MENU

Where the world comes to study the Bible

The Net Pastor’s Journal, Eng Ed, Issue 43, Spring 2022

A ministry of…

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,
Email: [email protected]

I. Strengthening Expository Preaching:
Preaching N.T. Gospels, Pt. 2

This series on “Strengthening Expository Preaching” started with the Fall 2018 edition (Issue 29) of this NET Pastors Journal. The purpose of this current series is to build on what we learned in the previous series (“The Essentials of Expository Preaching,” Issues 1-28, Fall 2011 to Summer 2018). So far in this current series we have covered the following topics:

1. Strengthening sermon introductions (Fall 2018)

2. Strengthening sermon conclusions (Winter 2019)

3. Strengthening sermon illustrations (Spring 2019)

4. Strengthening sermon applications (Summer and Fall 2019)

5. Strengthening biblical interpretation (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall 2020)

6. Strengthening preaching Hebrew narrative (Winter and Spring 2021)

7. Strengthening preaching Hebrew poetry (Summer and Fall 2021).

8. Strengthening preaching N.T. Gospel (Winter 2022).

In the Winter 2022 edition, I covered Section A, “The Gospel Genre: Its literary style, structure, and characteristic.” In this edition I will continue with the same topic, moving on to section B…

B. Interpretive Hints And Principles For Understanding Gospel Narratives

I have been particularly helped in this section by the work of Graeme Goldsworthy (“Preaching the Whole Bible as Christian Scripture,” 222-232), Sidney Greidanus (“Handbook of Contemporary Preaching,” 329-343), and J. Scott Duval and J. Daniel Hays (“Grasping God’s Word,” 249-253).

1. Be aware of differences in perspective. Interpretation is affected by perspective. Our perspective differs from that of the Gospel writers due in large part to the cultural, chronological, theological, and linguistic gaps between them and us. When we preach the Gospels, therefore, we need to be aware of these differences and interpret them appropriately.

The first question to ask ourselves is: “What is the theological thrust or intent of the Gospel writer?” I think we are safe to say that the overall message of all of the Gospel writers is the kingdom of God. Indeed, as Sidney Greidanus writes, “all four Gospels tie this central message of the kingdom of God to the person and work of Jesus Christ…This all-encompassing good news – that in Jesus Christ the kingdom of God is coming near, has come, and will come - calls for a theocentric-Christocentric interpretation of each individual preaching-text from the Gospels” (“Preaching in the Gospels,” 332).

2. Start with textual analysis. Textual analysis helps you gain a better understanding of the structure and content of the story.

As to structure, typically, the Gospel stories are structured around four progressive sections:

(1) The life situation, context, or background.

(2) The problem or issue at hand.

(3) The conflict or climax.

(4) The resolution.

(5) The conclusion - an application, lesson, or challenge.

In the structure, you want to learn what drives the story forward – is it questions, fear, opposition to Jesus etc.?

As to content, you can fairly easily analyze its context, characters, places, and events by asking six standard questions of the text:

(1) Who are the characters involved? – either named or unnamed.

(2) What takes place?

a) The background of the story.

b) The issue involved (e.g. a healing or a storm etc.).

c) The progression of events.

d) What the characters said or did or how they reacted etc.

(3) When did this take place? – the time of day or season of year, during a Jewish festival or at a wedding etc.

(4) Where did this take place? – on the lake, at a private home, in a city, in the synagogue etc.

(5) Why did the events of this story take place? – to perform a miracle, to expose someone’s faith or lack of faith, or because of doubt about who Jesus was etc.? In this analytical step, look for any clues the author may give as to the purpose of the story. These clues may be given at the beginning or end of the story. Take the example (from Duval and Hays) of Mark 4:35-41 where the final question by the disciples indicates that Mark included this event to teach and reinforce who Jesus was. He was not merely a rabbi but God himself, who alone controls and directs his creation.

(6) How does the story unfold? – to answer someone’s need or question, to show Jesus’ power over nature or his intervention in a crisis etc.

Another helpful analytical tool is to take note of the use of repetition in the story. This is an interpretive pointer in all biblical literature not just Gospels - the repetition of a word, phrase, or theme. Repetition is used by the author to drive the point home unmistakably.

3. Determine the universal, theological principle of the story. Once you have carefully analyzed the story’s structure and content, then you need to draw it together into the overall principle it is teaching. Here you are answering the question: “What is the point of the story?” In particular, what is the theological point the author is making by including this story and telling it as he did? Is it about relationships or faith or unbelief etc.? Is there a lesson in the story that we need to learn? Is our reaction to Jesus mirrored in the reactions described in the story?

Sometimes the Gospel writers emphasize a point through a series of stories. For example, Luke 15 contains three parabolic stories: (1) The lost sheep; (2) The lost coin; and (3) The lost son. Our job is to determine the common theological point that connects them. That one story is connected thematically to the one before or the one after can often be determined by the setting, the characters, the themes (e.g. the common theme in Lk. 15 is “lost” and “found”).

Once you have determined the theological principles, try to state them in ways that are relevant, applicable, and personalized to your audience today. This is what we need to preach – the theological point that is applicable to all audiences for all time. It’s easy to retell the story itself for your audience, but our job is to tell them more than that. Our job is to flesh out the principles of the story, not only as they relate to the characters in the story but more particularly as they relate to us. We need to answer the question: “What does this have to do with me?” In so doing, be sure to be faithful to the text itself within the context of the larger story of Scripture.

Final Remarks. These steps are critical when you are preparing to preach a Gospel narrative. It is not acceptable to merely retell the story and draw some moral applications from it. You must understand the Gospel writer’s theological perspective and Christocentric focus, analyze the story’s structure and content, and determine the theological principle of the story as a whole as well as of each scene of the story. Then you are ready to prepare your sermon and appropriately apply the story’s principles to life today.

II. Strengthening Biblical Leadership
“The Ministry Of Reconciliation, Pt. 4: An Appeal For The Reconciliation Of God’s People To God’s Minister” (2 Cor. 6:11-7:16)

The subject of the ministry of reconciliation unifies the entire section from 2 Corinthians 5:18 to 2 Corinthians 7:16, as follows:

A. The reconciliation of all people (2 Cor. 5:18-21).

B. The reconciliation of God’s people (2 Cor. 6:1-7:16)

(1) Their reconciliation to God (2 Cor. 6:1-2).

(2) Their reconciliation to God’s ministers (6:3-7:16) - for reconciliation to God can only be fully and properly accomplished by reconciliation to the pastor as well, for he is God’s ambassador (5:20).

In this study we will examine 2 Corinthians 6:11-18 and continue our study of this section in following editions.

First, let me make some introductory comments here about the structure of the passage we are about to study (2 Cor. 6:11-7:16) because there has been extensive debate among textual critics as to whether this was written by the apostle Paul and, if it was, whether it contains a fragment from another letter. The reason for this debate is that the language of 6:11-13 changes so abruptly in 6:14-7:1. Indeed, 7:2 seems to carry on from 6:13, with 6:14-7:1 as an unconnected insert. But in fact, the flow of thought can be traced throughout the passage without any need to conjecture that 6:14-7:1 is a fragment from some other document or an editorial insert. Indeed, the phrasing of 7:3 (“for I have already said that you are in our hearts”) is a clear reference back to 6:11-13 and infers that he has said something else in between.

This section, then, is the climax of an integrated treatise about Paul’s apostolic ministry that began in 2:14 and finishes in 7:16. As David Garland astutely points out, rather than being a digression, this final section that we are studying sums up his whole argument with a climactic appeal. Hence, the list of imperatives: (a) “Be reconciled to God “(5:20); (b) “We appeal to you ‘Don’t receive the grace of God in vain’” (6:1); (c) “Open your heart to us” (6:13); (d) “Do not be yoked together with those who do not believe” (6:14); (e) “Come out...be separate...do not touch” (6:17); and (f) “Make room for us in your hearts” (7:2) [see David Garland, 2 Corinthians, New American Commentary, 322-323].

First, Paul’s appeal to them is based on…

1. A Pastoral Appeal of Love (6:11-13). “11 We have spoken openly to you, Corinthians; our heart has been opened wide. 12 We are not withholding our affection from you, but you are withholding yours from us. 13 I speak as to my children; as a proper response, open your heart to us.”

This address to the Corinthians is unique in Paul’s letters to them. Perhaps he uses this mode of address to express the love he feels for them in his heart and to make his appeal particularly personal by calling them by name. Paul has been frank and transparent with them not only in his speech but also in his affections. He has spoken openly to them because of his love for them. No doubt his straightforward speech is motivated by the danger that they faced if they pursued the course they were on. The greater the danger, the more overt and frank are our warnings, as we know when we supervise children. The openness of his heart toward them has never changed despite their sinful practices which needed stern rebuke. His love for them and his rebuke of them are not mutually exclusive – he does not express and feel love for them only when they are going on perfectly and properly for the Lord (although that would undoubtedly be his preference).

In appealing to them as their pastor, he stresses his love for them - “our heart has been opened wide” (6:11). But love must be reciprocal. While “we are not withholding our affection from you,” he says, “you are withholding yours from us” (6:12). Thus, Paul further appeals to them to reciprocate his love – “open your hearts to us” (6:13). The fervency and genuineness of his affection for them had not wavered; whereas their love for him had dissipated, or at least was not evident. This is not unusual for someone who has been severely rebuked and who is living a lifestyle that is the polar opposite of the one who has rebuked them.

It is instructive how Paul communicates this rebuke to them. He does so in the context of expressing and assuring them of his love for them (6:11-13; 7:2-4). This is a timely reminder to us, that in order for rebuke to be accepted and effective, it must be done in the spirit of love. When dealing with believers who are sinning, while we must discipline them if there is no repentance (cf. 1 Cor. 5), nonetheless we must balance discipline with Christian affection lest we engage in some sort of legalistic chastisement, effectively making them stand in the corner until they repent, or cutting them off until they change. In all cases, we must “speak the truth in love.”

Paul appeals to them as a father to his “children” (6:13) that they reciprocate his love. It is natural and normal for children to love their parents. They were his spiritual children. To them, he had preached the message of reconciliation and they had received it. They were the beneficiaries of Paul’s ministry, both in terms of their salvation and their on-going church ministry. Now they were in danger of throwing back in his face this great blessing as having been in vain. Hence, this pastoral appeal of love is followed by…

2. A Pastoral Appeal of Admonition (6:14-18). “14 Do not be yoked together with those who do not believe. For what partnership is there between righteousness and lawlessness? Or what fellowship does light have with darkness? 15 What agreement does Christ have with Belial? Or what does a believer have in common with an unbeliever? 16 And what agreement does the temple of God have with idols? For we are the temple of the living God, as God said: ‘I will dwell and walk among them, and I will be their God,
and they will be my people. 17 Therefore, come out from among them and be separate, says the Lord; do not touch any unclean thing, and I will welcome you. 18 And I will be a Father to you, and you will be sons and daughters to me,’ says the Lord Almighty.”

This appeal of admonition seems to spring out of nowhere in the flow of thought of this passage. And yet, as I mentioned earlier, it seems from the context to be directly related to (a) the preceding verses (6:11-13) concerning the withdrawing of the Corinthians from Paul (and their coincident drawing near to the false apostles or, at least, coming under their influence - cf. chapters 10 and 11); and (b) the issues that had been raised in the first epistle that were marked by worldliness. For, if anyone needed to heed this admonition for holiness it was the Corinthians, who were dividing into parties (1 Cor. 1), boasting about sexual immorality in the church (1 Cor. 5), suing one another in court (1 Cor. 6), practising sexual immorality with prostitutes (1 Cor. 6:15-20), engaging with idolatry (1 Cor. 8 and 10), and abusing the Lord’s supper (1 Cor. 11:17-34). These issues and what they needed to do about them were the substance of his first letter and this exhortation in 2 Corinthians 6:14-7:1 is another iteration of those instructions concerning their sinful, worldly lifestyle and practices.

In order for the relationship of the Corinthians with Paul to be fully restored, they would need to demonstrate that they had separated themselves completely from evil. Their love for Paul could only be fully expressed by them if they demonstrated it by their obedience to him, specifically, by their separation from the world (6:14-7:1), for love and holiness go together; love can never overlook sin. The most genuine expression of their love for him would be to do what he instructs them, for as Jesus said, “the one who has my commandments and keeps them is the one who loves me” (Jn. 14:21).

It is quite reasonable, then, to assert (and indeed it fits with the whole tenor and subject of both epistles) that 6:11-7:16 is Paul’s final pastoral appeal to these people to now be reconciled to him, especially since they had evidently taken at least some of the steps necessary to separate themselves from evil (e.g. disciplining the man guilty of incest in 1 Cor. 5). And it makes sense that this kind of appeal would come at the end of his entire argument, which is concerned with the reconciliatory nature of pastoral ministry.

The problem is that the Corinthians were “yoked together with those who do not believe” (6:14), an association from which they must separate (6:15-18). Perhaps, and quite probably, this whole issue of unequal yoke was at the root of the problems in Corinth, causing such division and ungodliness. To be “yoked together” with a non-Christian is to be mismatched (lit. mis-mated) – to be joined with an unsuitable partner, as when oxen or horses in harness are mismatched and, therefore, do not (indeed, cannot) pull together in the same direction. They cannot work together, for how can two walk together unless they are agreed (Amos 3:3)? The yoke of the believer is Christ’s yoke, which is easy and light for those who are united with him (Matt. 11:30).

This admonition is not specifically alluding to marriage, although that would certainly be included. This is talking about any inappropriate association between believers and unbelievers. A “yoke” is a relationship or agreement that binds people together in close association with one another, a relationship that can only be harmonious and lasting if the parties are in agreement. Obviously, this is speaking specifically of agreement on spiritual things, but the principle surely applies in any relationship – it will not be happy and productive if the parties are not agreed (philosophically, spiritually, economically etc.). And typically, if one of the parties is a believer and the other an unbeliever, the influence of the unbeliever in the “yoke” overpowers that of the believer. As David Garland poetically puts it, “Those who harness themselves together with unbelievers will soon find themselves plowing Satan’s fields” (Garland, 331).

In this context, to be yoked to an unbeliever means an alliance - hence, the choice of words:

(a) “partnership” (14a) - sharing, participation (μετοξη)

(b) “fellowship” (14b) – communion (κοινωνια)

(c) “accord” (15a) - harmony, lit. “symphony” (συμφωνησις)

(d) “have in common” (15b) - share, part, portion (μερις)

(e) “agreement” (16a) – union (συγκαταθεσις)

For a Christian to be “yoked” together with a non-Christian is to form an intimate alliance between someone on the one hand who professes to be righteous in Christ, and someone on the other hand who lives in opposition to and in violation of the righteous law of God - i.e. “lawlessness” (6:14b). It is like trying to merge “light and darkness” (6:14c) into a common entity – impossible. It is like trying to force an accord between polar opposites, between “Christ and Belial / Satan”(6:15a), between a “believer” and an “unbeliever” (6:15b), between “the temple of God and the temple of “idols” (6:16).

The rhetorical question in the text is: “How can a believer enter into a relationship that pretends to be a united, equal, common agreement with someone whose basic worldview and practice militate against it?” And the implicit answer is: “You can’t do it!” – at least you can’t do it and maintain a consistent Christian testimony or live a happy, productive Christian life. No, surely…

(a) We “share” in the Holy Spirit (Heb. 6:4) and, as God’s children, we “participate” in God’s chastening (Heb. 12:8).

(b) Our “fellowship is with the Father and with his Son, Jesus Christ” (1 Jn. 1:3b; cf. 1:6), not with law breakers. Our “fellowship” is with “Jesus Christ our Lord” (1 Cor. 1:9) and with the Holy Spirit (2 Cor. 13:13), not with darkness or demons (1 Cor. 10:20).

(c) Our “agreement” is with the word of God (Acts 15:15) and with the church of God (1 Cor. 1:10-11; Matt. 18:19-20).

(d) Our “part” (share) is in “the saints’ inheritance” (Col. 1:12), not with unbelievers whose part is in the lake of fire.

(e) Our “agreement” (lit. union, common cause) is with the church of the living God (1 Tim. 3:14), not the temple of dead demons (2 Cor. 6:16b).

While Paul does not explicitly say what he is referring to here, an analysis of the contrasts that he draws (the fellowship of righteousness with lawlessness; the communion of light with darkness; the agreement of Christ with Satan; the commonality between a believer with an unbeliever; the agreement of the temple of God with the temple of idols) would seem to indicate that he has in mind primarily any association of Christians with pagan idolatry and sacrifices (cf. 1 Cor. 8:1-13; 10:14-33).

The whole imagery of a “yoke” eliminates applying this teaching to casual relationships, or else Christians would have to go out of the world altogether, which, as Paul says elsewhere, we do not have to do (1 Cor. 5:9-10). We are not to live in isolated communities separate from any contact with the world. Indeed, to do so would run counter to all Christ’s teaching regarding being salt and light in the world. What Paul is insisting on here is that Christians keep their Christianity (their spiritual values, ethical standards, relationships, practices, beliefs) separate and apart from worldly values, standards, relationships, practices, and beliefs. Indeed, to be yoked to an unbeliever is to form the closest and most permanent of relationships with someone who is, in fact, an enemy of the cross of Christ (Phil. 3:18).

The back-up support to Paul’s argument (6:16-18) comes in the form of miscellaneous, pieced-together quotations from the O.T. (Lev. 26:11-12; Ezek. 37:26, 27; Isa. 52:11; 2 Sam. 7:14; cf. also Deut. 32:18-19), which reinforce…

(a) The unity and exclusive relationship of God with his people: “I will dwell and walk among them and I will be their God and they will be my people” (6:16), which unity and relationship excludes anyone else.

(b) The call for separation from those among whom God does not dwell or walk: “Therefore, come out from among them and be separate, says the Lord, do not touch any unclean thing, and I will welcome you. And I will be a Father to you, and you will be sons and daughters to me, says the Lord Almighty” (6:17-18).

These O.T. quotations have to do with the worship of God, which must be done in complete separation from any “unclean thing” (Rev. 17:4; Lev. 5:2; 10:10). In other words, the worship of God and the worship of idols cannot under any circumstances be joined together. Since believers are “the temple of God”(1 Cor. 3:16) we cannot be joined to the temple of idols (2 Cor. 6:16). Only when we separate ourselves from such things and persons can and will “I welcome / receive you. And (then) I will be a Father to you and you shall be my sons and daughters, says the LORD Almighty.”

Final Remarks. There is a delicate balance between separating from the world for the purpose of maintaining holiness to the Lord, and connecting with the world for the purpose of evangelization. Evidently, the Corinthians were well integrated into the world and not separate from it. Perhaps that is why we read nothing of persecution against the Corinthians. Instead, they were accepted as participants in pagan temple worship (1 Cor. 8:10) and engaged in sexual immorality (1 Cor. 5). Believers have no place in idol worship nor in any immoral or impure behavior, which, as Paul says, should not even be heard of among you, as is proper for saints” (Eph. 5:3).

The balance seems to be that, on the one hand, we must separate ourselves so that we are neither “yoked” to unbelievers (i.e. do not come under their influence; not obligated to them; not indistinct from them; not corrupted by them; do not adopt their immoral practices), and yet, on the other hand, we must endeavour to develop relationships with them based on Christian kindness, honesty, love, purity, and grace such that they are receptive to our witness of Christ and the Gospel.

