MENU

Where the world comes to study the Bible

4. Jacob: His Running and Returning: “God’s Grace In Reconciliation” (Gen. 33:1-20)

Related Media

Introduction

A documentary series that my wife and I used to watch from time to time is called “The Locator”. In these documentaries, Troy Dunn (“the locator”) tracks down and attempts to reunite families – a missing sister or brother, children given up at birth etc. There are many tragic stories, many of which have happy endings.

One happy ending was the story of a woman in the military who had a relationship with another soldier. They broke up and shortly afterward she discovered she was pregnant. Feeling that the father was too young to take on this responsibility she decided to not notify him. Subsequently, she gave birth to a boy, whose questions about his father during his growing up years she never properly answered. Finally, when her son was about 25 years old, he contacted Troy Dunn to find his father for him, which Troy did.

Watching the initial meetings of many of these estranged family members is interesting and moving to watch. Some end in disaster, like a daughter who did not want to meet her father who had abandoned her. But this one was a very positive experience for all involved. By the time they meet, the young man’s father has a wife and 3 teenage children, none of whom knew of course that he had another son because he himself didn’t know. After finding out that he had another son, he discussed the situation with his wife and children, all of whom were excited about meeting him.

On the appointed day, they all met and welcomed him with open arms as one of their family – a happy reunion. I wondered why they could so quickly and willingly and lovingly accept him, as many families do not react that way in this type of situation. But then, as the camera panned around the room in their house where they were meeting, I noticed a plaque on the wall. That plaque gave me the clue to why this family was so accepting in their reconciliation with their new son, brother, and grandson. The plaque said: “As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.” These were Christians who knew the truth and reality of the grace of God in reconciliation. That’s our subject in this message: God’s grace in reconciliation.

We learn in our passage that reconciliation is made possible through humility and love that are rooted in God’s grace. When Jacob was at Bethel in Genesis 28, God had promised that He would give him the land on which he was lying, that He would be with Jacob and keep him wherever he went, and that He would bring him back to this land (28:13, 15). Now God fulfills that promise, directing Jacob back to Canaan, to the land of his ancestors and his family relations (31:3). So, Jacob packs up all his possessions and family that he had acquired in Paddan-aram to go back to Canaan (31:17-18).

But the past has a way of catching up with you. It caught up with Jacob at the river Jabbok (32:22-32) and it catches up with him now in our chapter. So far, he had gotten what he wanted but at a great cost - he had lost contact with his mother and he had severed his relationship with his brother, Esau. Now he must face Esau for the first time in 20 years. He could have kept running as he had before, but he didn’t. Perhaps by this time he has finally reached the end of himself and his self-sufficient, self-improving, ambitious lifestyle. Perhaps he knows that he has run out of options. Or, perhaps he intends to be obedient to God’s call to go back home and face the music whatever that might be.

After wrestling with God all night, Jacob limps across the river Jabbok and, “lifting up his eyes” he saw Esau “coming with 400 men (33:1). Clearly this sight unnerves Jacob. It seems to him that Esau is bent on exacting the vengeance he had threatened before (27:41). But, in fact that was not the case at all. Instead, Jacob receives from Esau acceptance and affection. In this meeting we see that…

I. Reconciliation Is Initiated By Inward Renewal (33:1-4)

Reconciliation is a powerful force for most people. We don’t generally like living with fractured, distant relationships. We have this inner longing for restoration, unity, happiness. The last time they were together, Jacob was so determined to get the blessing from his father, Isaac, that he went to extraordinary lengths to deceive Isaac and defraud Esau out of his birthright. As a result, Esau hated Jacob so much that he threatened to kill him (27:41).

