pay.”

He gave up divine superiority to take on human inferiority. He was born in a stable to an unknown, disrespected virgin. He grew up in obscurity and lived in poverty. He did miraculous acts of kindness for which he was persecuted. He came to his own people and they did not receive him. He was ridiculed, mocked, tortured and crucified.

Just as he gave up heaven to stoop to earth, so also he gave up life to submit to death. That’s how he humbled himself, by “becoming obedient to the point of death.” He gave up everything to become nothing, even giving up life to submit to death – the ultimate act of self-sacrifice. And this was no ordinary death but “even death on a cross.” This was the most painful of deaths. This was the most shameful of deaths - a condemned man carrying his own cross to a desolate place outside the city, crucified between two thieves, mocked by the religious leaders and the crowd (Matt. 27:27-31, 39-44). To die on a cross was an accursed death; he bore the curse of God on account of our sin (Gal. 3:10, 13).

This is the mystery of redemption: God on a cross! For the believer, the cross of Christ is central to all we believe, trust, and hope in. No wonder “none of the rulers of this age understood this, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory” (1 Cor. 2:8). The One who did not consider equality with God something to be held onto at all costs, in fact let it go by emptying himself of his divine rights and privileges, by humbling himself and appearing in world history as a man, so that we could see God in flesh and know the love of God expressed in its fullness through his death on the cross. This was the ultimate act of self-humiliation!

As Gordon Fee puts it: “The divine weakness (death at the hands of his creatures, his enemies) is the divine scandal” (Fee, 217), a scandal because the cross was reserved for slaves and insurrectionists, not for the Son of God. God on a cross was and is a scandal. It went against everything that the first century disciples knew and expected of the Messiah. It contradicted human wisdom that the Gentiles sought after; it contradicted the divine sign of power that the Jews looked for (1 Cor. 1:18-31). And it is the paradox of the Christian calling, that we are granted as a privilege on behalf of Christ to suffer for his sake (1:28).

Christ emptied himself and humbled himself. But...

3. God exalted him to the highest position in the universe (2:9-11): 9 Therefore God has highly exalted him and given him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow - in heaven and on earth and under the earth – 11 and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.”

Lest you doubt that the One who took the lowest place and suffered such ignominy could possibly be God, the story of redemption continues as the song states: “He came from heaven to earth to show the way; from the earth to the cross my debt to pay; from the cross to the grave, from the grave to the sky.”

(3a) He is exalted to a position with universal identification (2:9a): “Therefore, God has highly exalted him and given him the name that is above every name.”

Notice that the subject of the verb now changes from Christ to God. Christ is now the object to whom God gives the most exalted position and the most extolled name. Obedience to death on a cross was not the end. God has exalted him like no one else (Eph. 4:10). He has raised Christ from the depths of death to the heights of heaven. He has exalted him from the lowest place on earth to the highest position in heaven where he is now seated at the right hand of God, crowned with glory and honor (Heb. 1:3; 12:2; Eph. 1:20-22).

It is the purpose of God that the name of Jesus (the Savior of his people) will take on special significance, not that of an earthly name but of an exalted Saviour. Some names conjure up vivid mental pictures, don’t they? For example, the picture of Princess Diana in that fatal car crash in a tunnel in France. But the name of Jesus towers above all other names. God bestowed on him “the name that is above every name.”

His exaltation reverses his emptying. The One who took the lowest place is honored with the highest place (cf. Matt. 23:12). The One who was condemned by man is exalted by God. The One who was crucified is the one who is crowned. The One who became poor is gloriously rich. The One who was rejected by man is fully accepted by God. The One who became a servant now rules as King. The One who wore a crown of thorns now wears a crown of glory. The One who was utterly weak is now all powerful. The One who was our sacrifice is now our high priest.

Christ’s self-emptying and humiliation are now displayed as proof that he is equal with God. This is God’s vindication of Him, that he is truly God. The mystery and paradox of God on a cross is resolved. His humiliation and crucifixion are but the prelude to his exaltation by God, so that what appeared to be defeat was in fact victory.

God has exalted him to a position with universal identification. And...

(3b) God has exalted him to a position with universal submission (2:10): “… so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow - in heaven and on earth and under the earth.”

His name will be revered by every creature. No person or creature will be exempt from bowing the knee to the lordship of Jesus Christ.

The homage that alone is due to God by his creation (Isa. 45:18-24a) is assigned here by God to Christ. This is the ultimate vindication of his deity. This is not just the homage of those who have been redeemed by him but the bowing of every creature in submission to his universal lordship and sovereignty. “Every knee” means heavenly beings, living humans, the dead, and the underworld of demons. When this name is known, its very mention will cause everyone to bow the knee in homage. The redeemed will bow in rejoicing and the condemned will bow in remorse: They will be forced to their knees.