III. Sermon Outlines

Title: Learning from Jesus, Being Influential Christians, Pt. 2 (Matt. 5:14-16)

Subject: Living effectively for God in the world

Theme: Influential Christians are those who make a difference for God in the world

I. Only Jesus’ disciples transmit the light of God throughout a spiritually dark world (5:14-15)

A. Only Christians transmit the light of God throughout the world... by virtue of who we are (14a)

1. We alone are His disciples (cf. Jn. 1:9; Jn. 8:12)

2. We alone are his representatives in the world (cf. 1 Jn. 4:17)

B. Only Christians transmit the light of God throughout the world... by virtue of what we know (14a)

1. We alone know what is hidden in the darkness (cf. 1 Cor. 4:5; Eph. 5:13)

2. We alone know the cause of the darkness

a) We know that we are living in the last days (cf. 2 Tim. 6:1-5)

b) We know that this is the time of deceiving spirits and doctrines of devils (1 Tim. 4:1)

c) We know that any false prophets are in the world (1 Jn. 4:1-3)

d) We know that “all have sinned...” (Rom. 3:23; Jn. 3:19)

3. We alone know the solution to the darkness

a) The solution to the darkness is the truth of God (cf. 1 Jn. 1:5-10; 1 Jn. 4:6; Jn. 1:17; Jn. 8:32)

b) Only Christians can answer the ultimate questions of life – who we are, where we came from, why we are here, where we are going

C. Only Christians transmit the light of God throughout the world… by virtue of why we exist (14b-15)

1. We exist to fill a specific position (5:14b)

2. We exist to fulfill a specific purpose (5:15)

Point 2: Only Jesus’ disciples transmit the glory of God throughout a spiritually dark world (5:16)

2a. By obeying Jesus’ command to let our light shone (5:16a)

2b. Bu doing good deeds that point to God as the source (5:16b)

Related Topics: Pastors

La Revue Internet Des Pasteurs, Fre Ed 43, Edition du Printemps 2022

Un ministère de…

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,
Email: [email protected]

I. Renforcement de la prédication par exposition :
Prêcher les Evangiles du N.T., Pt. 2

Cette série sur le « Renforcement de la prédication par exposition “a commencé avec l’édition d’automne 2018 (numéro 29) de ce NET Pastors Journal. Le but de la présente série est de s’appuyer sur ce que nous avons appris dans la série précédente (“L’Essentiel de la prédication par exposition “, numéros 1-28, d’automne 2011 à 2018). Jusqu’à présent, dans la présente série, nous avons abordé les sujets suivants :

1. Renforcement des introductions de sermons (automne 2018)

2. Renforcement des conclusions de sermons (hiver 2019)

3. Renforcement des illustrations de sermons (printemps 2019)

4. Renforcement des applications de sermons (été et automne 2019)

5. Renforcement de l’interprétation biblique (hiver, printemps, été, automne 2020)

6. Renforcement de la prédication du récit hébraïque (hiver et printemps 2021)

7. Renforcement de la prédication de la poésie hébraïque (été et automne 2021).

8. Renforcement de la prédication l’Evangile du N.T. (hiver 2022).

Dans l’édition d’hiver 2022, j’ai couvert la section A, “Le genre de l’Évangile : son style littéraire, sa structure et ses caractéristiques”. Dans cette édition, je continuerai avec le même sujet, en passant à la section B…

B. Conseils et principes d’interprétation pour comprendre les récits de l’Évangile

J’ai été particulièrement aidé dans cette section par les travaux de Graeme Goldsworthy (« Preaching the Whole Bible as Christian Scripture » [Prêcher toute la Bible comme Ecriture chrétienne], 222-232), de Sidney Greidanus (« Handbook of Contemporary Preaching » [Manuel de prédication contemporaine], 329-343) et de J. Scott Duval et J. Daniel Hays (« Saisir la Parole de Dieu », 249-253).

1. Soyez conscient des différences en perspective. L’interprétation est influencée par la perspective. Notre perspective diffère de celle des évangélistes en grande partie à cause des écarts culturels, chronologiques, théologiques et linguistiques entre eux et nous. Lorsque nous prêchons les Évangiles, nous devons être conscients de ces différences et les interpréter de manière appropriée.

La première question à se poser est : “Quelle est l’orientation théologique ou l’intention de l’auteur de l’Évangile ? Je pense que nous sommes qu’il est juste de dire que le message général de tous les évangélistes c’est le royaume de Dieu. En effet, comme l’écrit Sidney Greidanus, “tous les quatre évangiles lient ce message central du royaume de Dieu à la personne et à l’œuvre de Jésus-Christ... Cette bonne nouvelle qui englobe tout - qu’en Jésus-Christ le royaume de Dieu s’est approché, est venu, et viendra - appelle à une interprétation théocentrique-christocentrique de chaque texte de prédication individuel des Évangiles » (« Prêcher dans les Évangiles », 332).

2. Commencez par l’analyse textuelle. L’analyse textuelle vous aide à mieux comprendre la structure et le contenu de l’histoire.

Concernant la structure, généralement, les histoires de l’Évangile sont structurées autour de quatre sections progressives :

(1) La situation, le contexte ou l’arrière-plan de la vie.

(2) Le problème ou la question en présence.

(3) Le conflit ou l’apogée.

(4) La résolution.

(5) La conclusion - une application, une leçon ou un défi.

Dans la structure, vous voulez apprendre ce qui fait avancer l’histoire - est-ce des questions, la peur, l’opposition à Jésus, etc. ?

Quant au contenu, vous pouvez assez facilement analyser son contexte, ses personnages, ses lieux et ses événements en posant six questions standard sur le texte :

(1) Qui sont les personnages impliqués ? – nommés ou non.

(2) Que se passe-t-il ?

a) Le contexte de l’histoire.

b) Le problème en présence (par exemple, une guérison ou une tempête, etc.).

c) La progression des événements.

d) Ce que les personnages ont dit ou fait ou comment ils ont réagi, etc.

(3) Quand cela a-t-il eu lieu ? – le moment de la journée ou la saison de l’année, lors d’une fête juive ou lors d’un mariage, etc.

(4) (4) Où est-ce que cela s’est-il passé ? – sur le lac, chez un particulier, dans une ville, à la synagogue etc.

(5) Pourquoi les événements de cette histoire ont-ils eu lieu ? – pour accomplir un miracle, pour exposer la foi ou le manque de foi de quelqu’un, ou à cause d’un doute sur qui était Jésus, etc.? Dans cette étape analytique, recherchez tous les indices que l’auteur peut donner quant au but de l’histoire. Ces indices peuvent être donnés au début ou à la fin de l’histoire. Prenons l’exemple (de Duval et Hays) de Marc 4 :35-41 où la dernière question des disciples indique que Marc a inclus cet événement pour enseigner et renforcer qui était Jésus. Il n’était pas simplement un rabbin mais Dieu lui-même, qui seul contrôle et dirige sa création.

(6) Comment l’histoire se déroule-t-elle ? – pour répondre au besoin ou à la question de quelqu’un, pour montrer le pouvoir de Jésus sur la nature ou son intervention dans une crise, etc.

Un autre outil analytique utile consiste à prendre note de l’utilisation de la répétition dans l’histoire. Il s’agit d’un pointeur interprétatif dans toute la littérature biblique, pas seulement dans les évangiles - la répétition d’un mot, d’une phrase ou d’un thème. La répétition est utilisée par l’auteur pour enfoncer le clou sans équivoque.

3. Déterminer le principe théologique universel de l’histoire. Une fois que vous avez soigneusement analysé la structure et le contenu de l’histoire, vous devez la mettre ensemble avec le principe général qu’elle enseigne. Ici, vous répondez à la question : “Quel est le but de l’histoire ?” En particulier, quel est l’intérêt théologique de l’auteur en incluant cette histoire et en la racontant comme il l’a fait ? S’agit-il de relations ou de foi ou d’incrédulité, etc. ? Y a-t-il une leçon dans l’histoire que nous devons apprendre ? Notre réaction vis-à-vis Jésus se reflète-t-elle dans les réactions décrites dans l’histoire ?

Parfois, les évangélistes soulignent un point à travers une série d’histoires. Par exemple, Luc 15 contient trois histoires paraboliques : (1) La brebis perdue ; (2) La pièce perdue ; et (3) Le fils perdu. Notre travail est de déterminer le point théologique commun qui les relie. Qu’une histoire soit liée thématiquement à celle d’avant ou à celle d’après peut souvent être déterminée par le décor, les personnages, les thèmes (par exemple, le thème commun dans Luc 15 est “perdu” et “trouvé”).

Une fois que vous avez déterminé les principes théologiques, essayez de les énoncer de manière pertinente, applicable et personnalisée pour votre public aujourd’hui. C’est ce que nous devons prêcher – le point théologique qui s’applique à tous les publics pour toujours. Il est facile de raconter l’histoire elle-même à votre public, mais notre travail consiste à leur dire plus que cela. Notre travail consiste à étoffer les principes de l’histoire, non seulement en ce qui concerne les personnages de l’histoire, mais plus particulièrement en ce qu’ils nous concernent. Nous devons répondre à la question : « Qu’est-ce que cela a à voir avec moi ? Ce faisant, assurez-vous d’être fidèle au texte lui-même dans le contexte de l’histoire plus large de l’Écriture.

Remarques finales. Ces étapes sont essentielles lorsque vous vous préparez à prêcher un récit de l’Évangile. Il n’est pas acceptable de se contenter de raconter l’histoire et d’en tirer des applications morales. Vous devez comprendre la perspective théologique et l’orientation christocentrique de l’auteur de l’Évangile, analyser la structure et le contenu de l’histoire et déterminer le principe théologique de l’histoire dans son ensemble, ainsi que de chaque scène de l’histoire. Ensuite, vous êtes prêt à préparer votre sermon et à appliquer de manière appropriée les principes de l’histoire à la vie d’aujourd’hui.

II. Renforcement du leadership biblique
“Le Ministère de la Réconciliation, Pt. 4 : Un appel à la réconciliation du peuple de Dieu avec le serviteur de Dieu “(2 Cor. 6 :11-7 :16)

Le sujet du ministère de la réconciliation unifie toute la section de 2 Corinthiens 5 :18 à 2 Corinthiens 7 :16, comme suit :

A. La réconciliation de tous les peuples (2 Cor. 5 :18-21).

B. La réconciliation du peuple de Dieu (2 Cor. 6 :1-7 :16).

(1) Leur réconciliation avec Dieu (2 Cor. 6 :1-2).

(2) Leur réconciliation avec les serviteurs de Dieu (6 :3-7 :16) - car la réconciliation avec Dieu ne peut être pleinement et correctement accomplie que par la réconciliation avec le pasteur également, car il est l’ambassadeur de Dieu (5 :20).

Dans cette étude, nous examinerons 2 Corinthiens 6 :11-18 et poursuivrons notre étude de cette section dans les éditions suivantes.

Tout d’abord, permettez-moi de faire ici quelques commentaires d’introduction sur la structure du passage que nous sommes sur le point d’étudier (2 Cor. 6 : 11-7 : 16), parce qu’il y a eu un débat approfondi parmi les critiques textuels quant à savoir si cela a été écrit par l’apôtre Paul et, si c’était le cas, si elle contient un fragment d’une autre lettre. La raison de ce débat est que le langage de 6 :11-13 change si brusquement en 6 :14-7 :1. En effet, 7 :2 semble continuer à partir de 6 :13, avec 6 :14-7 :1 comme fragment non connecté. Mais en fait, le flux de pensée peut être retracé tout au long du passage sans qu’il soit nécessaire de supposer que 6 :14-7 :1 est un fragment éditorial ou d’un autre document. En effet, la formulation de 7 :3 (« car j’ai déjà dit que vous êtes dans nos cœurs ») est une référence claire à 6 :11-13 et en déduit qu’il a dit quelque chose d’autre entre les deux.

Cette section est donc le point culminant d’un traité intégré sur le ministère apostolique de Paul qui a commencé en 2 :14 et se termine en 7 :16. Comme le souligne astucieusement David Garland, plutôt que d’être une digression, cette dernière section que nous étudions résume tout son argument avec un attrait décisif. D’où la liste des impératifs : (a) « Soyez réconciliés avec Dieu “(5 :20) ; (b) « Nous vous exhortons à ne pas recevoir la grâce de Dieu en vain » (6 : 1) ; (c) « élargissez-vous aussi » (6 :13) ; (d) « Ne vous mettez pas avec les infidèles sous un joug étranger » (6 :14) ; (e) « Sortez... séparez-vous... ne touchez pas » (6 :17) ; et (f) « Donnez-nous une place dans vos cœurs ! “(7 :2) [voir David Garland, 2 Corinthiens, New American Commentary, 322-323].

Premièrement, l’appel de Paul à eux est basé sur…

1. Un appel pastoral d’amour (6 :11-13). “Notre bouche s’est ouverte pour vous, Corinthiens, notre cœur s’est élargi. Vous n’êtes pas à l’étroit dans au dedans de nous ; mais vos entrailles se sont rétrécies. Rendez-nous la pareille, -je vous parle comme à mes enfants, -élargissez-vous ! »

Cette correspondance aux Corinthiens est unique parmi les lettres que Paul leur adresse. Peut-être utilise-t-il ce mode correspondance pour exprimer l’amour qu’il leur porte dans son cœur et pour rendre son appel particulièrement personnel en les appelant par leur nom. Paul a été franc et transparent avec eux, non seulement dans son discours mais aussi dans ses affections. Il leur a parlé ouvertement à cause de son amour pour eux. Il ne fait aucun doute que son discours direct est motivé par le danger auquel ils seraient confrontés, s’ils poursuivaient la voie sur laquelle ils se trouvaient. Plus le danger est grand, plus nos avertissements sont clairs et francs, comme nous le savons lorsque nous surveillons des enfants. La disposition de son cœur ouvert envers eux n’a jamais changée malgré leurs pratiques pécheresses qui avaient besoin d’être sévèrement réprimandées. Son amour pour eux et sa réprimande ne s’excluent pas mutuellement – son expression et son sentiment d’amour pour eux ne sont pas uniquement lorsqu’ils se conduisent parfaitement et manière appropriée pour le Seigneur (bien que ce soit sans aucun doute sa préférence).

En les interpellant en tant que leur pasteur, il souligne son amour pour eux – “notre bouche s’est ouverte pour vous “(6 :11). Mais l’amour doit être réciproque. Tandis que « vous n’êtes pas à l’étroit au dedans de nous “dit-il vos entrailles se sont rétrécies (6:12). Ainsi, Paul les appelle davantage à lui rendre son amour – “élargissez-vous aussi “(6 :13). La ferveur et l’authenticité de son affection pour eux n’avaient pas faibli ; tandis que leur amour pour lui s’était dissipé, ou du moins n’était pas évident. Cela n’est pas inhabituel pour quelqu’un qui a été sévèrement réprimandé et qui vit un style de vie qui est aux antipodes de celui qui l’a réprimandé.

Il est instructif de voir comment Paul leur communique ce reproche. Il le fait avec l’intention de leur exprimer et de leur assurer de son amour pour eux (6 : 11-13 ; 7 : 2-4). C’est un rappel opportun pour nous, que pour que la réprimande soit acceptée et efficace, elle doit être faite dans un esprit d’amour. Lorsque nous avons affaire à des croyants qui pèchent, bien que nous devions les discipliner s’il n’y a pas de repentance (cf. 1 Cor. 5), nous devons néanmoins équilibrer la discipline avec l’affection chrétienne de peur de nous engager dans une sorte de châtiment légaliste, en les obligeant effectivement à se tenir au coin jusqu’à ce qu’ils se repentent, ou en les mettant à l’écart jusqu’à ce qu’ils changent. Dans tous les cas, nous devons « dire la vérité avec amour ».

Paul les interpelle comme un père à ses “enfants” (6 :13) pour qu’ils lui rendent son amour. Il est naturel et normal que les enfants aiment leurs parents. Ils étaient ses enfants spirituels. Il leur avait prêché le message de la réconciliation et ils l’avaient reçu. Ils étaient les bénéficiaires du ministère de Paul, à la fois en termes de leur salut et de leur ministère continu comme église. Maintenant, ils risquaient de lui jeter cette grande bénédiction à la face comme ayant été vaine. Ainsi, cet appel pastoral d’amour est suivi de…

2. Un appel pastoral d’avertissement (6 :14-18). « Ne vous mettez pas avec les infidèles sous un joug étranger. Car, quel rapport y a-t-il entre la justice et l’iniquité ? ou qu’y a-t-il de commun entre la lumière et les ténèbres ? Quel accord y a-t-il entre Christ et Bélial ? ou quelle part a le fidèle avec l’infidèle ? Quel rapport y a-t-il entre le temple de Dieu et les idoles ? Car nous sommes le temple du Dieu vivant, comme Dieu l’a dit : J’habiterai et marcherai au milieu d’eux ; je serai leur Dieu, et ils seront mon peuple. C’est pourquoi, sortez du milieu d’eux, et séparez-vous, di le Seigneur, et Je vous accueillerai. Je serai pour vous un père, et vous serez pour moi des fils et des filles, dit le Seigneur tout puissant. »

Cet appel d’avertissement semble surgir de nulle part dans le flux de pensée de ce passage. Et pourtant, comme je l’ai mentionné plus tôt, il semble d’après le contexte être directement lié aux (a) versets précédents (6 :11-13) concernant le retrait des Corinthiens de Paul (et leur rapprochement simultané avec les faux apôtres ou, du moins, sous leur emprise - cf. chapitres 10 et 11) ; et (b) aux questions qui avaient été soulevées dans la première épître qui étaient marquées par la mondanité. Car, si quelqu’un avait besoin de tenir compte de cet avertissement pour la sainteté, c’était les Corinthiens, qui se divisaient en partis (1 Cor. 1), se vantant de l’immoralité sexuelle dans l’église (1 Cor. 5), se poursuivant en justice (1 Cor. 5). 6), pratiquant l’immoralité sexuelle avec des prostituées (1 Cor. 6 :15-20), s’engageant dans l’idolâtrie (1 Cor. 8 et 10) et abusant du repas du Seigneur (1 Cor. 11 :17-34). Ces problèmes et ce qu’ils devaient faire à leur sujet étaient la substance de sa première lettre et cette exhortation dans 2 Corinthiens 6 : 14-7 : 1 est une autre itération de ces instructions au sujet leur mode de vie et de leurs pratiques pécheurs et mondains.

Pour que la relation des Corinthiens avec Paul soit entièrement restaurée, ils avaient besoin de démontrer qu’ils s’étaient complètement séparés du mal. Leur amour pour Paul ne pouvait être pleinement exprimé par eux que s’ils le démontraient par leur obéissance à lui, en particulier par leur séparation du monde (6, 14-7, 1), car l’amour et la sainteté vont de pair ; l’amour ne peut jamais ignorer le péché. L’expression la plus authentique de leur amour pour lui serait de faire ce qu’il leur demande, car comme Jésus l’a dit, “Celui qui a mes commandements et qui les garde, c’est celui qui même. » (Jn. 14 :21).

Il est donc tout à fait raisonnable d’affirmer (et cela correspond en fait à l’ensemble de la teneur et du sujet des deux épîtres) que 6 :11-7 :16 est le dernier appel pastoral de Paul à ces gens, pour qu’ils se réconcilient maintenant avec lui, d’autant plus qu’ils avaient manifestement pris au moins certaines des mesures nécessaires pour se séparer du mal (par exemple discipliner l’homme coupable d’inceste dans 1 Cor. 5). Et il est logique que ce genre d’appel vienne à la fin de tout son argumentaire qui concerne la nature réconciliatrice du ministère pastoral.

Le problème est que les Corinthiens étaient “Ne vous mettez pas avec les infidèles sous un joug étranger » (6 : 14), une association dont ils doivent se séparer (6 : 15-18). Peut-être, et très probablement, toute cette question de joug inégal était à l’origine des problèmes à Corinthe, causant tant de division et d’impiété. Être « attelé » avec un non-chrétien, c’est être mal assorti (littéralement mal accouplé) - être joint à un partenaire qui ne convient pas, comme lorsque des bœufs ou des chevaux attelés sont mal assortis et, par conséquent, ne tirent pas dans la même direction (en fait, ne peuvent pas). Ils ne peuvent pas travailler ensemble, car comment deux peuvent-il marcher ensemble sans s’être accordés (Amos 3 :3) ? Le joug du croyant est le joug du Christ, qui est facile et léger pour ceux qui sont unis à lui (Matthieu 11 :30).