Now they are meeting for the first time after that episode. Jacob, the offender, is about to meet Esau, the offended. What we see here in this process of reconciliation is that…

1. Reconciliation is initiated by a renewed attitude (33:1-3). Up to now, Jacob hadn’t worried about meeting Esau again. He could patch things up - he could buy him off with presents. After all, he is wealthy now as 32:1-5 indicate. But when he sees Esau approaching with a small army, Jacob is clearly suspicious about what to expect. So, not knowing how this will turn out, in addition to the earlier division of his entire company (32:7), he now also divides up his family into four – (1) the two servants with their children in front; then (2) Leah with her children; and (3) Rachel (his favorite) and Joseph at the rear, the place of greatest safety; and (4) Jacob “himself went on before them” (33:3a). Notice that previously Jacob had stayed behind (32:16, 18), but now he takes the lead. He is living up to his new name, “Israel” – he is a leader now, leading the way and protecting his family.

Jacob didn’t know what was in Esau’s heart and Esau didn’t know what to expect from Jacob. But quickly it became apparent that both brothers longed for reconciliation – both the offender and the offended. We need to appreciate the enormity of this moment - two brothers meeting for the first time after 20 years of estrangement. This is a climactic moment! How will it turn out? What will happen? Thankfully, this time, Jacob is not out to defraud his bother. Rather, he takes the low place, “bowing himself to the ground seven times until he came near his brother” (33:3b).

While no words are exchanged at this point, the brothers’ actions speak louder than words. Taking the low place is the best attitude you can take in the process of reconciliation. “Bowing” here (and in vv. 6 and 7) is an act of contrition and repentance. Previously Jacob had taken the high place when he defrauded his older brother out of his birthright, but now Jacob takes the low place before Esau. Previously, Isaac had told Jacob that “nations would bow down to him” (27:29), but now Jacob bows down to Esau. He is not used to bowing down to others but he had to bow down to God - first at Bethel and then at the river Jabbok. And now, he bows before Esau as a slave to his master. This is a radically renewed attitude. This is humility, submission. More than that it’s contrition and repentance - the lesser bowing before the greater; the servant to his lord.

Jacob surely is a changed man. His encounter with God at the Jabbok seems to have changed him spiritually and physically. His permanent limp prevents him from ever running again. It reminds him that he has met God face to face. Now he is a changed man with a new identity – no longer Jacob but Israel (32:28). Accordingly, he takes a new posture before Esau, demonstrating inward renewal in a new attitude. A new of attitude is a prerequisite for reconciliation, changing from dominance to subservience, from taking away (his deceit) to giving back (in the gifts).

Words do not express what actions can and do. A soft answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger (Prov. 15:1). While some people find regret and repentance hard to express in words, it is even harder to express in actions. To bow down literally or metaphorically before someone whom we have offended and take that low place is hard. It strikes hard against our pride and self-justification. The question in Jacob’s mind must surely have been: “How will Esau react? Will he now carry out his threat to kill me?”

First, then, reconciliation is initiated by a renewed attitude…

2. Reconciliation is initiated by a renewed heart (33:4). Jacob has no idea how Esau will react. Indeed he has every reason to think that this meeting is not going to go well. Perhaps Esau would try to exact revenge by harming Jacob’s family or taking his possessions as recompense for the birthright he had lost before. It sure looked that way to him. Perhaps Esau still wants to prove his entitlement to their father’s blessing as the older son. Perhaps 20 years had reinforced and exacerbated Esau’s hatred and desire for revenge. But, by God’s grace, such is not the case.

In fact, instead of evil intent, Esau expresses affection, an eagerness for reunion, unconditional acceptance, a spontaneous act of vulnerability in a renewed heart. Esau is not out for revenge and certainly not murder. Rather, he demonstrates unqualified affection for his long lost brother (33:4).