His most revered name reverses his humiliation. The One who was mocked with a purple robe, scourged with cruel whips, humiliated with a crown of thorns, spit upon by wicked men, and condemned with despicable injustice, will be acknowledged and worshipped by every creature.

God has exalted him to a position with universal identification. God has exalted him to a position with universal submission. And…

(3c) God has exalted him to a position with universal confession: (2:11): “…so that at the name of Jesus…every tongue (should) confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” The bowing of the knee is the reverence of the lesser to the greater and the confession of the tongue is the acknowledgement of the creature to the Creator. His name that was once so despised will cause every knee in creation to bow and every tongue to confess that the Lord is Jesus Christ – He is God, the universal sovereign (cf. Acts 2:36). Jesus, the suffering Saviour, is the exalted Lord.

This is the grand finale to his humiliation and exaltation – the highest position and the divine title of Lord; the One with all power and authority. This is the ultimate goal for which we expectantly wait - the homage of every knee and the confession of every tongue - so that Jesus Christ has his rightful place as King of kings and Lord of lords. Though we acknowledge the rule of kings and governments, the ultimate rule is that of Jesus Christ (cf. Acts 2:36; Rom. 10:9; Rev. 17:14; 19:16). And all this “to the glory of God the Father,” for when the Son is honored so is the Father (Jn. 5:23). The unity of the Godhead is perfect.

That’s the model of unity for us. If we are the presence of Christ on earth, the unity of the Godhead will be the model for our unity. For our unity is the most powerful evidence that we are the presence of Christ on earth. And the key to our unity is having the attitude (mind) of Christ, lowering ourselves for the benefit of others.

First, our unity stems from our attitude to one another, and second...

II. Our Unity Shows In Our Activity With One Another (2:12-18)

“Therefore, my beloved, just as you have always obeyed, so now, not only in my presence but even more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling” (2:12).

When your mind is transformed by the attitude of humility, your activity will be transformed by the attitude of obedience. Changing our mindset isn’t enough – a true change of mind toward one another will transform our behavior with one another. Obedience is the underlying characteristic of Christ-likeness, without which we cannot worship and serve in unity.

This is Paul’s challenge now. He has told us what our attitude should be, now he challenges us how we ought to act. It’s one thing how you behave when someone is watching, but the true test is how you behave when no one is looking. It’s how you behave when your parents aren’t around or your boss isn’t looking that shows whether you are truly obedient and loyal, isn’t it?

So, how do we maintain our obedience to Christ? We maintain our obedience to Christ by...

1. Working in ways that show our salvation in Christ (2:12-13): ...work out your own salvation with fear and trembling” (2:12b). This has nothing to do with the doctrine of the eternal security of the believer (although that is biblical and I believe it). This has nothing to do with working “for” our salvation. This has to do with working “out” our salvation - “working out what God in his grace has worked in” (Muller, cited by Ralph P. Martin in Tyndale, 115). We need to put into practice the attitude of Christ so that our salvation is evident in how we live and act together as a church, not in disunity, not striving for our individual rights, but in humility serving one another, esteeming one another better than ourselves and striving together for the faith of the gospel (2:3; 1:27).

We serve the One who will one day be universally acclaimed. That should cause us some fear and trembling, shouldn’t it? How can we be so individualistic, so self-centred, so preoccupied with self interest, when we see how Christ acted? So, “work out your own salvation with fear and trembling” (2:12), Paul says. But, you say, how can we do that?

We can do it because “it is God who is working in you both the desire and the effort for his good pleasure” (2:13). God is the One who gives us the indwelling power to do it. He works in us in such a way that we desire his good pleasure and that’s what we work for - not for our own pleasure or our own interests but God's!

We maintain our obedience to Christ by working in ways that show our salvation in Christ. And we maintain our obedience to Christ by...

2. Living in ways that show our transformation in Christ (2:14-18). Churches that work together in God's power and for God's pleasure “do all things without grumbling or arguing” (2:14). That kind of behavior has no place among those whose mission is to be the presence of Christ on earth and who show his presence through their unity.

To live in ways that show our transformation in Christ means…

(2a) Showing our morality in Christ (2:15a): “…so that you may be blameless and pure, children of God without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverted generation.” We are to be people who stand out in the world - people of integrity, uprightness, forthrightness, transparency, with nothing to hide, nothing to be accused of; people who beam the light of the gospel into a morally and spiritually dark, corrupt, and perverted world. That’s the kind of world in which we work and live - working in ways that show our salvation in Christ and living in ways that show our transformed morality in Christ.