Cet avertissement ne fait pas spécifiquement allusion au mariage, même si cela serait certainement inclus. Il s’agit de toute association inappropriée entre croyants et incroyants. Un « joug » est une relation ou un accord qui lie des personnes en étroite association les unes avec les autres, une relation qui ne peut être harmonieuse et durable que si les parties sont d’accord. Évidemment, cela parle spécifiquement d’un accord sur des choses spirituelles, mais le principe s’applique sûrement à toute relation - ce ne sera pas heureux et productif si les parties ne sont pas d’accord (philosophiquement, spirituellement, économiquement, etc.). Et typiquement, si l’une des parties est un croyant et l’autre un incroyant, l’influence de l’incroyant dans le “joug » l’emporte sur celle du croyant. Comme le dit poétiquement David Garland, « Ceux qui s’attèlent aux incroyants se retrouveront bientôt à labourer les champs de Satan » (Garland, 331).

Dans ce contexte, être attelé à un incroyant signifie une alliance - d'où le choix des mots : :

(a) “partenariat » (14a) - partage, participation (μετοξη)

(b) « fraternité » (14b) – communion (κοινωνια)

(c) « accord “(15a) - harmonie, lit. “symphonie “(συμφωνησις)

(d) « avoir en commun » (15b) - part, portion (μερις)

(e) « accord » (16a) – syndicat (συγκαταθεσις)

Pour un chrétien, être “attelé “à un non-chrétien, c’est former une alliance intime entre quelqu’un qui professe être juste en Christ d’une part, et quelqu’un qui vit en opposition et en violation de la loi juste de Dieu d’autre part - c’est-à-dire « l’anarchie » (6 :14b). C’est comme essayer de fusionner « la lumière et les ténèbres » (6 :14c) en une entité commune - impossible. C’est comme essayer de forcer un accord entre des pôles opposés, entre « Christ et Bélial / Satan “(6 :15a), entre un « croyant » et un “incroyant “(6 :15b), entre « le temple de Dieu “et le temple des « idoles » (6 :16).

La question rhétorique dans le texte est la suivante : “Comment un croyant peut-il entrer dans une relation qui prétend être un accord uni, égal et commun avec quelqu’un dont la vision du monde et la pratique de base s’y opposent ? » Et la réponse implicite est : “Vous ne pouvez pas le faire ! “- au moins vous ne pouvez pas le faire et maintenir un témoignage chrétien cohérent ou vivre une vie chrétienne heureuse et productive. Non, sûrement…

(a) Nous “avons part “au Saint Esprit (Héb. 6 :4) et, en tant qu’enfant de Dieu, nous “participons » châtiment de Dieu (Héb. 12 :8).

(b) Notre « communion est avec le Père et son Fils Jésus Christ » (1 Jn. 1 :3b ; cf. 1 :6), pas avec les hors-la-loi. Notre «communion» est avec «Jesus Christ notre Seigneur» (1 Cor. 1:9) and with the Holy Spirit (2 Cor. 13:13), not with darkness or demons (1 Cor. 10:20).

(c) Notre « accord » est avec la parole de Dieu 15 :15) et avec l’église de Dieu (1 Cor. 1 :10-11 ; Matt. 18 :19-20).

(d) Notre « part » (héritage) est dans “l’héritage des saints » (Col. 1 :12), pas avec les incroyants dont la part est dans un étang de feu.

(e) Notre « accord » (lit. union, cause commune) est avec l’église du Dieu vivant (1 Tim. 3 :14), pas avec le temple des démons morts (2 Cor. 6 :16b).

Bien que Paul ne dise pas explicitement à quoi il se réfère ici, une analyse des contrastes qu’il établit (la communion de la justice avec l’iniquité ; la communion de la lumière avec les ténèbres ; l’accord de Christ avec Satan ; la communauté entre un croyant avec un incroyant ; l’accord du temple de Dieu avec le temple des idoles) semblerait indiquer qu’il a à l’esprit principalement toute association de chrétiens avec l’idolâtrie et les sacrifices païens (cf. 1 Cor. 8 :1-13 ; 10 :14- 33).

Toute l’imagerie d’un “joug » élimine l’application de cet enseignement aux relations occasionnelles, sinon les chrétiens devraient complètement quitter le monde, ce que, comme Paul le dit ailleurs, nous ne devons pas faire (1 Cor. 5 : 9- dix). Nous ne devons pas vivre dans des communautés isolées, séparées de tout contact avec le monde. En effet, cela irait à l’encontre de tout l’enseignement du Christ concernant le fait d’être sel et lumière du monde. Ce sur quoi Paul insiste ici, c’est que les chrétiens gardent leur christianisme (leurs valeurs spirituelles, leurs normes éthiques, leurs relations, leurs pratiques, leurs croyances) séparés des valeurs, des normes, des relations, des pratiques et des croyances du monde. En effet, être attelé à un incroyant, c’est former la relation la plus étroite et la plus permanente avec quelqu’un qui est, en fait, un ennemi de la croix de Christ (Phil. 3 :18).

Le soutien de l’argument de Paul (6 :16-18) se présente sous la forme de citations diverses et reconstituées de l’A.T. (Lév. 26 :11-12 ; Ézéchiel 37 :26, 27 ; Ésaïe 52 :11 ; 2 Sam. 7 :14 ; cf. aussi Deut. 32 :18-19), qui renforcent…

(a) L’unité et la relation exclusive de Dieu avec son peuple: “J’habiterai et je marcherai au milieu d’eux; je serai leur Dieu, et ils seront mon peuple » (6:16), lesquelles unité et relation excluent toute autre personne.

(b) L’appel à la séparation d’avec ceux au milieu desquels Dieu n’habite ni ne marche : “C’est pourquoi, sortez du milieu d’eux, et séparez-vous, dit le Seigneur, et Je vous accueillerai. Je serai pour vous un père, et vous serez pour moi des fils et des filles, dit le Seigneur tout puissant. » (6:17-18).

Ces citations de l’A.T. ont à voir avec l’adoration de Dieu, qui doit être faite dans une séparation complète de toute “chose impure » (Apoc. 17 :4 ; Lév. 5 :2 ; 10 :10). En d’autres termes, le culte de Dieu et le culte des idoles ne peuvent en aucun cas être mis ensemble. Puisque les croyants sont “le temple de Dieu “(1 Cor. 3 :16), nous ne pouvons pas être unis au temple des idoles (2 Cor. 6 :16). Ce n’est que lorsque nous nous séparons de telles choses et personnes que « Je vous accueillerai. Je serai pour vous un père, et vous serez pour moi des fils et des filles, dit le Seigneur tout puissant. »

Remarques Finales. Il y a un équilibre délicat entre se séparer du monde dans le but de maintenir la sainteté pour le Seigneur et se connecter avec le monde dans le but de l’évangélisation. De toute évidence, les Corinthiens étaient bien intégrés au monde et non séparés de lui. C’est peut-être pour cela que nous ne lisons rien sur la persécution contre eux. Au lieu de cela, ils ont été acceptés comme participants au culte du temple païen (1 Cor. 8 :10) et engagés dans l’immoralité sexuelle (1 Cor. 5). Les croyants n’ont aucune place dans l’adoration d’idoles ni dans aucun comportement immoral ou impur, qui, comme le dit Paul, ne devrait pas : “ne soient même pas nommé parmi vous, ainsi qu’il convient à des saints » (Eph. 5 :3).

L’équilibre semble être que, d’une part, nous devons nous séparer afin que nous ne soyons ni « attelés » aux incroyants (c’est-à-dire que nous ne soyons pas sous leur influence ; pas obligés envers eux ; pas indistincts d’eux ; pas corrompus par eux ; n’adoptons pas leurs pratiques immorales), et pourtant, d’un autre côté, nous devons nous efforcer de développer avec eux des relations basées sur la gentillesse, l’honnêteté, l’amour, la pureté et la grâce chrétiennes, de sorte qu’ils soient réceptifs à notre témoignage du Christ et de l’Évangile.

III. Plan de Sermons

Titre : Apprendre de Jésus, être des chrétiens influents, pt. 2 (Matt. 5 :14-16)

Sujet : Vivre efficacement pour Dieu dans le monde

Thème : Les chrétiens influents sont ceux qui font la différence pour Dieu dans le monde

I. Seuls les disciples de Jésus transmettent la lumière de Dieu dans un monde spirituellement ténébreux (5 :14-15)

A. Seuls les chrétiens transmettent la lumière de Dieu à travers le monde... en vertu de qui nous sommes (14a)

1. Nous seuls, sommes Ses disciples (cf. Jn. 1 :9 ; Jn. 8 :12)

2. Nous seuls, sommes Ses représentants dans le monde (cf. 1 Jn. 4 :17)

B. Seuls les chrétiens transmettent la lumière de Dieu à travers le monde... en vertu de ce que nous savons (14a)

1. Nous seuls, savons ce qui est caché dans les ténèbres (cf. 1 Cor. 4 :5 ; Eph. 5 :13)

2. Nous seuls, connaissons la cause des ténèbres

a) Nous savons que nous vivons dans les derniers jours (cf. 2 Tim. 6 :1-5)

b) Nous savons que c’est le temps des esprits trompeurs et des doctrines des démons (1 Tim. 4 :1)

c) Nous savons que tous les faux prophètes sont dans le monde (1 Jn. 4 :1-3)

d) Nous savons que « tous ont péché... » (Rom. 3 :23 ; Jn. 3:19)

3. Nous seuls, connaissons la solution aux ténèbres

a) La solution aux ténèbres est la vérité de Dieu (cf. 1 Jn. 1 :5-10 ; 1 Jn. 4 :6 ; Jn. 1 :17 ; Jn. 8 :32)

b) Seuls les chrétiens peuvent répondre aux questions ultimes de la vie - qui nous sommes, d’où nous venons, pourquoi nous sommes ici, où nous allons

C. Seuls les chrétiens transmettent la lumière de Dieu à travers le monde… en vertu de notre raison d’être (14b-15)

1. Nous existons pour occuper une position spécifique (5 :14b)

2. Nous existons pour remplir un but spécifique (5 :15)

Point 2 : Seuls les disciples de Jésus transmettent la gloire de Dieu à travers un monde spirituellement sombre (5 :16)

2a. En obéissant au commandement de Jésus de laisser briller notre lumière (5 :16a)

2b. En faisant de bonnes œuvres qui pointent à Dieu comme étant la source (5 :16b)

Related Topics: Pastors

Журнал для пасторов Net, Rus Ed 43, весеннее издание 2022

Служение Института Библейского Проповедования…

Усиливая Церковь посредством Библейской проповеди и лидерства

Автор: Проф. Роджер Паскоу, Президент института,
Email: [email protected]

I. Усиливая изъяснительную проповедьStrengthening Expository Preaching:
Проповедование новозаветных евангелий Ч.2

Эта серия статей «Усиление разъяснительной проповеди» началась с осеннего выпуска 2018 года (выпуск 29) журнала NET для пасторов. Цель этой текущей серии — развить то, что мы узнали из предыдущей серии («Основы разъяснительной проповеди», выпуски 1–28, осень 2011 — лето 2018 года). До сих пор в этой текущей серии мы рассмотрели следующие темы:

1. Усиление введений к проповедям (осень 2018 г.)

2. Усиление выводов проповеди (зима 2019 г.)

3. Усиление иллюстраций к проповедям (весна 2019 г.)

4. Усиление применений проповеди (лето и осень 2019 г.)

5. Усиление библейского толкования (зима, весна, лето, осень 2020 г.)

6. Усиление проповедей еврейских повествований (зима и весна 2021 г.)

7. Усиление проповедей еврейской поэзии (лето и осень 2021 г.).

8. Усиление проповедей новозаветных евангелий (зима 2022 г.).

В зимнем выпуске 2022 года я рассмотрел раздел A «Жанр Евангелия: его литературный стиль, структуру и характеристику». В этом выпуске я продолжу ту же тему, перейдя к разделу Б…

Б. Советы по толкованию и принципы понимания евангельских повествований

В этом разделе мне особенно помогли работы Грэма Голсуорси («Проповедь всей Библии как христианского Писания», с. 222–232), Сиднея Грейдануса («Руководство по современной проповеди», с. 329–343) и Дж. Скотта Дюваля. и Дж. Дэниел Хейс («Понимание Божьего Слова», с. 249–253).

1. Помните о различиях в перспективе. Толкование зависит от точки зрения. Наша точка зрения отличается от точки зрения писателей Евангелий во многом из-за культурных, хронологических, теологических и языковых различий между ними и нами. Поэтому, когда мы проповедуем Евангелия, нам нужно знать об этих различиях и правильно их толковать.

Первый вопрос, который следует задать себе, звучит так: «Какова теологическая направленность или намерение автора Евангелия?» Я думаю, мы можем с уверенностью сказать, что общее послание всех авторов Евангелий – это Царство Божье. Действительно, как пишет Сидней Грейданус, «все четыре Евангелия связывают эту центральное послание о Царстве Божьем с личностью и работой Иисуса Христа… Эта всеобъемлющая благая весть о том, что в Иисусе Христе Царство Божье приближается, пришло , и грядет - призывает к теоцентрически-христоцентристскому истолкованию каждого отдельного проповеднического текста из Евангелий» («Проповедь в Евангелиях», с. 332).

2. Начните с текстового анализа. Анализ текста помогает лучше понять структуру и содержание рассказа.

Что касается структуры, то обычно евангельские рассказы состоят из четырех последовательных разделов:

1) Жизненная ситуация, контекст или предыстория.

2) Проблема или вопрос под рукой.

3) Конфликт или кульминация.

4) Резолюция.

5) Заключение - применение, урок или вызов.

В структуре вы хотите узнать, что двигает историю вперед — это вопросы, страх, противодействие Иисусу и т. д.?

Что касается содержания, то вы довольно легко можете проанализировать его контекст, персонажей, места и события, задав шесть стандартных вопросов к тексту:

1) Какие персонажи задействованы? - по имени или без имени.

2) Что происходит?

а) Предыстория рассказа.

б) Затронутая проблема (например, исцеление или буря и т. д.).

в) Развитие событий.

г) Что персонажи сказали или сделали, как они отреагировали и т. д.

3) Когда это произошло? – время суток или время года, во время еврейского праздника или на свадьбе и т. д.

4) Где это произошло? – на озере, в частном доме, в городе, в синагоге и т. д.

5) Почему произошли события этой истории? – для совершения чуда, для разоблачения чьей-то веры или маловерия, или из-за сомнения в том, кем был Иисус и т. д.? На этом аналитическом этапе ищите любые подсказки, которые может дать автор относительно цели рассказа. Эти подсказки могут быть даны в начале или в конце рассказа. Возьмем пример (из Дюваля и Хейса) из Марка 4:35-41, где последний вопрос учеников указывает на то, что Марк включил это событие, чтобы научить и закрепить то, кем был Иисус. Он был не просто раввином, но и самим Богом, который один контролирует и направляет свое творение.

6) Как разворачивается история? – ответить на чью-то потребность или вопрос, показать власть Иисуса над природой или его вмешательство в кризис и т. д.

Еще один полезный аналитический инструмент — обратить внимание на использование повторов в рассказе. Это указатель толкования во всей библейской литературе, а не только в Евангелиях — повторение слова, фразы или темы. Повторение используется автором, чтобы безошибочно донести мысль.

3. Определить универсальный, богословский принцип рассказа. После того, как вы тщательно проанализировали структуру и содержание истории, вам нужно свести ее воедино в общий принцип, которому она учит. Здесь вы отвечаете на вопрос: «В чем смысл рассказа?» В частности, какой теологический вывод делает автор, включив эту историю и рассказав ее так, как он это сделал? Это об отношениях или вере или неверии и т.д.? Есть ли в этой истории урок, который нам нужно усвоить? Отражается ли наша реакция на Иисуса в реакциях, описанных в этой истории?

Иногда авторы Евангелий подчеркивают какую-либо мысль серией историй. Например, в 15-й главе Луки есть три параболических истории: 1) о заблудшей овце; 2) о потерянной монете; и 3) о потерянном сыне. Наша задача состоит в том, чтобы определить общую теологическую тему, которая их связывает. То, что одна история тематически связана с предыдущей или последующей, часто может определяться обстановкой, персонажами, темами (например, общая тема в Лк. 15 — «потерян» и «найден»).

Как только вы определили богословские принципы, постарайтесь сформулировать их так, чтобы они были уместны, применимы и персонализированы для вашей аудитории сегодня. Это то, что нам нужно проповедовать — богословский пункт, применимый ко всем слушателям во все времена. Легко пересказать саму историю для вашей аудитории, но наша работа состоит в том, чтобы рассказать им больше. Наша работа состоит в том, чтобы конкретизировать принципы истории не только в том, что касается их персонажей, но и в том, что касается нас. Нам нужно ответить на вопрос: «Какое это имеет отношение ко мне?» Поступая так, убедитесь, что вы верны самому тексту в контексте более широкой истории Писания.

Заключительные замечания. Эти шаги очень важны, когда вы готовитесь проповедовать евангельское повествование. Недопустимо просто пересказывать историю и извлекать из нее какие-то нравственные выводы. Вы должны понять богословскую перспективу и христоцентрическую направленность евангелиста, проанализировать структуру и содержание рассказа и определить богословский принцип рассказа в целом, а также каждой сцены рассказа. Тогда вы готовы подготовить свою проповедь и должным образом применить принципы этой истории в жизни сегодня.

II. Усиливая Библейское Руководство
“Служение примирения, ч. 4: Призыв к примирению Божьего народа к Божьему служителю.” (2 Кор 6:11-7:16)

Тема служения примирения объединяет весь раздел от 2 Коринфянам 5:18 до 2 Коринфянам 7:16 следующим образом:

А. Примирение всех людей (2 Кор. 5:18-21).

Б. Примирение Божьего народа (2 Кор. 6:1-7:16)

1) Их примирение с Богом (2 Кор. 6:1-2).

2) Их примирение с Божьими служителями (6:3-7:16) - ибо примирение с Богом может быть полностью и должным образом совершено только примирением также и с пастором, ибо он посланник Божий (5:20).

В этом исследовании мы рассмотрим 2 Коринфянам 6:11-18 и продолжим изучение этого раздела в следующих выпусках.

Во-первых, позвольте мне сделать несколько вступительных замечаний о структуре отрывка, который мы собираемся изучить (2 Кор. 6:11-7:16), потому что среди текстологов ведутся обширные споры о том, был ли он написан апостолом. Павла и, если да, то содержит ли он фрагмент из другого письма. Причина этого спора в том, что язык 6:11-13 резко меняется в 6:14-7:1. Действительно, 7:2 кажется продолжением 6:13, с 6:14-7:1 в качестве несвязанной вставки. Но на самом деле ход мысли можно проследить по всему отрывку, и нет нужды догадываться, что 6:14-7:1 — это фрагмент какого-то другого документа или редакционная вставка. Действительно, формулировка 7:3 («ибо Я уже сказал, что вы в наших сердцах») является явной отсылкой к 6:11-13 и предполагает, что он сказал что-то большее между строк.