Notice the contrast between the greetings of these two brothers. Jacob greets Esau like a servant to his master, but Esau greets Jacob like a brother to his brother. First, he “ran to meet Jacob,” this in contrast to Jacob’s limp. There is an evident eagerness in Esau to meet Jacob. His running to Jacob contrasts with Jacob’s slow approach, bowing himself to the ground. Second, he “embraced Jacob,” in contrast Jacob just “came near” (33:3). Third, Esau “fell on his neck and kissed Jacob,” an ironical reminder of how Jacob had kissed Isaac (27:27). Lastly, “they wept.” This is genuine affection on display, a softness of heart, a demonstration of true reconciliation.

A changed attitude and a changed heart - both of which changes are necessary for reconciliation to take place. The heart is the centre of our emotions and Jesus said that “out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murder…” (Matt. 15:19). That’s where broken relationships start – in the heart. Violent emotions that go unchecked can lead to behavior as egregious as murder.

So, what about your heart? If you are a Christian and you hold bitter feelings against someone, then you need to examine your own heart first. Whenever we experience fractured relationships we need to ensure that we are not holding bitterness in our own hearts, because bitterness eats away like a cancer, which if untreated can kill you - spiritually and emotionally. “See that no one fails to obtain the grace of God; that no root of bitterness springs up and causes trouble and by it many become defiled” (Heb. 12:15). Bitterness manifests itself in your attitude to others. Bitterness not only eats away at you on the inside but it affects everyone else around you as well. As believers we are united through the Holy Spirit and the Holy Spirit is grieved and his work among us is quenched when our relationships are severed or distant or bitter. I know that reconciliation with someone who has hurt you or whom you have hurt is not easy, because it’s not easy to take the low place. So, I’m not trivializing the process of reconciliation – it includes repentance, confession, forgiveness, and trust. But, what I’m saying is that the process starts with you – with your attitude and your heart.

Apparently Esau has a renewed heart. He has dealt with his bitter feelings against Jacob. His thoughts of murder have changed to feelings of affection. Instead of anger, he exudes warmth and love, embracing and kissing Jacob. The tension is released and “they wept” together. There is nothing quite like love and tears to bring down the walls of disagreement and separation. Tears are good for your own soul. They somehow ameliorate the hurt and sadness and bitterness.

First, then, reconciliation is initiated by inward renewal – renewal of one’s attitude and renewal of one’s heart. Second…

II. Reconciliation Is Expressed In Outward Actions (33:5-20)

1. Reconciliation is expressed by acknowledging God’s grace (33:5-7). Rarely is personal reconciliation limited to one-on-one. Usually it involves others, typically family members. Here Esau extends grace to the entire family. “When Esau lifted up his eyes and saw the women and children he said, ‘Who are these with you?’” (33:5a).

Esau takes the initiative to inquire about the rest of Jacob’s family in this act of reconciliation: “Who are these with you?” This is a very normal question when meeting family members for the first time, especially in the context of reconciliation. Jacob replies, “The children whom God has graciously given your servant” (33:5b). Jacob still does not address Esau as his brother, preferring to emphasize his subservience to him, retaining a formal master and servant relationship. Is this because he felt awkward, embarrassed? Or, is this because he wants to emphasize his change of attitude, no longer seeking to dominate but to serve. Importantly, he attributes his family to a gift of God’s grace. That is exactly what it was – a gift of God’s grace.

One by one the various parties in Jacob’s large family draw near to Esau (33:6-7). First, the servants, Bilhah and Zilpah with their children, then Leah with her children, and finally Rachel with her child, Joseph. They all “bowed down” before Esau (vv. 6, 7b) in an act of respect and family unity.

So, reconciliation is expressed in outward actions. First, reconciliation is expressed by acknowledging God’s grace. Second…

2. Reconciliation is expressed by making restitution (33:8-11). Everything that is happening seems to be overwhelming for Esau – he is flabbergasted. He can’t comprehend what’s going on: “What do you mean by all this company that I met?” (33:8a). He is dumbfounded by the extent of Jacob’s company and the massive quantity of gifts they brought from Jacob (32:13-21). It all appears to be over the top. He can’t comprehend it all. Jacob answers, “To find favor in the sight of my lord” (33:8b). “That’s what this is about, Esau - it’s about restitution. It’s about demonstrating to you that I am deeply sorry for what I did when I stole your birthright. It’s about showing you my repentance in action not just words. I want to find favor in your sight, Esau. That’s what this is about and as a show of goodwill I want to repay you.”