Our transformation in Christ means showing our morality in Christ, and it means ...

(2b) Showing our testimony for Christ (2:15b-18): 15b ...among whom you shine as lights in the world, 16 holding firm to the word of life, so that in the day of Christ I may be proud that I did not run in vain or labor in vain” (2:15b-16).

We shine as lights for God in the world by “... holding firm to the word of life” (2:16a). This is the mark of people who are the presence of Christ on earth. This is the mark of those who are acting in unity.

We show our morality in Christ by being “blameless and harmless, children of God without blemish” and we show our testimony for Christ by “holding firm to the word of life,” the gospel, both in our words and in our works, “so that in the day of Christ,” Paul says, “I may be proud that I did not run in vain or labor in vain” (2:16b).

Our testimony for Christ in word and deed is a wonderful affirmation of the impact that the ministry of others has had on our lives. Such was the case of Paul’s ministry among the Philippians. He had labored among them and they had come to faith through him and had followed his instructions and example while he was among them. Now he exhorts them to continue even during his absence (2:12) to put into practice what he had taught them, so that “in the day of Christ I may be proud that I did not run in vain or labor in vain” (2:16b). This would be his ultimate reward and expectation that, when everything is revealed in “the day of Christ,” he can be proud of them, that his work among them was “not in vain.” This surely should be the motivation for all genuine ministers of the gospel. Such a positive outcome, of course, would ultimately not be due to Paul’s efforts alone but to “God who works in you” (2:13).

Indeed, “even if” his current circumstances (awaiting the outcome of his trial) should end in his death, “being poured out like a drink offering upon the sacrificial offering of your faith” (2:17a), even then their testimony and service for Christ would cause him to be “glad and rejoice with you all” (2:17b). The imagery here is the sacrifice of his life on the altar of their faith. The two are inseparably linked - his labor among them and their faith, expressed particularly in their testimony, including their financial support of the apostle (4:10-20). This would not only be the cause of his rejoicing but theirs also: “Likewise you also should be glad and rejoice with me” (2:18).

Final Remarks

Remember our thesis: If you want your church to be united you need to think less of yourself and more of others. Our unity stems from our attitude toward one another and our unity shows in our activity with one another.

The example that underlies all this is Christ himself: “Adopt the same attitude toward one another that Christ Jesus had” (2:5). If he was willing to give up everything and become nothing so that we who were nothing might have everything, how much more should we do the same for one another! If Jesus was willing to empty himself of his divine rights and humble himself to the lowest possible place, should not we be willing to humble ourselves so that we can live in unity with one another, respecting one another, serving one another in order to reflect the presence of Christ on earth? This is what Paul is calling us to in this chapter.

If we have the attitude of Christ, our unity will be marked (1) by our attitude to one another – the attitude of servants not masters, givers not takers, respect not contempt; (2) by our activity with one another working in ways that show our salvation in Christ and living in ways that show our transformation in Christ.

To be the presence of Christ on earth is to be like Christ. It’s not about rules and regulations; it’s about being Christ-like in nature and action. As Gordon Fee puts it: “The principle is love (selflessness), the pattern is Christ (humility), the power is the Spirit, and the ultimate purpose is the glory of God” (Fee, 227).

Will you commit to being the presence of Christ on earth by being like Christ in attitude and activity? If so, what are you going to do about it? Perhaps you’re saying: “I need to change the way I think.” My attitude of loftiness needs to change to one of lowliness. My attitude of arrogance needs to change to one of humility. My attitude of ambition needs to change to one of sacrifice. Or, perhaps you’re saying: “I need to change the way I act.” I’m not really working out my salvation with fear and trembling that one day I’ll have to give account to God for how I act. I’m not really showing Christian morality in the way I behave. I need to be upright, transparent, honest, righteous in my dealings with others. I need to shine as a light for God in this dark world by sharing the gospel with those who need Christ, as the opportunities arise.” If so, would you make that commitment today that, with God's help, you’re going to be the presence of Christ on earth.

Perhaps you need to change your thought life by thinking about the things that are Christ-honoring, things that are good and pure. Perhaps you need to change your family life by putting Christ first in your priorities and conversations. Perhaps you need to change your work life by displaying Christ to those you work with. Perhaps you need to change your church life by ministering to others in meaningful ways for their benefit. Perhaps you need to change your testimony by speaking for Christ whenever an opportunity arises.

Whatever it takes, let us have the attitude of Christ toward each other, an attitude of humility that leads to harmony. And let us engage in activity with one another, activity that shows our transformation in Christ and our testimony for Christ. This is Christian unity through the cross. This is unity that can have a powerful impact on the world around us. This unity that brings glory to God the Father.

Related Topics: Christian Life

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