Таким образом, этот раздел является кульминационным пунктом целостного трактата об апостольском служении Павла, начавшегося в 2:14 и завершившегося в 7:16. Как проницательно отмечает Дэвид Гарланд, последний раздел, который мы изучаем, не является отступлением, а резюмирует всю его аргументацию с кульминационным призывом. Отсюда список повелений: а) «Примиритесь с Богом» (5:20); б) «Просим вас: не принимайте благодати Божией напрасно» (6:1); в) «Откройте нам свое сердце» (6:13); г) «Не преклоняйтесь под ярмо с неверующими» (6:14); д) «Выходите... отделяйтесь... не прикасайтесь» (6:17); и (е) «Дайте нам место в сердцах ваших» (7:2) [см. Дэвид Гарланд, 2 Коринфянам, New American Commentary, с. 322–323].

Во-первых, обращение Павла к ним основано на…

1. Пастырский призыв к любви (6:11-13). 11 Уста наши отверсты к вам, коринфяне; наше сердце расширено. 12 Вам не тесно в нас, но в сердцах ваших тесно. 13 В равное возмездие, - говорю, как детям, - распространитесь и вы».

Это обращение к коринфянам уникально в письмах Павла к ним. Возможно, он использует этот способ обращения, чтобы выразить любовь, которую он испытывает к ним в своем сердце, и делает свое обращение особенно личным, называя их по имени. Павел был с ними откровенен и откровенен не только в своей речи, но и в своих чувствах. Он говорил с ними открыто из-за своей любви к ним. Без сомнения, его прямолинейная речь мотивирована опасностью, с которой они столкнутся, если будут следовать курсом, которым шли. Чем больше опасность, тем явнее и откровеннее наши предупреждения, как мы знаем, когда присматриваем за детьми. Открытость его сердца по отношению к ним никогда не менялась, несмотря на их греховные поступки, которые нуждались в строгом порицании. Его любовь к ним и его порицание им не исключают друг друга — он не выражает и не чувствует любви к ним только тогда, когда они идут совершенно и должным образом для Господа (хотя это, несомненно, было бы его предпочтением).

Обращаясь к ним как к их пастырям, он подчеркивает свою любовь к ним — «отверзлось сердце наше» (6:11). Но любовь должна быть взаимной. В то время как «мы не утаиваем от вас своей любви, — говорит он, — вы утаиваете от нас свою» (6:12). Таким образом, Павел далее призывает их ответить взаимностью на его любовь – «откройте нам сердца ваши» (6:13). Пылкость и искренность его привязанности к ним не поколебались; тогда как их любовь к нему рассеялась или, по крайней мере, не была очевидной. В этом нет ничего необычного для тех, кого резко упрекнули и кто ведет образ жизни, полностью противоположный тому, кто их упрекал.

Поучительно, как Павел передает им этот упрек. Он делает это в контексте выражения и заверения в своей любви к ним (6:11-13; 7:2-4). Это своевременное напоминание нам о том, что для того, чтобы упреки были приняты и эффективны, они должны быть сделаны в духе любви. Имея дело с верующими, которые согрешают, хотя мы должны наказывать их, если нет покаяния (ср. 1 Кор. 5), тем не менее, мы должны уравновешивать дисциплину христианской любовью, чтобы не подвергать себя своего рода законническому наказанию, фактически заставляя их стоять в углу, пока они не покаются, или отсекая их, пока они не изменятся. Во всех случаях мы должны «говорить истину в любви».

Павел обращается к ним как отец к своим «детям» (6:13), чтобы они ответили взаимностью на его любовь. Для детей естественно и нормально любить своих родителей. Они были его духовными детьми. Им он проповедовал весть о примирении, и они ее приняли. Они были получателями служения Павла, как с точки зрения их спасения, так и с точки зрения их продолжающегося церковного служения. Теперь они были в опасности бросить ему в лицо это великое благословение, как напрасное. Поэтому за этим пастырским призывом любви следует…

2. Пасторский призыв к предостережению (6:14-18). 14 Не преклоняйтесь под чужое ярмо с неверными, ибо какое общение праведности с беззаконием? Что общего у света с тьмою? 15 Какое согласие между Христом и Велиаром? Или какое участие верного с неверным? 16 Какая совместность храма Божия с идолами? Ибо вы храм Бога живого, как сказал Бог: вселюсь в них и буду ходить в них, и буду их Богом, и они будут моим народом. 17 И потому выйдете из среды их и отделитесь, говорит Господь, и не прикасайтесь к нечистому, и Я приму вас. 18 И буду вам Отцом, и вы будете Моими сынами и дщерями, говорит Господь Вседержитель.”

Этот призыв предостережения, кажется, возникает из ниоткуда в потоке мысли этого отрывка. И все же, как я упоминал ранее, из контекста кажется, что это имеет непосредственное отношение к а) предыдущим стихам (6:11-13) относительно удаления коринфян от Павла (и их одновременного приближения к лжеапостолам или, по крайней мере, попасть под их влияние – ср. главы 10 и 11); и б) вопросы, которые были подняты в первом послании и отмечены мирским характером. Ибо если кому и нужно было внимать этому увещеванию о святости, так это коринфянам, которые разделялись на партии (1 Кор. 1), хвастались блудом в церкви (1 Кор. 5), судились друг с другом в суде (1 Кор. 6), блудить с блудницами (1 Кор. 6:15-20), заниматься идолопоклонством (1 Кор. 8 и 10) и злоупотреблять вечерей Господней (1 Кор. 11:17-34). Эти проблемы и то, что им нужно было с ними делать, были сутью его первого письма, и это увещевание во 2 Коринфянам 6:14-7:1 является еще одним повторением этих наставлений относительно их греховного, мирского образа жизни и его практик.

Чтобы отношения коринфян с Павлом полностью восстановились, им нужно было продемонстрировать, что они полностью отделились от зла. Свою любовь к Павлу они могли бы полностью выразить только в том случае, если бы они продемонстрировали ее своим послушанием ему, в частности, своим отделением от мира (6:14-7:1), ибо любовь и святость идут рука об руку; любовь никогда не может игнорировать грех. Самым искренним выражением их любви к нему было бы выполнение того, чему он учил их, ибо, как сказал Иисус, «кто имеет заповеди Мои и соблюдает их, тот любит Меня» (Ин. 14:21).

Таким образом, вполне разумно утверждать (и это соответствует общему смыслу и теме обоих посланий), что 6:11-7:16 является последним пастырским призывом Павла к этим людям чтобы примириться с ним, тем более что они очевидно, предприняли по крайней мере некоторые шаги, необходимые для того, чтобы отделить себя от зла (например, наказывая человека, виновного в инцесте, в 1 Кор. 5). И вполне логично, что такого рода призыв произошел бы к концу всей его аргументации, касающейся примирительной природы пастырского служения.

Проблема в том, что коринфяне были «соединены под ярмом с неверующими» (6:14), объединение, от которого они должны освободиться (6:15-18). Возможно, и вполне вероятно, что весь этот вопрос о неравном ярме был корнем проблем в Коринфе, вызывая такое разделение и нечестие. Быть «вместе под одним ярмом» с нехристианином — значит быть несовместимым (букв. неправильно сочетаться) — быть соединенным с неподходящим партнером, как когда быки или лошади в были в упряжке непарные и, следовательно, не могли тянуть (на самом деле не могут) в одном направлении. Они не могут работать вместе, ибо как могут двое идти вместе, если они не согласны (Амос 3:3)? Ярмо верующего есть ярмо Христово, легкое, и оно легкое для тех, кто соединен с Ним (Мф. 11:30).

Это предостережение не имеет прямого отношения к браку, хотя оно, безусловно, должно быть включено. Речь идет о любых неуместных ассоциациях между верующими и неверующими. «Ярмо» — это отношения или соглашение, которые связывают людей в тесной связи друг с другом, отношения, которые могут быть гармоничными и прочными только в том случае, если стороны согласны друг с другом. Очевидно, речь идет именно о согласии в духовных вещах, но принцип, безусловно, применим в любых отношениях – они не будут счастливыми и продуктивными, если стороны не будут согласны (философски, духовно, экономически и т. д.). И обычно, если одна из сторон верующая, а другая неверующая, влияние неверующего в «ярме» перевешивает влияние верующего. Как поэтически выразился Дэвид Гарланд: «Те, кто запрягает себя вместе с неверующими, вскоре обнаружат, что пашут поля сатаны» (Гарланд, с. 331).

В этом контексте быть под ярмом с неверующим означает союз — отсюда и выбор слов:

а) «партнерство» (14а) – совместное использование, участие (μετοξη)

б) «общение» (14б) – общение (κοινωνια)

в) «аккорд» (15а) - гармония, букв. «симфония» (συμφωνησις)

г) «иметь общее» (15б) – доля, часть, порция (μερις)

д) «соглашение» (16а) – союз (συγκαταθεσις)

Для христианина быть «под ярмом» вместе с нехристианином означает образовать тесный союз между тем, кто, с одной стороны, исповедует свою праведность во Христе, и тем, кто, с другой стороны, живет против и вопреки праведного закона Божьего – т.е. в «беззаконии» (6:14б). Это все равно, что пытаться соединить «свет и тьму» (6:14с) в единое целое — это невозможно. Это все равно, что пытаться добиться согласия между полярными противоположностями, между «Христом и Велиаром/Сатаной» (6:15а), между «верующим» и «неверующим» (6:15б), между «храмом Божьим» и храмом «идолов» (6:16).

Риторический вопрос в тексте звучит так: «Как может верующий вступать в отношения, претендующие на единое, равноправное, общее согласие с кем-то, чье базовое мировоззрение и практика противоречат этому?» И неявный ответ: «Вы не можете этого сделать!» – по крайней мере, вы не можете сделать это и поддерживать последовательное христианское свидетельство или жить счастливой, продуктивной христианской жизнью. Нет, обязательно…

а) Мы «делимся» в Святом Духе (Евр. 6:4) и, как Божьи дети, «делимся» в Божьем наказании (Евр. 12:8).

б) Наше «общение с Отцом и Сыном Его, Иисусом Христом» (1 Ин. 1:3б; ср. 1:6), а не с нарушителями закона. Наше «общение» происходит с «Иисусом Христом, Господом нашим» (1 Кор. 1:9) и со Святым Духом (2 Кор. 13:13), а не с тьмой или бесами (1 Кор. 10:20).

в) Наше «согласие» со словом Божьим (Деяния 15:15) и с церковью Божьей (1 Кор. 1:10-11; Мф. 18:19-20).

г) Наша «часть» (доля) находится в «наследии святых» (Кол. 1:12), а не с неверующими, чья часть в огненном озере.

д) Наше «соглашение» (букв. союз, общее дело) заключено с церковью Бога живого (1 Тим. 3:14), а не с храмом мертвых бесов (2 Кор. 6:16б).

Хотя Павел прямо не говорит, о чем он здесь упоминает, анализ противопоставлений, которые он проводит (общение праведности с беззаконием, общение света с тьмой, соглашение Христа с сатаной, общность между верующим и неверующим; согласие храма Божия с храмом идолов) как бы указывает на то, что он имеет в виду прежде всего всякую связь христиан с языческим идолопоклонством и жертвоприношениями (ср. 1 Кор. 8:1-13; 10:14-33).

Весь образ «ярма» исключает применение этого учения к случайным связям, иначе христианам пришлось бы вообще уйти из мира, чего, как говорит Павел в другом месте, мы не должны делать (1 Кор. 5:9-10). Мы не должны жить в изолированных сообществах, отделенных от любого контакта с миром. Ведь это противоречило бы всему учению Христа о том, чтобы быть солью и светом в мире. Павел настаивает здесь на том, чтобы христиане хранили свое христианство (свои духовные ценности, этические стандарты, отношения, практики, верования) отдельно от мирских ценностей, стандартов, отношений, практик и верований. В самом деле, быть под ярмом неверующего означает вступить в самые близкие и постоянные отношения с тем, кто на самом деле является врагом креста Христова (Флп. 3:18).

Резервная поддержка аргумента Павла (6:16-18) представлена в виде различных, собранных воедино цитат из В.З. (Лев. 26:11-12; Иез. 37:26, 27; Ис. 52:11; 2 Цар. 7:14; ср. также Втор. 32:18-19), которые укрепляют…

а) Единство и исключительные отношения Бога со Своим народом: «Я буду жить и ходить среди них, и буду их Богом, а они будут Моим народом» (6:16), что единство и отношения исключают кого-либо еще.

б) Призыв к отделению от тех, среди которых Бог не обитает и не ходит: «Итак, выйдите из среды их и отделитесь, говорит Господь, не прикасайтесь ни к чему нечистому, и Я приму вас. И буду вам Отцом, и вы будете Мне сынами и дочерьми, говорит Господь Вседержитель» (6:17-18).

Эти ветхозаветные цитаты имеют отношение к поклонению Богу, которое должно совершаться в полном отделении от всего «нечистого» (Откр. 17:4; Лев. 5:2; 10:10). Другими словами, поклонение Богу и поклонение идолам ни при каких обстоятельствах не могут быть соединены вместе. Поскольку верующие являются «храмом Божьим» (1 Кор. 3:16), мы не можем быть присоединены к храму идолов (2 Кор. 6:16). Только когда мы отделяемся от таких вещей и людей, мы можем и будем «приветствовать/принимать вас. И (тогда) Я буду вам Отцом, а вы будете Моими сыновьями и дочерьми, говорит Господь Вседержитель».

Заключительные заметки. Существует тонкий баланс между отделением от мира с целью сохранения святости для Господа и соединением с миром с целью евангелизации. Очевидно, коринфяне были хорошо интегрированы в мир, а не отделены от него. Возможно, поэтому мы ничего не читаем о гонениях на коринфян. Вместо этого они были приняты в качестве участников языческого храмового поклонения (1 Кор. 8:10) и занимались сексуальной безнравственностью (1 Кор. 5). Верующим нет места ни в идолопоклонстве, ни в каком-либо безнравственном или нечистом поведении, о котором, как говорит Павел, «не должно быть и слышно у вас, как прилично святым» (Еф. 5:3).

Равновесие, по-видимому, состоит в том, что, с одной стороны, мы должны отделиться, чтобы мы не были «под одним ярмом» с неверующими (т. е. не попадали под их влияние, не были обязаны им, не были похожи на них, не совращались ими; не перенимали их аморальные обычаи), и все же, с другой стороны, мы должны стремиться развивать отношения с ними, основанные на христианской доброте, честности, любви, чистоте и благодати, чтобы они были восприимчивы к нашему свидетельству о Христе и Евангелии. .

III. План проповеди

Название: Учиться у Иисуса, быть влиятельными христианами, ч. 2 (Мф. 5:14-16)

Тема: Эффективная жизнь для Бога в мире

Тема: Влиятельные христиане — это те, кто меняет мир для Бога.

Пункт 1. Только ученики Иисуса передают свет Божий в духовно темный мир (5:14-15)

А. Только христиане передают свет Божий по всему миру... в силу того, кто мы есть (14а)

1. Мы единственные Его ученики (ср. Ин. 1:9; Ин. 8:12).

2. Мы единственные Его представители в мире (ср. 1 Ин. 4:17).

Б. Только христиане передают свет Божий по всему миру... в силу того, что мы знаем (14а)

1. Мы единственные знаем, что сокрыто во мраке (ср. 1 Кор. 4:5; Еф. 5:13).

2. Мы единственные знаем причину для тьмы

а) Мы знаем, что живем в последние дни (ср. 2 Тим. 6:1-5)

б) Мы знаем, что это время духов обольстителей и учений бесовских (1 Тим. 4:1)

в) Мы знаем, что в мире есть лжепророки (1 Ин. 4:1-3)

г) Мы знаем, что «все согрешили...» (Рим. 3:23; Ин. 3:19)

3. Мы единственные имеем решение для тьмы

а) Выходом из тьмы является истина Божия (ср. 1 Ин. 1:5-10; 1 Ин. 4:6; Ин. 1:17; Ин. 8:32).

б) Только христиане могут ответить на главные вопросы жизни – кто мы, откуда мы пришли, почему мы здесь, и куда мы идем

В. Только христиане передают свет Божий по всему миру… в силу того, почему мы существуем (14б-15)

1. Мы существуем, чтобы занимать определенную позицию (5:14б)

2. Мы существуем для достижения определенной цели (5:15)

Пункт 2. Только ученики Иисуса передают славу Божью в духовно темном мире (5:16)

2а. Мы послушны повелению Иисуса, чтобы наш свет сиял (5:16а)

2б. Мы делаем добрые дела, которые указывают на Бога, как на источник (5:16б)

Related Topics: Pastors

网上牧师杂志–中文版(简体), SCh Ed, Issue 43 2022 年 春季

A ministry of…

作者: Roger Pascoe,博士,主席,
邮箱: [email protected]

I. 加强讲解式讲道:
传讲新约福音,第二部分

“加强讲解式讲道”这个系列开始于本杂志2018年秋(29期)。本系列文章的目的是建立在我们前一个系列文章所学的基础上(“讲解式讲道的要领”,1-28期,2011秋到2018夏)。在目前为止,这个系列已经包含了以下的主题:

1.强化引言(2018秋)

2.强化结尾(2019冬)

3.加强例子(2019春)

4.强化应用(2019夏和秋)

5.加强圣经讲解(2020冬、春、夏、秋)

6.加强传讲希伯来叙事(2021冬和春)

7.加强传讲希伯来诗歌(2021夏和秋)

8.加强传讲新约福音(2022冬)

在2022冬季版,我讲解了第一部分“福音体裁:文学风格、结构和特点”。在这一版中,我要继续相同的主题、进入第二部分…

B.理解福音故事的解释性提示和原则

对于这一部分,我从格雷姆·戈兹沃西

(“Preaching the Whole Bible as Christian Scripture,” 222-232), 西德尼·格雷达努斯

(“Handbook of Contemporary Preaching,” 329-343), and 杰.·斯科特·杜瓦尔

and 杰.丹尼尔·海斯(“Grasping God’s Word,” 249-253)得到特别的帮助。

1.注意角度的不同。诠释受到角度的影响。我们的观点与福音书作者的观点不同,这在很大程度上是因为他们与我们之间的文化、时间、神学和语言差异。因此,当我们讲福音书的时候,我们需要知道这些不同并恰当地解释。

我们要问的第一个问题是:“福音作者的神学目的是什么?”我想我们可以这样认为:所有福音作者的总体信息都是神的国度。实际上,就像Sidney Greidanus说的,“四部福音书将神国度这个中心信息与耶稣基督的个人和工作联系起来…这个包含一切的好消息—在耶稣基督里,神的国度临近了,已经临到了,也将要临到—要求以神为中心——以基督为中心——来解释福音书的每一篇讲道经文”(“Preaching in the Gospels,” 332)。

2.从分析经文开始。经文分析能帮助你对故事的结构和内容有一个更好的理解。

关于结构,一般来说,福音故事一般围绕四个部分进行:

(1)生活的状况、上下文和背景

(2)手头的问题和难处

(3)矛盾或高潮

(4)解决的方法

(5)结论——一个应用、教训或挑战

在这个结构中,你想知道是什么推动故事向前发展—是它的问题、恐惧还是对耶稣的反对等?