It appears that Jacob wants in some way to repay the blessing that he had stolen from Esau those many years ago. In a gracious response, Esau says: “I have enough, my brother, keep what you have for yourself” (33:9). Notice that Jacob calls Esau “lord” in v. 8, but Esau calls Jacob “brother” in v. 9. Esau clearly wants a closer relationship with Jacob than Jacob wants with him. “Despite what you stole from me, I am well-provided for; I don’t need or want your gifts. I have enough,” Esau replies. Esau evidently bears no revenge, wants no recompense, isn’t looking for financial reward. What he wants is a relationship with his brother.

Jacob insists: 10 No, please, if I have found favor in your sight, then accept my present from my hand. For I have seen your face, which is like seeing the face of God and you have accepted me. 11 Please accept my blessing that is brought to you, because God has dealt graciously with me, and because I have enough.” Thus he urged him (Esau), and he took it” (33:10-11). Meeting Esau is likened by Jacob to “seeing the face of God,” which he had seen before at Bethel (28:16-17) and which he had just seen again at the Jabbok (32:22-31). Thus, the blessing that he had received from God there he wants to extend now to his brother. Seeing Esau for the first time in 20 years, he sees a reflection of the grace of God in Esau’s face. Just as he sought a blessing from God at the Jabbok, so now he seeks Esau’s favor and blessing. So, in an act of pure grace, Esau accepts the gifts as a demonstration of his acceptance of his brother, as a token that all is restored between them, as a measure of goodwill. Jacob wants to find favor in Esau’s sight and to bless Esau and Esau accepts Jacob’s gifts on that basis.

Would it were so that all broken relationships were thus restored - that the offender would be so constrained to seek the favor of the offended one; that such brokenness would be manifested by all parties whose relationships have been broken; that such humility and subservience would be shown by all offenders. I appeal to any reader who has cut off someone else’s ear and heart by their behavior and words, bring it to an end now. Do what you have to do to restore the relationship. Start by showing your utter humility, shame, brokenness and your repentance for ever having caused the severance in the first place. Seek the forgiveness and favor of the other person. And pray for God’s grace to overflow into the lives of all the parties and extended families thus affected. It can be done! It has been done! It was done by Jacob and Esau. But it all starts with you - your heart and your attitude.

Reconciliation, then, is initiated by inward renewal and is expressed in outward actions. First, reconciliation is expressed by acknowledging God’s grace. Second, reconciliation is expressed by making restitution. And third…

3. Reconciliation is expressed by acting in kindness (33:12-20). Esau acts kindly in two ways. First, Esau offers to lead the way home: “Let’s journey on our way, and I will go ahead of you” (22:12). This seems to be a genuinely kind gesture by Esau - a desire to go home together, to make their reunion public to the rest of the family; his desire for togetherness, for fellowship with Jacob, a kind and practical expression of permanent reunion. But, in contrast, Jacob is not ready for this. Often there are some practical hesitations in reconciliations. Perhaps things were moving too fast for Jacob. So, he makes the excuse that the children and animals can’t walk at their pace (33:13). Jacob said to him, 14 Let my lord pass on ahead of his servant, and I will lead on slowly, at the pace of the livestock that are ahead of me and at the pace of the children, until I come to my lord in Seir” (33:14). At face value this response seems perfectly logical but there is a hint of the old Jacob here. There is a hint of his suspicion of Esau. Mistrust is very common in those who themselves have been deceptive. Whatever the reason, Jacob refuses to accept Esau’s kindness.

Second, Esau offers to provide protection (33:15): So Esau said, ‘Let me leave with you some of the people who are with me.’” It seems that Esau brought these 400 men with him not to attack Jacob but to protect him on his homeward journey. But Jacob said, “What need is there? Let me find favor in the sight of my lord.” Jacob doesn’t even accept Esau’s offer to have some of his people travel with Jacob and his entourage. Again Esau concedes to Jacob’s resistance. In this dialogue between the two brothers Jacob is still showing the old personality and the old self-will. Even after meeting with God, some personality and behavioral characteristics don’t immediately or easily fall away.

It seems that all along Jacob had other plans (33:16-17). So, instead of keeping his word and following behind Esau and his men at a slower pace (33:14), Jacob doesn’t follow Esau at all. 16 So Esau returned that day on his way to Seir. 17 But Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built himself a house and made booths for his livestock. Therefore the name of the place is called Succoth (33:16-17). Instead of going south with Esau to Seir, Jacob goes north to Succoth where he settles down, building himself a house and shelters for his livestock.

The big question is why? Why didn’t Jacob follow Esau? And why didn’t Jacob tell Esau the truth about not following him? It seems a shame that after all that has happened - after his meeting with God, after his reconciliation with Esau, after Esau’s willingness to forgive and move on with their lives - that the two brothers now go their separate ways. There are some reasonable guesses as to why. Perhaps Jacob thought that some distance between them might be good for their future relationship. That would be reasonable since some relationships - even those that have been genuinely reconciled - are better with some distance between them. The option that I think is the most likely is that God had told him to go to Canaan, not Edom (cf. 31:3). Seir where Esau lived in Edom was not his home, Canaan was. So, to follow Esau would have led him away from Canaan, the land to which God had promised to bring him back. In fact, if you trace Jacob’s route, it seems that he is headed home to Beersheba but gets waylaid at Shechem. If this is the case, then Jacob was right to not go with Esau, but the excuse he gave was deceptive and wrong (33:14).

Now, before you condemn Jacob for this, let me ask you: Have you ever done the same? Have you ever skewed the truth rather than face further conflict? Or, not revealed your true reasons in order to preserve peace? Sometimes it’s wise to not reveal everything in our hearts, but lying is not the way to do it.

What is clear is that Jacob has his own agenda (33:18-20), for eventually he moves on from Succoth and settles in Shechem where he erects an altar and calls it El-Elohe-Israel (33:20). Shechem was the place where Abraham first heard God’s promise about the land (12:6-7). Now, Shechem is where Jacob settles, which, as chapter 34 reveals, turns out to be a bad move. Yes, he is back in Canaan, the land of his ancestors but not in Beersheba among his family as God had directed him (31:3).

Final Remarks

In this meeting between Jacob and Esau we see two dramatically changed men. In Jacob, humility replaces arrogance, submission replaces dominance, and giving replaces taking (as in the birthright and blessing). In Esau, compassion replaces murder, warmth replaces coldness, and acceptance replaces rejection. Wrestling with God at the Jabbok changed Jacob and Esau has changed as well. And by His grace, God can change us too - our character, our attitude, our hearts, and our actions. Jacob’s character was changed from a deceiver to a leader. Jacob’s attitude was changed from arrogance to dependence. Jacob’s heart was changed from self-ambition to submission. And Esau’s character was changed from murder to affection. Esau’s attitude was changed from coldness to warmth. Esau’s heart was changed from hardness to softness.

Has this happened in your life? Most importantly, have you been reconciled to God by the death of his Son? That’s the grace of God in action for sinners who believe (Rom. 5:10). We see this being lived out by Jacob who now attributes everything to God’s grace – his children (33:5) and his wealth (33:11). Note that just as he desperately sought and received God’s blessing so now he seeks and receives Esau’s blessing. By God’s grace, Jacob sees Esau now, not as a brother to be extorted but a brother who reflects the grace of God: “For I have seen your face which is like seeing the face of God” (33:10). Though traces of the old Jacob still remain, by God’s grace Jacob finds his way home to Canaan and settles there.