关于内容,通过对经文提出六个标准问题,你可以很容易地分析它的上下文、人物、地点和事件:

(1)故事里有哪些角色?不论是有名字的或者没有名字的。

(2)发生了什么?

a)故事的背景。

b)所涉及的问题(比如医治或者风暴等)。

c)事件的进展。

d)这些角色说了什么,做了什么或者他们如何反应等。

(3)什么时候发生的?—发生的时间或者季节,在一个犹太节期还是一个婚宴等。

(4)发生在哪里?在湖上,在一个人家里,在一个城里,或者在会堂里等。

(5) 这个故事的事件为什么会发生?—为了行使神迹,还是显明一个人的信心或者信心的缺乏,或者因为怀疑耶稣是谁等?在分析经文这一步中,寻找任何作者给出的,能够帮助我们理解这个故事目的的线索。这些线索可能在故事的开头或者结尾。以马可福音4:35-41为例(Duval and Hays),门徒问的最后的问题说明了马可使用这个事件是为了教导和加强对耶稣是谁的认识。他不只是一个夫子,而是神本身,独有权柄掌管和带领他的受造物。

(6)故事是如何展开的?——是为了满足或回答某个人的需要或问题,为了显示耶稣超越自然的能力或者他对危机的介入等。

另外一个有帮助的分析工具就是注意故事中的重复。这是适用于所有圣经文献的解释指针,而不仅仅是福音书—一个词、一个短语或一个主题的重复。作者用重复的手法使观点明白无误地表达出来。

3.确定故事中普遍的神学原则。一旦你仔细地分析了故事的结构和内容,你就要把它们放在一起,从中找出故事所教导的整体原则。这里你要回答的问题是:这个故事的意义是什么?尤其是,作者包含了这个故事并如此讲述,表达了他什么样的神学观点,是关于关系、信心还是缺乏信心等?故事中是否有我们需要学习的教训?我们对耶稣的反应是否映射了了故事中描述的反应?

有时候福音作者通过一系列故事来强调一个观点。比如,路加福音15章3个比喻:(1)迷失的羊;(2)丢失的钱;以及(3)浪子。我们的工作是找到将他们联系起来的共同神学观点。一个故事与前一个或后一个故事之间的主题联系通常是由背景、角色和主题决定的(比如路加福音15共同的观点是“失丧”和“找到”)。

一旦你找到了神学原则,试着将它用一种与你的听众相关的、适于应用的方式表达出来。这是我们需要讲的东西——在任何时候都适用于所有听众的神学观点。向听众复述故事很容易,但是我们要告诉他们的不仅仅是这些。我们的工作是充实故事的原则,不仅要让它们与故事中的角色产生联系,更要让它们与我们产生联系。我们需要回答的问题是:“这跟我有什么关系?”这样做的时候,一定要参照经文更大的故事背景,忠实于经文本身。

结语。当你准备讲福音故事的时候,这些步骤是至关重要的。单单复述故事,找出一些道德上的应用是不够的。你必须了解福音作者的神学观点和以基督为中心的焦点,分析故事的结构和内容,确定整个故事以及故事每个场景的神学原则。然后你就可以准备你的讲道,并将故事的原则恰当地应用到今天的生活中。

II.加强圣经化领导
“和好的职分,第四部分:呼吁神百姓与神的执事和好” (哥后 6:11-7:16)

和好职分的主题贯穿了哥林多后书5章18节到7章16节,如下

A.所有人的和好(哥后5:18-21)

B.神百姓的和好(哥后6:1-7:16)

(1)与神和好(哥后6:1-2)

(2)与神的执事和好(6:3-7:16)—因为只有与牧师和好,才能完全正确地与神和好,因为他是神的使者(5:20)。

这次我们将学习哥林多后书 6:11-18 并在后续版本中继续研究本节。

首先,让我对我们要学习的段落(哥后6:11-7:16)结构做一些介绍性的评论,因为在经文评论家之间一直存在广泛的争论,关于这是否是使徒保罗写的,如果是,它是否包含另一封信的片段。争议的原因是 6:11-13 的语言在 6:14-7:1 中发生了非常突然的变化。确实,7:2似乎与6:13相连接,而6:14-7:1就好像与上下文没有连接的插入。但事实上,整个段落的思路是一体的,无需推测6:14-7:1是来自其他的文件或者编者的插入。事实上,7:3中的这句话(“我已经说过,你常在我心里”)明确引用6:11-13,并说明在这之间他说了一些其他的东西。

因此,这一节,是一个关于保罗使徒事工的完整论文的高潮,开始于2:14,结束语7:16。就像David Garland很敏锐的指出,与其说是题外话,不如说我们要学习的最后一部分总结了他的整个论点,并带以高潮的呼吁。 因此,命令的列表如下:(a) 与神和好” (5:20); (b) ,不可徒受他的恩典” (6:1); (c) 宏的心答我” (6:13); (d) 与不信的原不相配,不要同” (6:14); (e) 出来不要沾” (6:17); 以及 (f) 心地大收” (7:2)见 David Garland,哥后, New American Commentary, 322-323]

首先,保罗的呼吁基于…

1.一个牧者爱的呼吁(6:11-13).“哥林多人哪,我向你口是开的,心是宏的。你狭窄,原不在乎我,是在乎自己的心狭窄。你也要照宏的心答我。我这话正像自己的孩子的”

在保罗写给哥林多教会的信中,保罗对哥林多的这段讲话是独一无二的。可能他通过这种方式表达他心里对他们的爱,也通过直呼他们的名字使他的呼吁更个人化。保罗不论对他们的讲话还是对他们的情感,都是坦诚透明的。因为他对他们的爱,他与他们坦诚交流。毫无疑问,保罗对他们讲话直截了当,因为他知道如果他们继续同样的道路所要面对的危险。就像我们在监督孩子时所知道的那样,危险越大,我们的警告就越明显和直白。尽管他们的罪行需要严厉的指责,但是保罗对他们敞开的心从未改变,他对他们的爱和他对他们的指责并不是互相排斥的——并非只有他们在主面前谨守遵行的时候,他才会爱他们,表达对他们的爱 (虽然那毫无疑问是他所愿意看到的)。

作为他们的牧者对他们发出呼吁,他强调了他对他们的爱—“我们的心是宽宏的”(6:11)。但是爱必须是相互的。保罗说“你们狭窄,原不在乎我们,是在乎自己的心肠狭窄”(6:12).因此,保罗进一步呼吁他们回应他的爱——“用宽宏的心报答我”(6:13)。 他对他们的热情和真诚并没有动摇;而他们对他的爱已经消散,或者至少不明显了。 这对于一个被严厉斥责并且生活方式与斥责他的人截然相反的人来说,并不罕见,

保罗如何向他们表达指责的方式很有指导性。他是在表达和肯定他对他们的爱的基础上这样做的(6:11-13;7:2-4)。这对我们是一个及时的提醒,要想使指责被接受并使之有效,就必须本着爱心去做。当我们面对犯罪的信徒时,如果他们没有悔改的心,我们必须管教他们(参考哥前5),不管怎样,我们必须在管教和基督徒的爱心之间保持平衡,免得我们施行某种律法上的惩罚,使他们站在角落里,直到他们悔改,或将他们剪除,直到他们改变。 不论在什么情况下,我们都必须“用爱心说诚实话”。

保罗像一个父亲呼吁他的“孩子”一样(6:13)来回应他的爱。孩子爱他们的父母是自然和正常的。他们是他属灵的爱子。他对他们宣讲和好的信息,并且他们已经接受。他们是保罗事工的受益者,无论是从他们的救恩,还是他们持续的教会事奉。现在,他们处于这样的危险之中,那就是把这个伟大的祝福看作是白费的,丢在他的脸上。因此,接着这个这个牧者爱的呼吁是…

2.一个牧者警告的呼吁(6:14-18). 14和不信的原不相配,不要同和不有什么相交呢?光明和黑暗有什么相通呢? 15 基督和彼列有什么相和呢?信主的和不信主的有什么相干呢? 16神的殿和偶像有什么相同呢?因是永生神的殿,就如神曾我要在他居住,在他来往;我要做他的神,他要做我的子民。 17们务要从他出来,与他,不要沾不洁净的物,我就收 18我要做你的父,你要做我的儿女。是全能的主的”。

这个告诫的呼吁似乎是在这一段落的思路中突然出现的。然而,就像我之前提到的,从上下文背景来说,这一告诫似乎直接关联于(a)之前的经文(6:11-13)讲到哥林多人远离保罗(以及巧合之下他们接近假使徒,或者至少受到他们的影响—参考10和11章);和(b)在第一封信中提到的世俗化的问题。因此,若有人需要为圣洁听从这劝戒,那就是哥林多教会,他们分党(哥前1),在教会中以淫乱为傲(哥前5),将彼此告上法庭(哥前6),和妓女淫乱(哥前6:15-20),拜偶像(哥前8,10)以及乱用主的饼和杯(哥前11:17-34).这些问题以及他们应该如何处理这些问题是保罗第一份书信的主要内容,而哥林多后书6:14-7:1的劝戒,是对保罗第一份书信中指示(针对他们罪恶的、世俗的生活方式和实践)的重申。

为了使哥林多人与保罗的关系完全恢复,他们需要证明自己已经与罪恶完全分离。只有当他们顺服保罗,尤其是与世界分别(6:14-7:1),他们对保罗的爱才能得到充分地表达,因为爱和圣洁相辅相成。爱能遮掩罪。他们对他的爱的最真诚的表达就是按照他的指示去做,就如耶稣说的,“有了我的命令又遵守的,人就是我的(14:21)”

因此,我们有理由断言(事实上它与这两封书信的主旨和主题是一致的),6:11-7:16是保罗对这些人最后一次牧者的呼吁,呼吁他们与他和好,尤其是他们已经做出了一些必要的改变与罪恶分离(比如哥前5章管教那个乱伦的人)。这个呼吁出现在他整个论点的最后,是有道理的,这与牧养事工所具有的和好的本质是相关联的。

问题是哥林多人与“不信的同一扼(6:14)”,并处于一个他们必须脱离的关系之中(6:15-18)。有可能,或者说极有可能,这个不相符的轭是哥林多教会问题的根源,导致纷争和罪恶。和一个非基督徒“同”,就是错配(即不相配)——与不合适的同伴结合,如套着马具的牛或马不相配,因此不往(事实上也不能往)一个方向用劲。他们不能够一起工作,因为二人若不同心,岂能同行呢(摩3:3)?信徒的轭是基督的轭,对于和基督同负一轭的人来说,他的轭是容易的,轻省的(太11:30).

这个劝戒并不是特指婚姻的,尽管婚姻肯定包含在内。这里讲的是信徒和不信的人之间不恰当的联系。是一种将人们紧密联系在一起的关系或协议,是只有双方达成一致,才能和谐持久的一种关系。显然,这是指在属灵的事情上达成一致,但这个原则肯定适用于任何关系——如果双方意见不一致,就不会愉快和富有成效(理论上、属灵上、经济上等)。尤其是,如果一方是信徒,另一方不是信徒,在所负的中非信徒一方的影响超过信徒的一方。 就像David Garland所描写的,“那些将自己和非信徒拴在一起的人,很快就会发现自己在耕种撒旦的田地”(Garland, 331)。

在此背景下,和不信的人同负一轭指的是一种联盟—因此,有以下选择的词语:

(a) 相合(14a) – 分享,参与 (μετοξη)

(b) 相交” (14b) – 共享 (κοινωνια)

(c) 相干” (15a) – 和谐, 字面意思. “交响乐” (συμφωνησις)

(d) 相和” (15b) – 共享, 参与, 有份 (μερις)

(e) 相同” (16a) – 联合 (συγκαταθεσις)

对于一个基督徒,和非基督徒同负一就是他们之间形成一种亲密的联盟关系,一方是在基督里称义的,而另一方站在和神对立的角度并且违背神公义的律法——也就是“不”(6:14b。这就像把“光明和黑暗”融合在一起——是不可能的。这就像试图强迫两极之间达成协议,“基督和彼列/撒旦”之间(6:15a),一个“信徒”和“不信的”之间(6:15b),“神的殿”“偶像”的殿之间(6:16).这段经文反问的问题是: “一个信徒怎么可能与一个基本世界观和行为都于自己对立的人建立一种自诩为合一、平等、一致的关系呢?”。隐含的答案就是“你不可能这样做”—至少你不可能既这样做,又保持一致的基督徒见证或者过一个快乐的,有果效的基督徒生活。这一定是不行的…

(a)我们于圣灵“有份”(来6:4),并且作为神的孩子,我们“有份于”神的管教(来12:8)

(b) 我们“与父并他儿子耶基督相交”(11:3b,参考1:6,而不是和不义的人。我们和“我的主耶基督”(哥前1:9)以及圣灵(哥后13:13)“相交”,而不是黑暗或恶魔(哥前10:20)

(c) 我们是和神的话语(徒15:15)以及神的教会(哥前1:1-11;太18:19-2)同”.

(d)我们是和“众圣徒”“同得基”(西1:12,而不是和不信的人,他们的份是火湖。

(e)我们是和活神的(提前3:14)教会合”(即合一,共同的事业),而不是和必死的魔鬼的庙(哥后6:16b).

虽然保罗没有明确地说他在这里指的是什么,但是分析他所做的一系列对比(义和不义的相交;光明和黑暗的相通;基督和撒旦的相合;信主的和不信的相和;神的殿和偶像的庙的相连),似乎表明他首先想到的是任何基督徒和外邦偶像以及献祭相联合的关系(参考哥前8:1-13;10:14-33)。

“轭”这个意象排除了将这一教导应用于普通的关系,否则基督徒就需要从世界中完全隔绝出来,而保罗在其他地方说过,我们不需要这样做(哥前5:9-10)。我们不能生活在与世隔绝的社区里,与世界没有任何联系。如果这样的话,我们就与所有基督关于在世界中做光做盐的教导相违背。保罗在这说的是,基督徒要保持他们的基督信仰(他们属灵的价值观、标准、关系、实践、信仰)与世界的价值观、标准、关系、实践和信仰有区别。实际上,与不信的人同负一轭就是与一个与基督十字架为敌的人形成一种最亲密的、最长久的关系(腓3:18)。

有来自于各种各样拼凑起来的来自旧约的引用可以支持保罗的观点(利. 26:11-12; 结. 37:26, 27; 赛. 52:11; 撒下 7:14; 参考. 申 32:18-19)

(a)神与他的百姓之间合一的排它的关系“我要在他们中间居住,在他们中间来往。我要作他们的神,他们要作我的子民”(6:16)

(b)呼召与那些神不居住其间或者不来往的人分别:们务要从他出来,与他,不要沾不洁净的物,我就收。我要做你的父,你要做我的儿女”(6:17-18.

这些旧约的引用与敬拜神相关,必须与“任何不洁之物”分开(启17:4;利5:2;10:10)。换句话说,敬拜神和偶像的敬拜在任何情况下都不能相通。既然我们是“神的殿”(哥前3:16),我们就不能和偶像的庙相通(哥后6:16)。只有我们与那样的事情和人分别的时候,神才会“我就收。我要做你的父,你要做我的儿女,是全能的主的”。

结语。在为了圣洁的目的与世界分别与为了传福音的目的与世界联系之间,存在着微妙的平衡。显然,哥林多教会的人很好地融入这个世界,而不是与之分别。或许这就是为什么我们没有看到任何关于哥林多教会遭逼迫的事情。相反,他们被接纳进入外邦偶像的庙中(哥前8:10),参与淫乱的事情(哥后1:5)。偶像崇拜以及任何不道德或不洁的事情,在信徒这里不应该有半点存留的余地,就像保罗说的“在你间连提都不可,方和圣徒的体”(弗5:3.

所需要保持的平衡似乎是这样的,一方面,我们必须将自己分别出来,从而不与不信的人“负轭”(也就是,不在他们的影响之下,不对他们负有义务,不和他们没有区别,不被他们侵蚀,不学习他们不道德的行为)。而另一方面,我们必须基于基督徒的恩慈、诚实、爱、圣洁和恩典,努力与他们建立关系,他们是基督和福音见证的接收者。

III.讲道大纲

题目: 像基督学习,做有影响力的基督徒, 第二部分 (太. 5:14-16)

主旨:在这个世界为神活出影响力

主题:有影响力的基督徒是那些为神在这个世界做出不同的人

要点I.只有耶稣的门徒在这个属灵黑暗的世界传播神的光亮(5:14-15)

A.只有基督徒在个世界播神的光亮的所是(14a

1.只有我们是他的门徒(参考约1:9;约8:12)

2.只有我们是他在这个世界的代表(参考1约4:17)

B.只有基督徒在个世界播神的光亮所知道的(14a

1.只有我们知道在黑暗里隐藏了什么(参考哥前4:5‘弗5;13’)

2.只有我们知道黑暗的起因

a)我们知道我们生活在末后的世代(参考提后6:1-5)

b)我们知道这是引诱人的邪灵的时代和魔鬼的教导(提前4:1)

c)我们知道假先知在这个世界上(约前4:1-3)

d)我们知道“人都犯了罪…”(罗3:23;约3:19)

3.只有我们知道黑暗的解决之道

a)黑暗的解决之道是神的真理(参考 1约 1:5-10; 1约 4:6; 约 1:17; 约 8:32)

b) 只有基督徒能够回答关于生命的最终问题—我们是谁,我们从哪里来,我们为什么在这里,我们要到哪里去。

C.只有基督徒在个世界播神的光亮存在的原因(14b-15)

1.我们存在是为了填补一个特定的位置(5:14b)

2.我们存在是为了实现一个特殊的目的(5:15)

要点2:只有耶稣的门徒在这个属灵黑暗的世界传播神的荣耀(5:16)

2a.遵行耶的教,使我的光出来(5:16a

2b.的好行,指向神是的源5:16b

Related Topics: Pastors

網上牧師雜誌 – 中文版(繁體), TCh Ed, Issue 43 2022 年 春季

A ministry of…

作者: Roger Pascoe,博士,主席,
郵箱: [email protected]

I. 加強講解式講道:
傳講新約福音,第二部分

“加強講解式講道”這個系列開始於本雜誌2018年秋(29期)。本系列文章的目的是建立在我們前一個系列文章所學的基礎上(”講解式講道的要領”,1-28期,2011秋到2018夏)。在目前為止,這個系列已經包含了以下的主題:

1.強化引言(2018秋)

2.強化結尾(2019冬)

3.加強例子(2019春)

4.強化應用(2019夏和秋)

5.加強聖經講解(2020冬、春、夏、秋)

6.加強傳講希伯來敘事(2021冬和春)

7.加強傳講希伯來詩歌(2021夏和秋)

8.加強傳講新約福音(2022冬)

在2022冬季版,我講解了第一部分”福音體裁:文學風格、結構和特點”。在這一版中,我要繼續相同的主題、進入第二部分…

B.理解福音故事的解釋性提示和原則

對於這一部分,我從格雷姆·戈茲沃西

(”Preaching the Whole Bible as Christian Scripture,” 222-232), 西德尼·格雷達努斯

(“Handbook of Contemporary Preaching,” 329-343), and 傑.·斯科特·杜瓦爾

and 傑.丹尼爾·海斯(“Grasping God’s Word,” 249-253)得到特別的幫助。

1.注意角度的不同。詮釋受到角度的影響。我們的觀點與福音書作者的觀點不同,這在很大程度上是因為他們與我們之間的文化、時間、神學和語言差異。因此,當我們講福音書的時候,我們需要知道這些不同並恰當地解釋。

我們要問的第一個問題是:”福音作者的神學目的是什麼?”我想我們可以這樣認為:所有福音作者的總體資訊都是神的國度。實際上,就像Sidney Greidanus說的,”四部福音書將神國度這個中心資訊與耶穌基督的個人和工作聯繫起來…這個包含一切的好消息—在耶穌基督裡,神的國度臨近了,已經臨到了,也將要臨到—要求以神為中心——以基督為中心——來解釋福音書的每一篇講道經文”(”Preaching in the Gospels,” 332)。

2.從分析經文開始。經文分析能説明你對故事的結構和內容有一個更好的理解。

關於結構,一般來說,福音故事一般圍繞四個部分進行:

(1)生活的狀況、上下文和背景

(2)手頭的問題和難處

(3)矛盾或高潮

(4)解決的方法

(5)結論——一個應用、教訓或挑戰

在這個結構中,你想知道是什麼推動故事向前發展—是它的問題、恐懼還是對耶穌的反對等?

關於內容,通過對經文提出六個標準問題,你可以很容易地分析它的上下文、人物、地點和事件:

(1)故事裡有哪些角色?不論是有名字的或者沒有名字的。

(2)發生了什麼?

a)故事的背景。

b)所涉及的問題(比如醫治或者風暴等)。

c)事件的進展。

d)這些角色說了什麼,做了什麼或者他們如何反應等。

(3)什麼時候發生的?—發生的時間或者季節,在一個猶太節期還是一個婚宴等。

(4)發生在哪裡?在湖上,在一個人家裡,在一個城裡,或者在會堂裡等。

(5) 這個故事的事件為什麼會發生?—為了行使神跡,還是顯明一個人的信心或者信心的缺乏,或者因為懷疑耶穌是誰等?在分析經文這一步中,尋找任何作者給出的,能夠説明我們理解這個故事目的的線索。這些線索可能在故事的開頭或者結尾。以馬可福音4:35-41為例(Duval and Hays),門徒問的最後的問題說明了馬可使用這個事件是為了教導和加強對耶穌是誰的認識。他不只是一個夫子,而是神本身,獨有權柄掌管和帶領他的受造物。

(6)故事是如何展開的?——是為了滿足或回答某個人的需要或問題,為了顯示耶穌超越自然的能力或者他對危機的介入等。

另外一個有幫助的分析工具就是注意故事中的重複。這是適用於所有聖經文獻的解釋指標,而不僅僅是福音書—一個詞、一個短語或一個主題的重複。作者用重複的手法使觀點明白無誤地表達出來。

3.確定故事中普遍的神學原則。一旦你仔細地分析了故事的結構和內容,你就要把它們放在一起,從中找出故事所教導的整體原則。這裡你要回答的問題是:這個故事的意義是什麼?尤其是,作者包含了這個故事並如此講述,表達了他什麼樣的神學觀點,是關於關係、信心還是缺乏信心等?故事中是否有我們需要學習的教訓?我們對耶穌的反應是否映射了了故事中描述的反應?

有時候福音作者通過一系列故事來強調一個觀點。比如,路加福音15章3個比喻:(1)迷失的羊;(2)丟失的錢;以及(3)浪子。我們的工作是找到將他們聯繫起來的共同神學觀點。一個故事與前一個或後一個故事之間的主題聯繫通常是由背景、角色和主題決定的(比如路加福音15共同的觀點是”失喪”和”找到”)。

一旦你找到了神學原則,試著將它用一種與你的聽眾相關的、適於應用的方式表達出來。這是我們需要講的東西——在任何時候都適用於所有聽眾的神學觀點。向聽眾複述故事很容易,但是我們要告訴他們的不僅僅是這些。我們的工作是充實故事的原則,不僅要讓它們與故事中的角色產生聯繫,更要讓它們與我們產生聯繫。我們需要回答的問題是:”這跟我有什麼關係?”這樣做的時候,一定要參照經文更大的故事背景,忠實於經文本身。

結語。當你準備講福音故事的時候,這些步驟是至關重要的。單單複述故事,找出一些道德上的應用是不夠的。你必須瞭解福音作者的神學觀點和以基督為中心的焦點,分析故事的結構和內容,確定整個故事以及故事每個場景的神學原則。然後你就可以準備你的講道,並將故事的原則恰當地應用到今天的生活中。

II.加強聖經化領導
“和好的職分,第四部分:呼籲神百姓與神的執事和好” (哥後 6:11-7:16)

和好職分的主題貫穿了哥林多後書5章18節到7章16節,如下

A.所有人的和好(哥後5:18-21)

B.神百姓的和好(哥後6:1-7:16)

(1)與神和好(哥後6:1-2)

(2)與神的執事和好(6:3-7:16)—因為只有與牧師和好,才能完全正確地與神和好,因為他是神的使者(5:20)。

這次我們將學習哥林多後書 6:11-18 並在後續版本中繼續研究本節。

首先,讓我對我們要學習的段落(哥後6:11-7:16)結構做一些介紹性的評論,因為在經文評論家之間一直存在廣泛的爭論,關於這是否是使徒保羅寫的,如果是,它是否包含另一封信的片段。爭議的原因是 6:11-13 的語言在 6:14-7:1 中發生了非常突然的變化。確實,7:2似乎與6:13相連接,而6:14-7:1就好像與上下文沒有連接的插入。但事實上,整個段落的思路是一體的,無需推測6:14-7:1是來自其他的文件或者編者的插入。事實上,7:3中的這句話(我已經說過,你們常在我們心裡)明確引用6:11-13,並說明在這之間他說了一些其他的東西。

因此,這一節,是一個關於保羅使徒事工的完整論文的高潮,開始於2:14,結束語7:16。就像David Garland很敏銳的指出,與其說是題外話,不如說我們要學習的最後一部分總結了他的整個論點,並帶以高潮的呼籲。 因此,命令的列表如下:(a) 與神和好” (5:20); (b) 也勸你們,不可徒受他的恩典” (6:1); (c) 用寬宏的心報答我們” (6:13); (d) 你們與不信的原不相配,不要同負一軛” (6:14); (e) 出來分別不要沾” (6:17); 以及 (f) 心地寬大收納我們” (7:2)見 David Garland,哥後, New American Commentary, 322-323]

首先,保羅的呼籲基於…

1.一個牧者愛的呼籲(6:11-13).哥林多人哪,我們向你們口是張開的,心是寬宏的。你們狹窄,原不在乎我們,是在乎自己的心腸狹窄。你們也要照樣用寬宏的心報答我。我這話正像對自己的孩子說的

在保羅寫給哥林多教會的信中,保羅對哥林多的這段講話是獨一無二的。可能他通過這種方式表達他心裡對他們的愛,也通過直呼他們的名字使他的呼籲更個人化。保羅不論對他們的講話還是對他們的情感,都是坦誠透明的。因為他對他們的愛,他與他們坦誠交流。毫無疑問,保羅對他們講話直截了當,因為他知道如果他們繼續同樣的道路所要面對的危險。就像我們在監督孩子時所知道的那樣,危險越大,我們的警告就越明顯和直白。儘管他們的罪行需要嚴厲的指責,但是保羅對他們敞開的心從未改變,他對他們的愛和他對他們的指責並不是互相排斥的——並非只有他們在主面前謹守遵行的時候,他才會愛他們,表達對他們的愛 (雖然那毫無疑問是他所願意看到的)。

作為他們的牧者對他們發出呼籲,他強調了他對他們的愛—”我們的心是寬宏的”(6:11)。但是愛必須是相互的。保羅說”你們狹窄,原不在乎我們,是在乎自己的心腸狹窄”(6:12).因此,保羅進一步呼籲他們回應他的愛——”用寬宏的心報答我”(6:13)。 他對他們的熱情和真誠並沒有動搖;而他們對他的愛已經消散,或者至少不明顯了。 這對於一個被嚴厲斥責並且生活方式與斥責他的人截然相反的人來說,並不罕見,

保羅如何向他們表達指責的方式很有指導性。他是在表達和肯定他對他們的愛的基礎上這樣做的(6:11-13;7:2-4)。這對我們是一個及時的提醒,要想使指責被接受並使之有效,就必須本著愛心去做。當我們面對犯罪的信徒時,如果他們沒有悔改的心,我們必須管教他們(參考哥前5),不管怎樣,我們必須在管教和基督徒的愛心之間保持平衡,免得我們施行某種律法上的懲罰,使他們站在角落裡,直到他們悔改,或將他們剪除,直到他們改變。 不論在什麼情況下,我們都必須”用愛心說誠實話”。

保羅像一個父親呼籲他的”孩子”一樣(6:13)來回應他的愛。孩子愛他們的父母是自然和正常的。他們是他屬靈的愛子。他對他們宣講和好的資訊,並且他們已經接受。他們是保羅事工的受益者,無論是從他們的救恩,還是他們持續的教會事奉。現在,他們處於這樣的危險之中,那就是把這個偉大的祝福看作是白費的,丟在他的臉上。因此,接著這個這個牧者愛的呼籲是…

2.一個牧者警告的呼籲(6:14-18). 14你們和不信的原不相配,不要同負一軛。義和不義有什麼相交呢?光明和黑暗有什麼相通呢? 15基督和彼列有什麼相和呢?信主的和不信主的有什麼相干呢? 16神的殿和偶像有什麼相同呢?因為我們是永生神的殿,就如神曾說:我要在他們中間居住,在他們中間來往;我要做他們的神,他們要做我的子民。 17又說:你們務要從他們中間出來,與他們分別,不要沾不潔淨的物,我就收納你們。 18我要做你們的父,你們要做我的兒女。這是全能的主說的

這個告誡的呼籲似乎是在這一段落的思路中突然出現的。然而,就像我之前提到的,從上下文背景來說,這一告誡似乎直接關聯於(a)之前的經文(6:11-13)講到哥林多人遠離保羅(以及巧合之下他們接近假使徒,或者至少受到他們的影響—參考10和11章);和(b)在第一封信中提到的世俗化的問題。因此,若有人需要為聖潔聽從這勸戒,那就是哥林多教會,他們分党(哥前1),在教會中以淫亂為傲(哥前5),將彼此告上法庭(哥前6),和妓女淫亂(哥前6:15-20),拜偶像(哥前8,10)以及亂用主的餅和杯(哥前11:17-34).這些問題以及他們應該如何處理這些問題是保羅第一份書信的主要內容,而哥林多後書6:14-7:1的勸戒,是對保羅第一份書信中指示(針對他們罪惡的、世俗的生活方式和實踐)的重申。

為了使哥林多人與保羅的關係完全恢復,他們需要證明自己已經與罪惡完全分離。只有當他們順服保羅,尤其是與世界分別(6:14-7:1),他們對保羅的愛才能得到充分地表達,因為愛和聖潔相輔相成。愛能遮掩罪。他們對他的愛的最真誠的表達就是按照他的指示去做,就如耶穌說的,有了我的命令又遵守的,這人就是愛我的(約14:21

因此,我們有理由斷言(事實上它與這兩封書信的主旨和主題是一致的),6:11-7:16是保羅對這些人最後一次牧者的呼籲,呼籲他們與他和好,尤其是他們已經做出了一些必要的改變與罪惡分離(比如哥前5章管教那個亂倫的人)。這個呼籲出現在他整個論點的最後,是有道理的,這與牧養事工所具有的和好的本質是相關聯的。

問題是哥林多人與不信的同負一扼(6:14並處於一個他們必須脫離的關係之中(6:15-18)。有可能,或者說極有可能,這個不相符的軛是哥林多教會問題的根源,導致紛爭和罪惡。和一個非基督徒同負一軛”,就是錯配(即不相配)——與不合適的同伴結合,如套著馬具的牛或馬不相配,因此不往(事實上也不能往)一個方向用勁。他們不能夠一起工作,因為二人若不同心,豈能同行呢(摩3:3)?信徒的軛是基督的軛,對於和基督同負一軛的人來說,他的軛是容易的,輕省的(太11:30).

這個勸戒並不是特指婚姻的,儘管婚姻肯定包含在內。這裡講的是信徒和不信的人之間不恰當的聯繫。是一種將人們緊密聯繫在一起的關係或協議,是只有雙方達成一致,才能和諧持久的一種關係。顯然,這是指在屬靈的事情上達成一致,但這個原則肯定適用於任何關係——如果雙方意見不一致,就不會愉快和富有成效(理論上、屬靈上、經濟上等)。尤其是,如果一方是信徒,另一方不是信徒,在所負的中非信徒一方的影響超過信徒的一方。 就像David Garland所描寫的,”那些將自己和非信徒拴在一起的人,很快就會發現自己在耕種撒旦的田地”(Garland, 331)。

在此背景下,和不信的人同負一軛指的是一種聯盟—因此,有以下選擇的詞語:

(a) 相合14a – 分享,參與(μετοξη)

(b) 相交” (14b) – 共用 (κοινωνια)

(c) 相干” (15a) – 和諧, 字面意思. “交響樂” (συμφωνησις)

(d) 相和” (15b) – 共用, 參與, 有份 (μερις)

(e) 相同” (16a) – 聯合 (συγκαταθεσις)

對於一個基督徒,和非基督徒同負一就是他們之間形成一種親密的聯盟關係,一方是在基督裡稱義的,而另一方站在和神對立的角度並且違背神公義的律法——也就是不義6:14b。這就像把”光明和黑暗”融合在一起——是不可能的。這就像試圖強迫兩極之間達成協議,”基督和彼列/撒旦”之間(6:15a),一個信徒和”不信的之間(6:15b),神的殿偶像的殿之間(6:16).這段經文反問的問題是: “一個信徒怎麼可能與一個基本世界觀和行為都於自己對立的人建立一種自詡為合一、平等、一致的關係呢?”。隱含的答案就是”你不可能這樣做”—至少你不可能既這樣做,又保持一致的基督徒見證或者過一個快樂的,有果效的基督徒生活。這一定是不行的…

(a)我們於聖靈”有份”(來6:4),並且作為神的孩子,我們”有份於”神的管教(來12:8)

(b) 我們與父並他兒子耶穌基督相交11:3b,參考1:6,而不是和不義的人。我們和我們的主耶穌基督(哥前1:9)以及聖靈(哥後13:13)相交,而不是黑暗或惡魔(哥前10:20)

(c) 我們是和神的話語(徒15:15)以及神的教會(哥前1:1-11;太18:19-2)認同”.

(d)我們是和眾聖徒”“同得基業(西1:12,而不是和不信的人,他們的份是火湖。

(e)我們是和活神的(提前3:14)教會聯合(即合一,共同的事業),而不是和必死的魔鬼的廟(哥後6:16b).

雖然保羅沒有明確地說他在這裡指的是什麼,但是分析他所做的一系列對比(義和不義的相交;光明和黑暗的相通;基督和撒旦的相合;信主的和不信的相和;神的殿和偶像的廟的相連),似乎表明他首先想到的是任何基督徒和外邦偶像以及獻祭相聯合的關係(參考哥前8:1-13;10:14-33)。

“軛”這個意象排除了將這一教導應用于普通的關係,否則基督徒就需要從世界中完全隔絕出來,而保羅在其他地方說過,我們不需要這樣做(哥前5:9-10)。我們不能生活在與世隔絕的社區裡,與世界沒有任何聯繫。如果這樣的話,我們就與所有基督關於在世界中做光做鹽的教導相違背。保羅在這說的是,基督徒要保持他們的基督信仰(他們屬靈的價值觀、標準、關係、實踐、信仰)與世界的價值觀、標準、關係、實踐和信仰有區別。實際上,與不信的人同負一軛就是與一個與基督十字架為敵的人形成一種最親密的、最長久的關係(腓3:18)。

有來自於各種各樣拼湊起來的來自舊約的引用可以支援保羅的觀點(利. 26:11-12; 結. 37:26, 27; 賽. 52:11; 撒下 7:14; 參考. 申 32:18-19)

(a)神與他的百姓之間合一的排它的關係”我要在他們中間居住,在他們中間來往。我要作他們的神,他們要作我的子民”(6:16)

(b)呼召與那些神不居住其間或者不來往的人分別:你們務要從他們中間出來,與他們分別,不要沾不潔淨的物,我就收納你們。我要做你們的父,你們要做我的兒女6:17-18.

這些舊約的引用與敬拜神相關,必須與”任何不潔之物”分開(啟17:4;利5:2;10:10)。換句話說,敬拜神和偶像的敬拜在任何情況下都不能相通。既然我們是”神的殿”(哥前3:16),我們就不能和偶像的廟相通(哥後6:16)。只有我們與那樣的事情和人分別的時候,神才會我就收納你們。我要做你們的父,你們要做我的兒女,這是全能的主說的

結語。在為了聖潔的目的與世界分別與為了傳福音的目的與世界聯繫之間,存在著微妙的平衡。顯然,哥林多教會的人很好地融入這個世界,而不是與之分別。或許這就是為什麼我們沒有看到任何關於哥林多教會遭逼迫的事情。相反,他們被接納進入外邦偶像的廟中(哥前8:10),參與淫亂的事情(哥後1:5)。偶像崇拜以及任何不道德或不潔的事情,在信徒這裡不應該有半點存留的餘地,就像保羅說的在你們中間連提都不可,方和聖徒的體統(弗5:3.

所需要保持的平衡似乎是這樣的,一方面,我們必須將自己分別出來,從而不與不信的人”負軛”(也就是,不在他們的影響之下,不對他們負有義務,不和他們沒有區別,不被他們侵蝕,不學習他們不道德的行為)。而另一方面,我們必須基於基督徒的恩慈、誠實、愛、聖潔和恩典,努力與他們建立關係,他們是基督和福音見證的接收者。

III.講道大綱

題目: 像基督學習,做有影響力的基督徒, 第二部分 (太. 5:14-16)

主旨:在這個世界為神活出影響力

主題:有影響力的基督徒是那些為神在這個世界做出不同的人

要點I.只有耶穌的門徒在這個屬靈黑暗的世界傳播神的光亮(5:14-15)

A.只有基督徒在這個世界傳播神的光亮因為我們的所是(14a

1.只有我們是他的門徒(參考約1:9;約8:12)

2.只有我們是他在這個世界的代表(參考1約4:17)

B.只有基督徒在這個世界傳播神的光亮因為我們所知道的(14a

1.只有我們知道在黑暗裡隱藏了什麼(參考哥前4:5’弗5;13’)

2.只有我們知道黑暗的起因

a)我們知道我們生活在末後的世代(參考提後6:1-5)

b)我們知道這是引誘人的邪靈的時代和魔鬼的教導(提前4:1)

c)我們知道假先知在這個世界上(約前4:1-3)

d)我們知道”人都犯了罪…”(羅3:23;約3:19)

3.只有我們知道黑暗的解決之道

a)黑暗的解決之道是神的真理(參考 1約 1:5-10; 1約 4:6; 約 1:17; 約 8:32)

b) 只有基督徒能夠回答關於生命的最終問題—我們是誰,我們從哪裡來,我們為什麼在這裡,我們要到哪裡去。

C.只有基督徒在這個世界傳播神的光亮因為我們存在的原因(14b-15)

1.我們存在是為了填補一個特定的位置(5:14b)

2.我們存在是為了實現一個特殊的目的(5:15)

要點2:只有耶穌的門徒在這個屬靈黑暗的世界傳播神的榮耀(5:16)

2a.通過遵行耶穌的教導,使我們的光發出來(5:16a

2b.通過我們的好行為,指向神是的源頭(5:16b

Related Topics: Pastors

Q. Can you explain the “works of the Law” phrase Paul uses in Galatians? Does this relate to modern applications of tithing, baptism, church-going, good works, etc. or should it just be more specifically applied to the Old Testament sacrifices, the priest

Answer

Dear *****,

Thanks for your question.

As you know, Paul speaks of the law in two ways. On the one hand, he (along with Old Testament writers) speaks of the Law of Moses as something wonderful and glorious:

5 “See, I have taught you statutes and judgments just as the LORD my God commanded me, that you should do thus in the land where you are entering to possess it. 6 “So keep and do them, for that is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the peoples who will hear all these statutes and say, ‘Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.’ 7 “For what great nation is there that has a god so near to it as is the LORD our God whenever we call on Him? 8 “Or what great nation is there that has statutes and judgments as righteous as this whole law which I am setting before you today? (Deuteronomy 4:5-8, NAU)

O how I love Your law! It is my meditation all the day (Psalm 119:97, see also verses 113, 163).

So then, the Law is holy, and the commandment is holy and righteous and good (Romans 7:12).

He also speaks of the law as a system of keeping the Old Testament Law of Moses, in order to earn God’s blessings. (The expression, “the works of the Law” is often associated with this negative outlook on law-keeping.) The problem is that law-keeping cannot save, but will only condemn one as a guilty sinner:

19 Now we know that whatever the Law says, it speaks to those who are under the Law, so that every mouth may be closed and all the world may become accountable to God; 20 because by the works of the Law no flesh will be justified in His sight; for through the Law comes the knowledge of sin (Romans 3:19-20 NAU).