So, on the one hand, this episode leaves us on a high note - the twin brothers are reconciled and Jacob, the one who ran away, comes back to his homeland with a new identity and a new dependence on God. But on the other hand, this episode leaves us a little uneasy. Jacob has once more separated from Esau and the future in Shechem is not bright. In fact, it will be a massive low point in Jacob’s life.

On this note, we come to the end of the Paddan-aram episode in Jacob’s life. Notice that this episode is bookended by two altars. It started at Bethel where he set up an altar of stones to commemorate that wonderful meeting with God in a vision: “Surely the Lord is in this place and I did not know it… How awesome is this place! This is none other than the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven” (28:16-17). Now in Shechem, he builds another altar which he calls El-Elohe-Israel, the ever-faithful God of his fathers is Israel’s God. The God he had met at Bethel and again at the river Jabbok is indeed his God.

If you were asked to choose which of Esau and Jacob is the hero of this episode, who would it be? Jacob? Amazingly, I don’t think so. I think it is Esau! Who would have guessed how Esau would have received Jacob back into his life as he did, reunited with his twin brother after all those years and all that animosity. In this we see the grace of God in reconciliation…

I. Reconciliation is initiated by inward renewal (33:1-4)

1. Initiated by a renewed attitude (33:1-3)

2. Initiated by a renewed heart (33:4)

II. Reconciliation is expressed in outward actions (33:5-11)

1. … by acknowledging God’s grace (5-7)

2. … by making restitution (8-11)

3. … by acting in kindness (12-20)

Remember our thesis: Reconciliation is made possible through humility and love that are rooted in God’s grace. In this we also learn that God is sovereign. He works out his purposes regardless of our failures. He keeps his promises despite our foolishness.

Related Topics: Character Study, Christian Life

Q. Should pastors really stop giving altar calls?

I read your article on why pastors should stop giving alter calls. Should we really do that no matter what the sermon is about?

Answer

Dear Brother *****,

Thanks for your email. While I have written a number of articles, I do not remember writing that one should not give an altar call. It may well have been one of our other (many) authors on bible.org.

In the church we attended while I was in seminary the primary teacher was sure to give a kind of invitation at the end of every message. I think that is a very good thing to do. All of our teaching and preaching should be tied closely to the gospel.

Having said this, we also need to be careful not to forget: Aside from “He who has ears, let him hear. . .”, Jesus did not give an invitation as such. He challenged his audience to think about what He had said. He clearly called on His disciples to follow Him, but He also discouraged others by urging them to count the cost. Jesus did not water down His teaching to attract followers.

Now when you get to Paul and his presentation in the synagogues and elsewhere, it is all about the gospel, and he does challenge his listeners to believe in Jesus. (He does not call on folks to come forward, as is often the case with us today.)

Paul makes it very clear in 1 Corinthians chapter three that evangelism is not a solo, one-time, event. One sows, another waters, and another harvests. Thus, our presentation of the gospel may be one part of the process that God uses to save the lost.

Thus, any invitation needs to keep the above things in mind.

One additional thought came to mind, which is important. The primary purpose of the church meeting is the edification of the saints, to equip them for the work of ministry (see Ephesians 4). It is apparent from 1 Corinthians 14 that Paul assumed some unbelievers might be present, and he was concerned that the gospel would be clear to them.

One possible danger is that because the pastor gives a brief gospel message with an invitation, that some might wrongly conclude that further evangelistic effort is not as important. That would be the opposite of equipping the saints for the work of ministry, which would surely include sharing the gospel. Any evangelistic efforts from the pulpit should serve to encourage all the saints to share their faith, rather than to “let the Pastor do it.” Every pastor should be clear in his mind that his primary objective is to teach the saints, moving them toward maturity, while reaching the lost is a secondary (but very important) task (see Hebrews 6:1-3).