1 Brethren, my heart’s desire and my prayer to God for them is for their salvation. 2 For I testify about them that they have a zeal for God, but not in accordance with knowledge. 3 For not knowing about God’s righteousness and seeking to establish their own, they did not subject themselves to the righteousness of God. 4 For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes. 5 For Moses writes that the man who practices the righteousness which is based on law shall live by that righteousness (Romans 10:1-5).

This “works of the law” salvation was certainly something which unbelieving Jews sought to accomplish, but seeking to do so only led to their rejection of God’s provision of salvation by faith in Jesus Christ:

30 What shall we say then? That Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, attained righteousness, even the righteousness which is by faith; 31 but Israel, pursuing a law of righteousness, did not arrive at that law. 32 Why? Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as though it were by works. They stumbled over the stumbling stone, 33 just as it is written, “BEHOLD, I LAY IN ZION A STONE OF STUMBLING AND A ROCK OF OFFENSE, AND HE WHO BELIEVES IN HIM WILL NOT BE DISAPPOINTED” (Romans 9:30-33).

A major problem, frequently addressed in the New Testament, was that “law-works” Jews sought to compel Gentile believers to keep the Old Testament law, just as they sought to keep it themselves. We see this very clearly in Acts chapter 15:

Some men came down from Judea and began teaching the brethren, “Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved.” 2 And when Paul and Barnabas had great dissension and debate with them, the brethren determined that Paul and Barnabas and some others of them should go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders concerning this issue . . . . 4 When they arrived at Jerusalem, they were received by the church and the apostles and the elders, and they reported all that God had done with them. 5 But some of the sect of the Pharisees who had believed stood up, saying, “It is necessary to circumcise them and to direct them to observe the Law of Moses” (Acts 15:4-5).

At the Jerusalem Council the apostles made it very clear that it was folly for these Jews to require law-keeping of the Gentiles when they could not keep the law themselves:

“Now therefore why do you put God to the test by placing upon the neck of the disciples a yoke which neither our fathers nor we have been able to bear? 11 “But we believe that we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, in the same way as they also are” (Acts 15:10-11).

As I understand the Scriptures, the Jewish legalists first insisted that Gentiles must become Jewish proselytes (be circumcised and submit to the Old Testament law) in order to be saved (Acts 15:1-4ff.), but then, having been disapproved by the apostles at the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15), they proceeded to insist that law-keeping was essential for sanctification. I believe this is apparent in the Book of Galatians.

The Judaizers infiltrated the churches with their distorted emphasis on keeping the Old Testament Law as a means of earning God’s favor. We see this error frequently addressed in the epistles (see Philippians 3:2ff.; Colossians 2; 1 Timothy 1:3-11; Titus 1:14; 3:9).

Thus, when Paul condemns and forbids law-keeping as a means of salvation and sanctification, he is condemning this for both Jews and Gentiles. That this applies equally to Gentiles is clear in Galatians chapter 5:

It was for freedom that Christ set us free; therefore keep standing firm and do not be subject again to a yoke of slavery. 2 Behold I, Paul, say to you that if you receive circumcision, Christ will be of no benefit to you. 3 And I testify again to every man who receives circumcision, that he is under obligation to keep the whole Law. 4 You have been severed from Christ, you who are seeking to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace. 5 For we through the Spirit, by faith, are waiting for the hope of righteousness. 6 For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision means anything, but faith working through love (Galatians 5:1-6).

I believe it is clear that in the New Testament “the works of the Law” referrs to man’s efforts at keeping the Old Testament law in order to attain righteousness and salvation, whether this be by Jews or Gentiles.

Having said this, we should also note that Paul applied the Scriptures beyond their immediate, direct, application. An example of this is found in 1 Corinthians 9:

I am not speaking these things according to human judgment, am I? Or does not the Law also say these things? 9 For it is written in the Law of Moses, “YOU SHALL NOT MUZZLE THE OX WHILE HE IS THRESHING.” God is not concerned about oxen, is He? 10 Or is He speaking altogether for our sake? Yes, for our sake it was written, because the plowman ought to plow in hope, and the thresher to thresh in hope of sharing the crops. 11 If we sowed spiritual things in you, is it too much if we reap material things from you? 12 If others share the right over you, do we not more? Nevertheless, we did not use this right, but we endure all things so that we will cause no hindrance to the gospel of Christ (1 Corinthians 9:8-12).

The law which instructed ox owners to allow their animals to partake of the fruits of their labors taught the principle that the laborer was worthy of his wages. Thus Paul had no difficulty applying the law beyond the specific applications spelled out by the law.

In doing so, Paul applied the Old Testament Law in the same way that Jesus taught in the Sermon on the Mount:

27 “You have heard that it was said, ‘YOU SHALL NOT COMMIT ADULTERY’; 28 but I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman with lust for her has already committed adultery with her in his heart. 29 “If your right eye makes you stumble, tear it out and throw it from you; for it is better for you to lose one of the parts of your body, than for your whole body to be thrown into hell. 30 “If your right hand makes you stumble, cut it off and throw it from you; for it is better for you to lose one of the parts of your body, than for your whole body to go into hell” (Matthew 5:27-30).

Jewish legalism (well, really any brand of legalism) seeks to narrow the focus and application of a particular principle, law, or rule, so that it wouldn’t really apply generally, and thus it could be avoided (disobeyed) or disregarded. For example,

16 “Woe to you, blind guides, who say, ‘Whoever swears by the temple, that is nothing; but whoever swears by the gold of the temple is obligated.’ 17 “You fools and blind men! Which is more important, the gold or the temple that sanctified the gold? 18 “And, ‘Whoever swears by the altar, that is nothing, but whoever swears by the offering on it, he is obligated.’ 19 “You blind men, which is more important, the offering, or the altar that sanctifies the offering? 20 “Therefore, whoever swears by the altar, swears both by the altar and by everything on it. 21 “And whoever swears by the temple, swears both by the temple and by Him who dwells within it. 22 “And whoever swears by heaven, swears both by the throne of God and by Him who sits upon it. 23 “Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have neglected the weightier provisions of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness; but these are the things you should have done without neglecting the others. 24 “You blind guides, who strain out a gnat and swallow a camel! (Matthew 23:16-24)

Legalism strives to appear to be zealous about keeping the law, but in reality, it works hard at narrowing the application of the law (“straining the gnat”?) to the point where it no longer applies. So, when one swears by the temple, he or she is not obligated to keep their vow. They are only bound to keep their oath when they swear by the gold of the temple.

Legalistic Jews also found ways to use their traditions to overrule the clear commands of the Law:

8 “Neglecting the commandment of God, you hold to the tradition of men.” 9 He was also saying to them, “You are experts at setting aside the commandment of God in order to keep your tradition. 10 “For Moses said, ‘HONOR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER’; and, ‘HE WHO SPEAKS EVIL OF FATHER OR MOTHER, IS TO BE PUT TO DEATH’; 11 but you say, ‘If a man says to his father or his mother, whatever I have that would help you is Corban (that is to say, given to God),’ 12 you no longer permit him to do anything for his father or his mother; 13 thus invalidating the word of God by your tradition which you have handed down; and you do many things such as that” (Mark 7:8-13).

So, when interpreted and applied legalistically, the command, “You shall not commit adultery” (Exodus 20:14; Matthew 5:27), was understood to forbid a literal act of adultery. So, one kept this law so long as they did not literally commit adultery. While legalistic Jews narrowed the law to the point where they could pride themselves for keeping (or, in some cases, avoiding) it, Jesus extended the application of this law: Since it is wrong to commit adultery, lusting after a woman (which leads to adultery) is also wrong. If murder is wrong, then so is hatred, and thus one should pursue forgiveness and reconciliation.

So, let’s apply this way of interpreting and applying Scripture to “the works of the law.” If it is wrong to pursue law-keeping as the means by which a person can earn righteousness and God’s favor, then it is also wrong to seek to earn God’s favor by keeping any set of rules and regulations. This is not to cast aside rules and regulations (including speed limits, etc.), but rather to avoid seeking to keep the rules (whichever they might be) in order to earn God’s favor and blessing.

Thus, I believe that preachers who use Paul’s teaching on “the works of the law” to condemn any legalistic system of rule-making and rule-keeping are right in doing so. They are extending the application of the literal teaching of Paul to other, yet related, evils.

Blessings

Bob

Related Topics: Christian Life, Law, Sanctification, Soteriology (Salvation)

What to know about this Study Guide

Related Media

What is a journaling study?

Well, it’s not about art, and we don’t ask you to color or draw anything.

It is about listening to God through his Word, being directed by open questions, and responding to what you’ve read and heard by writing your thoughts down.

We’ve divided each week’s study into three parts to make it easy to split it up or not, depending on your preference.

See beyondordinarywomen.org for previews of our other journaling studies or for information on large group downloads.

The simplicity of journaling doesn’t equate to shallow

This study demands your involvement. Although the layout is simple, how deeply you go depends on you. As you spend time talking to God and journaling your thoughts, he may lead you to other cross-references, but he will certainly give you insights into the verses. Don’t stop with initial surface answers, but ask God to clarify and speak to you from it. The time you spend in the scriptures with God gives him space to speak. Listen well, journal your thoughts, share them with your small group, and glean from others’ insights.

Studying through three parts a week

If you like doing a little study at a time, each week’s lesson is set up in three parts, but feel free to go through it in any way that works best for you. If you prefer daily time in the Word, consider spending two days on each part, journaling about the optional starred section the second day. You may be amazed at what you see by reading the same passage twice. If you prefer to do the week’s study in one sitting, you may want to read all the passages first and then journal at the end. Of course, it’s great to be in God’s Word each day, but you may have other ways of doing that. Stick to what works for your schedule.

Additional reading and background information

I have inserted background information pertinent to your understanding. Feel free to do your own research when you have interest or questions, but the group conversation will be focused on the passages studied by everyone. You may want to look over the chart “History of Old Testament Israel” as you begin to read each new prophetic book. It is found in the Appendix section “Understanding the Prophets.”

*** A star identifies optional verses or suggested study for those with time and interest. The additional reading will help you wrestle with deeper insights into the passages.

Words to Anchor your Soul

The verses that begin each week’s lesson are great choices for memorization and/or discussion.

What you need

  • A quiet place, if possible.
  • A Bible that you can understand. If you don’t have one, ask your group leader for suggestions, or email us at [email protected]. Modern versions are available as downloads, through Bible apps, or in print at any bookstore. (We are using the NET Bible at lumina.bible.org, a free online Bible translation with study helps.)
  • A notebook, laptop, or tablet to use as a journal which can be taken to your group meetings. If you prefer paper attached to the lesson, add a blank piece of paper or notebook paper after each lesson. (See Journaling 101 in the Appendix.)
  • The commitment to listen to God and write out what you hear as you read and pray.
  • Someone, or even better a group of women, to discuss this with you and provide support, encouragement, and spiritual challenge

Best practices for group get-togethers (See also Appendix & leader videos)

Plan a regular place, time, and leader.

The leader should—

  • read the section “Tips for Leaders” in the Appendix.
  • watch BOW’s free, short videos: "Tips for Leading a Journaling Study" (https://vimeo.com/album/4256789) and the series Listening Well (https://vimeo.com/album/4065298). If your group includes Millennials, watch the free series "Millennials: The Good, the Bad, and the Ministry" at https://vimeo.com/album/5118401.
  • start on time, not waiting for late arrivals.
  • move the group along, being sensitive to God’s Spirit.
  • encourage everyone to share without forcing it.
  • be a great encourager.
  • avoid dominating the conversation.
  • keep the focus on the women, not herself and her own thoughts.
  • provide time for the group to think and share from their journals.
  • contact absent group members to encourage them.
  • email the group weekly to remind them of the upcoming meeting, and share her excitement.

As a group—

  • come prepared and on time with your study, journal, and Bible.
  • share freely and honestly.
  • encourage one another.
  • don’t interrupt the speaker.
  • love one another.
  • don’t try to fix the other members of your group or their problems by giving advice.
  • pray for one another and entrust each other and your problems to God.
  • be honest and vulnerable, but wise in how much detail you share personally.
  • stay in touch with each other between meetings for support and encouragement.

If your group meets within a larger group in a church setting

  • Look for a woman gifted in teaching God’s Word to teach a short time after the small group discussion. Watch the short, free video "Why Use Live Teachers, not Video?" at https://vimeo.com/209323216. (For help in preparing to teach, see our collection of videos at http://beyondordinarywomen.org/bible-teaching/ or contact us at https://beyondordinarywomen.org/contact-alternative/.)
  • Because the discussion isn’t about the teacher’s comments but focuses on the members’ personal study, the discussion should precede the teaching time.
  • The teacher may spend 15-25 minutes adding to the background of the lesson, beginning and ending within the allotted time frame. The majority of the time together should be invested in small groups.
  • The teacher’s role is to clarify and extend what the group has studied, not to retell what they have discussed.

Stories

Each week’s study includes a true story at the end that relates to the lesson. Some of our journaling studies have such stories on video, but this study includes them in written form in the lessons. The names have been changed in some cases to protect people involved.

Icon/image for each book

To help you remember the message of the various prophets, I have included an icon or image that relates to the primary idea of each book. You will find that many of the same themes are repeated throughout the Minor Prophets—subjects that connect to sin, judgment, and repentance, so it’s difficult to clearly distinguish some of them from others. You may have other ways to help your group remember.

2. Amos: The God of Justice

Related Media

Words to Anchor your Soul

But let justice roll down like waters,
and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream.

Amos 5:24 (ESV)

“Gross injustice demonstrates a basic premise: in our world something is terribly wrong and cries out to be made right,” explains Fleming Rutledge in her masterpiece The Crucifixion.1 We all know this in our hearts, but often we don’t concern ourselves with justice until it affects us personally. Note the scales of justice icon for Amos.

You may have already memorized this week’s verse. I learned it in the King James version which translates the Hebrew word in the first line as judgment. The NET version uses “right actions” for the word righteousness, but Amos is actually using synonyms in these two lines.

Sometimes we think of righteousness as a nebulous characteristic of God that Jesus gives us so that we are forgiven in the court of judgment. But that’s only partly true. Rutledge explains what we who read and speak English miss: “. . . the English words ‘righteousness’ and ‘justice’ sound nothing like each other. However, these two words, ‘justice’ and ‘righteousness’ not semantically connected in English, are the same word-group in the Hebrew of the Old Testament and in the Greek of the New . . . . God’s justice and God’s righteousness are essentially the same thing.”2

Rutledge explains: “When we read in the Old Testament that God is just and righteous, this doesn’t refer to a threatening abstract quality that God has over against us. It is much more like a verb than a noun, because it refers to the power of God to make right what has been wrong.”3 (emphasis added)

As we read the prophets, we recognize how important justice is to God. It is a quality of who he is and what he does—right actions. On our behalf, he alone makes what is unjust right by Jesus’s death on the cross. He rectifies all wrongs by paying for our injustices. No, we can’t fix another person’s sin as God did, but we are to be just and do what is right as nations, as the church which represents God on earth, and as individuals.

As we move into the prophets’ messages, it’s important to understand that they were overwhelmingly directed at God’s people. Sometimes they included warnings for other nations, but more often they alerted the Jews that God would judge them corporately.

Although a child of God won’t be judged eternally for her sins for which Jesus paid, the church remains responsible as a body and may face judgment on earth (Revelation 2-3). We Americans are very individualistic, and God does see us as individuals, but God also sees us as part of the corporate church. He purifies us as a group because we all bear responsibility for the whole. “For the time has come for judgment, and it must begin with God’s household. And if judgment begins with us, what terrible fate awaits those who have never obeyed God’s Good News?” (1 Peter 4:17, NLT). The prophets not only call us to repent and return home to God, but they also prepare the church to expect God’s judgment on us first if we ignore their messages as the Jews did.

As we interpret and apply the messages of the prophets, we will read announcements of judgment on God’s people (Judah and Israel) and also the nations that surrounded them who did not worship Yahweh God. In the same way, the church and the nations we inhabit are responsible to God the Creator and face his judgment when we refuse to listen to and apply his warnings. (If you haven’t already done so, read “Applying the Prophets’ Messages” under “Understanding the Prophets” in the Appendix.)

Part One Study

Amos was from Judah (the southern kingdom) and yet preached in the northern kingdom of Israel during the days of the divided kingdom, about 750 B.C. or so. Approximately thirty years later in 722 B.C., the northern kingdom fell to the Assyrians and its people were taken captive.

James Montgomery Boice says this: “The Book of Amos is one of the most readable, relevant, and moving portions of the Word of God. But in much of church history (until very recent times) little or no attention has been paid to it. Why? It is because the book speaks powerfully against social injustices and religious formalism . . . .”4 In other words we don’t like hearing it.

Amos prophesied in a time of prosperity in the northern kingdom when the rich were treating the poor callously. Consider parallels in today’s early 21st century as you read.

The first six chapters of Amos are structured as oracles, or “oral messages from God.”5

*** Read more about oracles in the Appendix section “Understanding the Prophets,” and look over the chart “The History of Old Testament Israel.” Note your insights.

Read Amos 1:1-2:16. (1.1-2.3 are oracles for neighboring countries; 2:4-5 is for Judah; and the rest is directed toward Israel.)

Journal as you consider the following:

  • Discuss how the oracles for Judah and Israel differ from those to other nations and any significance you see in the differences.
  • What do you learn about God from these oracles?
  • How is God speaking to you from his Word today?

Dr. Boice finds the order of the oracles here significant: “Chapters 1 and 2 contain eight oracles: one against each of the six nations that surrounded Judah and Israel . . . and one each against Judah and Israel themselves. These are not a random collection. The list is carefully constructed so that the judgment net slowly and inexorably closes around the very people to whom Amos was speaking.”6

One of our purposes is personal application—making sure we determine how we fall short of what God wants and expects from his people (our sins), so we can return home through confession and repentance from where we have drifted (1 John 1:8-10). It’s not about legalism or trying to make God love us. It’s about the heart’s tendency to drift from God to the point where his own people replace love for him with idols which leads to failure to love others. Each week’s work will include at least one application question. (See the last question in the Part One bullets.) Please don’t skip them. Ask God to reveal the things and people to which your heart is really attached and the ways he wants you to change by the power of the Spirit.

Part Two Study

Amos’s message concerning Israel’s judgment (northern kingdom) continues with more details in the oracles in Amos 3:1-6:14. Note that Amos’s primary literary form is satire. (Read the section in the Appendix “Elements of Prophetic Literature.”) His message has been called a “covenant enforcement document” in which God lays out the nature of the Jews’ failure to obey their covenant with God. Don’t feel that you need to understand it all. That would require several weeks of study. Just get a feel for Amos’s message. If there’s something you need to understand in order to answer the questions, do it the easy way with the footnotes in your Bible. If that fails, read from a trustworthy commentary.7

That said, you will notice that Amos mentions the names of a number of places, mainly in the northern kingdom of Israel to which he prophesies. It’s helpful to know that Zion is another name for Jerusalem, the capital of the southern kingdom of Judah, and that Samaria is another name for the northern kingdom. Other cities and sites are often interesting to study, but details about them aren’t necessary to grasp the main ideas of the text.

*** Read all of Amos 3:1-6:14 rather than the more limited verses listed below. Particularly note the Israelites’ actions/activities that have upset God.

Read and journal about Amos 3:9-5:27 in light of these questions:

  • What actions by the people of Israel have upset God? Focus on one that catches your attention in light of present day Christianity and journal your thoughts.
  • Comment on the ways that God has warned his people and their response (4:6-13).
  • What is God saying to you about your own life today?

Part Three Study

*** Rather than oracles, the final section of Amos documents visions he received from God. Read the entire passage from Amos 7:1-9:15.

Read Amos 7:1-17; 8:1–9:15.

Journal your insights from these questions:

  • Review Amos 1:1 in light of 7:1-17, considering what it meant for Amos to do God’s work.
  • What does God reveal about himself and his relationship with his people in this passage?
  • What description of God’s judgment strikes you most and why?
  • As you look at our world today, what hope does the end of Amos give concerning the time of Restoration? (If needed, refer back to Week One Part One to understand the Restoration.)

My Story

I grew up in the Jim Crow South where state laws institutionalized racism toward Blacks. As a child, it seemed to just be the way the world worked. But as I grew I wondered. I wondered when my mother drove home the African-American woman who ironed our many cotton dresses in the back seat of our car when white adults always rode in the front. My heart suggested there was something wrong when Mother boiled all the dishes this woman used. My mother’s actions didn’t line up with the way she treated other people. Something inside me felt uncomfortable. Today I know that it was God’s Spirit.

My schools weren’t integrated until high school although the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown vs. the Board of Education declaring segregation illegal came down years before. When I was a senior our schools began competing in sports with all Black schools, and we were instructed not to wander over to their side of the field because we might be harmed. As a drill team officer, I experienced this instruction quite personally when the school administrators ended our tradition of trading sides with the other school’s cheerleaders and drill team officers in third quarter of the football game—but only for these particular games. It taught me to fear African-Americans. And I wondered about it.

My parents hated Martin Luther King, Jr. because they thought he created trouble in our country by speaking out. Although we watched the news each night, I remember nothing of the Selma March, the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, or the murders of civil rights workers. I didn’t hate African-Americans, but I feared them as dangerous and different. I lived in a white bubble with no Black friends or even acquaintances.

But at some point after I left home, God got through to me that such prejudice violated his love and character. It was wrong. It was sin. It was a slow revelation, but eventually I knew. Once I saw it, I believed that I had put my heritage of racist attitudes and actions behind me, and I did all I could to reach out with kindness to African-Americans. I thought that I, along with most of the country, had overcome racism. We were now operating colorblind.

The prophets were my wake-up call that colorblindness isn’t enough. In fact, I continue to be very convicted as I hear the prophets’ calls for justice, generosity to the poor (not leftovers or seconds), and following God’s way instead of trusting the powerful. Colorblindness leaves us unable to support victims of injustice and racism because we become so sure it’s not there.

My belief that social justice was a distraction from the gospel itself was wrong. The prophets, just like Jesus, tell us that social justice is the outflow of a people who love and follow God. We as individuals and as the church are responsible to seek and work for it. The prophets taught me that I can’t be complacent because I am accountable as a teacher and leader to speak out and act. True worship involves justice, generosity, and care for the least of these (Isaiah 58:1-59:19).

It’s only by God’s patience and grace that I now recognize my false assumptions that life works the same for us all. I’m still unsure of what to do or say about it. Right now I prioritize listening and seeing, as well as a white woman can, the injustice that people of color experience, the bias that holds them back, the racism in our institutions, and the lack of compassion that abounds for their problems.

I want to trust God no matter what comes, having faith in him for whatever the future brings. My job is not to fear what may happen if I speak out but to be true to the scriptures. Doing that means speaking up about the responsibility we as the majority have to help bring about change and show love to our neighbors.

A few months ago I went to Big Bend National Park where the Rio Grande is barely more than a trickle. But as I picture that in light of this week’s verse, I imagine a river joined by streams of abundant water traveling as one great waterway down the continent to the ocean. What a blessing it would be to the land, animals, and people who live and visit there! And I think, “What if those streams and river overflowed with justice to all the people in the whole land?”

What a beautiful picture of true worship!


1 Fleming Rutledge, The Crucifixion: Understanding the Death of Jesus Christ (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2015), 122.

2 Rutledge, 133.

3 Rutledge, 134.

4 James Montgomery Boice, The Minor Prophets: Volume 1: An Expositional Commentary Hosea through Jonah (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2002), 161.

5 “Introduction to Amos” in The ESV Study Bible (Wheaton, IL; Crossway, 2008), 1656.

6 Boice, 169-170.

7 Dr. Thomas L. Constable’s notes on the whole Bible are available without charge for study purposes: http://www.soniclight.com/constable/notes.htm

Related Topics: Prophets, Women's Articles

5. Nahum and Habakkuk: The God who Acts in Judgment

Related Media

Words to Anchor your Soul

Even though the fig trees have no blossoms,
and there are no grapes on the vines;
even though the olive crop fails,
and the fields lie empty and barren;
even though the flocks die in the fields,
and the cattle barns are empty,
yet I will rejoice in the Lord!
I will be joyful in the God of my salvation!
The Sovereign Lord is my strength!
He makes me as surefooted as a deer,
able to tread upon the heights.

Habakkuk 3:17-19 (NLT)

Our study has moved out of the Assyrian Crisis period now that Assyria has destroyed the Northern Kingdom. We now focus on the Babylonians, the new world power. You may want to review the chart in the Appendix section “Understanding the Prophets.”

Part One Study

In this section we will study the short book written by the prophet Nahum (meaning comfort). Nahum, like Jonah a century before,1 warns the Assyrians, the conquerers of Israel, that their capital city Nineveh will fall and their empire will be destroyed. We look at history and see that the Babylonians did conquer them. You likely remember that Jonah’s warning resulted in their repentance years before, and God responded in mercy. But now the Assyrians have turned back to their old ways.

“Jesus said that ‘all who take the sword will perish by the sword’ (Matt. 26:52) . . . . In the conquest of the ancient world, the Assyrians were merciless and cruel. Their atrocities included everything from burning children to death and chopping off hands. In many ways, the Book of Nahum is a theology of the maxim of the sword.”2

And that’s why we are using a sword as our icon for this book.

As you read Nahum, think in terms of this short outline —unless you have time to outline it yourself:

  • A descriptive psalm about God 1:1-8
  • Promises of God’s deliverance of Judah 1:9-2:2
  • Prophecies of the destruction of Nineveh 2:3-3:19

Read the short three-chapter book of Nahum, considering these questions:

  • What does the psalm in 1:1-8 teach about God?
  • How would you be encouraged by Nahum’s message if you lived in Judah at that time?

The pictures Nahum paints about the coming judgment on Nineveh and all of Assyria are difficult. Nahum made clear that the sentence was just because of their treatment of Israel, which essential disputed God’s rule (Nahum 1:2-3, 8-9,11; 2:2; 3:1). Consider how you might feel if it was your country and family that the Assyrians destroyed. Their destruction would have been very good news to the nations around Assyria—in the same way that the death of Osama Bin Laden was to citizens of the United States—because Judah would be spared. Think about J. Vernon McGee’s point as well: "Earlier, Jonah had brought a message to Nineveh which revealed the love of God, and now the message of the Book of Nahum reveals the justice of God—the two go together.”3

  • In light of those thoughts, what are your impressions and feelings about God’s treatment of Nineveh?

*** Research the Assyrians or their capital Nineveh in your study Bible, commentaries, or in Dr. Constable’s notes.4 Journal your insights.

Just as Nahum predicted, in 612 B.C. Nineveh was destroyed by an alliance of the Medes and Babylonians.5

Part Two Study

Our final two parts of this week’s study focus on the book of Habakkuk. We use an ancient watchtower as our image for this book because Habakkuk waited to hear from God in such a place. Although at this time the line of Davidic kings still occupied the throne in Jerusalem, they lived under an increasing threat from Babylon.

Have you ever dealt with a very difficult time when everything seemed to be going wrong, and then it got worse despite your prayers? You may have questioned God about what he was doing. If you’ve ever been in that situation, you have company in the prophet Habakkuk, who had the courage and honesty to ask God what he was doing and why. In the end Habakkuk trusted God as his anchor when he didn’t understand God’s plan.

The message of Habakkuk dates from the seventh century B.C. just as Nahum’s does.6

The book of Habakkuk is unique; rather than relaying God’s messages for the Judeans, it records a series of dialogues between Habakkuk and God, ending with Habakkuk’s declaration of faith. Here is an outline that may help you navigate the book more easily:7

I. Superscription (1:1)

II. First cycle (1:2-11)

A. Habakkuk’s lament (1:2-4)

B. God’s response (1:5-11)

III. Second cycle (1:12-2:20)

A. Habakkuk’s lament (1:12-2:1)

B. God’s response (2:2-20)

IV. Habakkuk’s prayer (3:1-19)

Read Habakkuk 1:1-2:20, and journal as you consider these questions:

  • Summarize and comment on Habakkuk’s two complaints (laments) and God’s responses. FYI: The singular “he” in 2:4-5 likely refers to the king of Babylon and by extension to his nation, and in Habakkuk 2:6-20 God pronounces five woes on the Chaldeans of Babylon, explaining why they deserve judgment.

*** Focus specifically on Habakkuk’s comments about God’s character in 1:12-14, journaling your thoughts and feelings.

  • What do you learn about God’s judgment on those who belong to him from God’s answers to Habakkuk’s first two questions (1:5-11; 2:2b-5)?
  • What is God saying to you today from Habakkuk?

Part Three Study

The verses in our “Words to Anchor your Soul” on the first page of this week’s study come from the final section of Habakkuk. This passage is one of the most beautiful biblical expressions of trust in God during times of trouble. Knowing these verses will help anchor your faith in him when life is confusing.

Read Habakkuk’s prayer of Chapter 3, journaling about these questions:

  • The words and imagery for the power and judgment of God in this prayer are overwhelming. What of these resonate most with you? Why?

*** Compare Psalm 46 with Habakkuk 3:17-19, recording the truths about God that anchor the psalmist and the prophet.

  • What fears and terrors concerning your own life or the future of your nation help you identify with Habakkuk’s reaction to the coming judgment in 3:16?
  • Journal a prayer of trust, spelling out those fears as Habakkuk does in 3:17-19. You may even rely on some of his words and just insert your own struggles of faith.

My Story

I struggle with fear. Because my mother was constantly afraid, I grew up believing that I should worry—about everything. Only as an adult did I learn that fear is the opposite of faith. Acting in fear and acting in faith cannot co-exist. Even today the question for me is whether I trust God or not—no matter what happens, so when faced with a strong fear, it helps me to figure out the worst case scenario. Then I can pray by praising the specific characteristics of God that can handle even that problem—or ask him to use it in ways to achieve his kingdom purposes.

As my mother aged, her habit of watching certain political talk shows increased her fears and worries. The reports on such shows, often loosely based on facts, are designed to create fear and political alliances—and of course ratings. Without stories that appeal to people’s prejudices and fears, such shows would have no audience. Eventually, I suggested that Mother quit watching the shows that multiplied her worry and entrust the situations to God. Blocking out those negative voices made a huge difference in her joy.

I often remind myself that I shouldn’t ever make decisions out of fear. I need to block out those voices because they aren’t of God. God wants us to walk daily by faith and act in love, even when there are risks.

Reading Habakkuk’s words of trust in God whatever his judgment brings (Hab. 3:17-19) helps me trust him and love others when I begin to fear. When I worry about running out of money at the end of my life, I give extra away. When I fear for the future of our nation, I consider why the American church deserves God’s judgment (1 Peter 4:17) and beg for mercy for us all. Even if I lose all that I cherish on earth, I pray for God to give me faith to know that he will hold on to me with his powerful, loving hands.


1 According to internal evidence, the book of Nahum appears to be authored between 663 when the Egyptian city of Thebes fell (Nahum 3:8-10) and the fall of Nineveh in 612 B.C.

2 Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary, Eds., Earl Radmacher, Ronald B. Allen, and H. Wayne House (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1999),1081.

3 J. Vernon McGee, Thru the Bible with J. Vernon McGee, 3:815. Quoted by Dr. Thomas L. Constable’s notes on Nahum at http://www.planobiblechapel.org/tcon/notes/html/ot/nahum/nahum.htm#_edn14

4 To remind you, Dr. Thomas L. Constable’s notes on the whole Bible are available without charge for study purposes: http://www.soniclight.com/constable/notes.htm

5 John H. Walton, Victor H Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament, Note on Isaiah 7:17. (Downers Grove, IL: 2000), 594.

6 Parts of the book seem to predate the battle of Carchemish in 605 B.C. when the Babylonians defeated the Egyptians, while others suggest a later date. This battle occurred some 80 years after King Hezekiah, the ruler during the days that Micah prophesied as we studied last week.

7 ESV Study Bible, “Introduction to Habakkuk,” 1720.

Related Topics: Prophets, Women's Articles

6. Zephaniah: God the Sovereign Judge

Related Media

Words to Anchor your Soul

Seek the Lord’s favor, all you humble people of the land who have obeyed his commands!
Strive to do what is right! Strive to be humble!
Maybe you will be protected on the day of the Lord’s angry judgment.

Zephaniah 2:3 (NET)

Read the first verse of Zephaniah’s book where he identifies himself and provides his genealogy including Hezekiah. It’s uncertain whether this refers to King Hezekiah or a different Hezekiah. This verse also establishes the timing of Zephaniah’s message as the days of Josiah, the great king of the Southern Kingdom. Josiah rose to the throne at the age of eight in 640 B.C., eventually bringing spiritual renewal and reform to Judah.

If you’ve lost track of how Zephaniah fits into the history of Israel, the Assyrian crisis had passed now that they had destroyed the Northern Kingdom. Although Assyria remained a threat, Babylon was on the rise and would conquer Judah fully in 586 B.C., as predicted by Nahum (Week Five). Review the chart in the section “Understanding the Prophets” for a visual picture.

Zephaniah speaks to other nations as well as to the kingdom of Judah. His theme? God as the sovereign judge of all nations will soon act. This message runs through Zephaniah’s prophecies to both audiences—God’s people and other nations. The image of a gavel represents God as Judge.

Part One Study

If you have time, read the entire book of Zephaniah first to get a sense of its flow and message.

Remember that prophecy is full of poetic language; that means you need to be aware that some language uses metaphor, simile, and other images with non-literal meanings.

Read Zephaniah 1:1-2:3, noting phrases referring to God, such as “I will.” Journal your insights as you consider these questions:

  • From what God says he will do (the “I will” statements and others), what do you learn about the extent of God’s power and judgment?
  • What sins caused God to punish Judah?
  • Zephaniah introduces the topic of the Day of the Lord (1:7-18), a term also used by other prophets. (We will study it further in the next lesson.) How would you summarize the Day of the Lord from this passage?
  • How is God speaking through Zephaniah?

*** Hundreds of years before God sent first Israel and then Judah into exile, he warned his people through Moses that this would happen if they forsook and disobeyed him. Read Deuteronomy 28:1-2, 15, 45-51, 64-68; 30:1-14. How do these warnings compare to Zephaniah’s predictions of the Day of the Lord in 1:7-18?

  • What is the basis of Zephaniah’s hope as expressed in 2:1-3?

I am so thankful to God for the hope he provides in 2:3—our Words to Anchor your Soul—hope desperately needed in our own day.

Part Two Study

If it’s been a day or more since you did Part One of this study, you may want to review Zephaniah 1:1-2:3 before moving on. Even better, read the whole book again.

*** Read about King Josiah in 2 Chronicles 34:1-35:27. From God’s perspective, he was among the few faithful kings over Judah because he “did not turn aside to the right or to the left” (2 Kings 22:2, ESV). Journal your insights.

The middle chapter of Zephaniah announces God’s judgment on other nations. Remember, the theme of Zephaniah is God as Judge of all. God turns his attention back to Judah and in particular its capital city Jerusalem in 3:1.

Read Zephaniah 2:4-3:8, journaling about these questions:

  • What stands out to you from God’s words to the nations and why (Chapter 2)?
  • Why is God justly upset with Judah, his own people (3:1-5)?
  • Review our verse of the week, Zephaniah 2:3, to keep your eyes on the whole picture of God’s character. In light of all that God has said about his people’s sins, journal what you learn about his grace and mercy.
  • How do you respond to God’s message today and why?

Part Three Study

Although the end of Zephaniah’s message provides hope and promise, we can look back at history and know that it wasn’t fulfilled in Zephaniah’s day. Within about 40 years after he penned this book, God fulfilled his prophesied judgment when Judah was destroyed.

Read Zephaniah 3:9-20 and journal your thoughts:

  • Which promises to Judah (3:9-20) stand out to you, and what do you feel about them?
  • How do you see God’s promises fit into God’s big story or ONE story summarized here? (Review Paradise, Ruin, Reconciliation, and Restoration in Week One, Part One if you need to.) Remember that some predictions involve multiple fulfillments while others won’t be fulfilled until the final Restoration after Jesus returns.

Before you journal your thoughts on one final question, read the 2 Chronicles passage below.

Zephaniah is the last minor prophet in the canon preceding Judah’s destruction by the Babylonians (Chaldeans) in 586 B.C. Here is God’s explanation of that judgment on his own people (2 Chronicles 36:15-21, ESV):

The Lord, the God of their fathers, sent persistently to them by his messengers, because he had compassion on his people and on his dwelling place. But they kept mocking the messengers of God, despising his words and scoffing at his prophets, until the wrath of the Lord rose against his people, until there was no remedy.

Therefore he brought up against them the king of the Chaldeans, who killed their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary and had no compassion on young man or virgin, old man or aged. He gave them all into his hand. And all the vessels of the house of God, great and small, and the treasures of the house of the Lord, and the treasures of the king and of his princes, all these he brought to Babylon. And they burned the house of God and broke down the wall of Jerusalem and burned all its palaces with fire and destroyed all its precious vessels. He took into exile in Babylon those who had escaped from the sword, and they became servants to him and to his sons until the establishment of the kingdom of Persia, to fulfill the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths. All the days that it lay desolate it kept Sabbath, to fulfill seventy years.

  • How is God speaking through his Word today?

*** Richard D. Patterson is one of many scholars who have pointed out how Zephaniah’s structure involves two sections that parallel. Browse through it with this structure1 in mind:

Declaration of the Day of the Lord’s Judgment

(1:1-2:3)

Details concerning the Day of the Lord’s Judgment

(2:4-3:20)

Pronouncements

Pronouncements

On the earth (1:2-3)

On the nations (2:4-15)

On Judah/Jerusalem (1:4-6)

On Jerusalem (3:1-7)

Exhortation (1:7-13)

Exhortation (3:8)

Teachings

Teachings

Information (1:14-18)

Information (3:9-13)

Instruction (2:1-3)

Instruction (3:14-20)

This week’s story reminds me of the warning to those who mixed idolatry with worship of the true God: “I will cut off from this place . . . those who bow down and swear to the LORD and yet swear by Milcom, those who have turned back from following the LORD, who do not seek the LORD or inquire of him” (Zephaniah 1:4-6, ESV).

Michelle’s Story

My husband and I were both Christians when we began dating and actually grew up in the same church. When we were in college, our church attendance began to slip. Most Sundays I found it more convenient to sleep or study for the next day’s class. God had slipped down my priority list behind academia and fun.

After we graduated and got married, my negligence only worsened. We were so busy with our careers that we couldn’t fit God in anymore. We both worked long hours including most weekends. My husband went to school at night to get an MBA. Then I did the same. About this time our marriage, weak from little time with God or each other, began to unravel. This was the wake-up call we needed to see that major changes were necessary. I am happy to report that through much prayer and putting God first in our lives we were able to turn our marriage around.

It was really only after having children and quitting work that I realized that during all those years I had been worshipping the idols of education, career, and money.


1 Chart from Richard D. Patterson, Nahum, Habukkuk, Zephaniah: An Exegetical Commentary (Biblical Studies Press, 2003), 256. It can be accessed online at https://bible.org/seriespage/3-zephaniah.

Related Topics: Prophets, Women's Articles

Pages