Blessings,

Bob Deffinbaugh

Related Topics: Ecclesiology (The Church)

The Net Pastor’s Journal, Eng Ed, Issue 44, Summer 2022

A ministry of…

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,
Email: [email protected]

I. Strengthening Expository Preaching:
Preaching N.T. Gospels, Pt. 3, Parables

Parables are not exclusive to the Gospels. Nathan, for example, used a parable to alert David to his sin (2 Sam. 12:1-10). Isaiah used a parable to indict the house of Israel (Isa. 5:1-7. Note that the parable is found in Isa. 5:1-6 and the application in Isa. 5:7). However, for the purposes of this article, I will deal with parables as a subgenre of “gospel.”

1. Definition And Structure Of Parables. A parable is a short story in which certain everyday experiences and characters represent certain moral or spiritual truths. Jesus frequently used parables to make a point. Typically, a parable begins by describing events or characters in a particular situation, and ends with a direct application or explanation of the story such that the hearers recognize its relevance to their lives. That’s why you often find strong negative reactions to Jesus’ parables, because they touch the consciences of the hearers.

2. Literary Forms Of Parables. In simple terms, a parable is a form of figurative language. Let me make the following distinctions…

(1) “True” Parables. By “true” parables I mean parables that follow the structure and definition that I have outlined above. Examples of “true” parables are: (1) The good Samaritan (Lk. 10:25-37); (2) The lost sheep, the lost coin, and the lost son (Lk. 15:1-32); (3) The great supper (Lk. 14:15-24); (4) The laborers in the vineyard (Matt. 20:1-16); (5) The rich man and Lazarus (Lk. 16:19-31); (6) The ten virgins (Matt. 25:1-13).

(2) Similes. Some parables take the form of extended similes where the subject and the thing with which it is being compared are distinct from one another and made explicit by using comparisons such as “like” or “as” - e.g. “The kingdom of heaven is like…” (Matt. 13:44-46). Examples of parables in the form of extended similes are: (1) Leaven in the meal (Matt. 13:33); (2) The sower (Matt. 13:1-23); (3) The mustard seed (Matt. 13:31-32).

(3) Metaphors. Some parables have features of an extended metaphor, in which, unlike an extended simile, the comparison between the subject and the thing with which it is being compared are implicit and inseparable – e.g. “You are the salt of the earth… You are the light of the world,” (Matt. 5:13-14). While it could be argued that such statements are simply metaphors (and that would be true), nonetheless, in the context in which they are used I think it fair to classify some as having parabolic features in their structure and purpose.

3. The Purpose Of Parables. Despite the apparent simplicity of the parable form and content, there has been a lot of debate over what they mean. And indeed, there are parables which are difficult to understand, such as the parable of the dishonest business manager (Lk. 16:1-13). We read a story like that and ask ourselves: “What exactly did Jesus mean? Is he really commending the man’s dishonesty? Or, is there more to this story than initially meets the eye?” Even the disciples themselves questioned what some of Jesus’ parables meant (Mk. 4:10; Lk. 8:9).

Unfortunately, Jesus’ explanation of the significance of parables is itself a difficult statement to understand: “The secret of the kingdom has been given to you. But to those on the outside everything is said in parables so that ‘they may be ever seeing but never perceiving, and ever hearing but never understanding; otherwise they might turn and be forgiven’” (Mk. 4:11-12; quoting Isa. 6:9-10). While this statement does not necessarily imply that this was the purpose for all Jesus’ parables, it does explain why he used some parables to present the divine secret concerning the nature of the kingdom of God, a secret whose meaning is revealed to those with divine life but withheld from those who adamantly refuse the truth.

Perhaps Jesus’ explanation is better understood in the context that his ministry had two diametrically opposite effects. As the apostle Paul puts it, for some hearers Jesus’ message in the parables was the “aroma of life leading to life” but for others the “aroma of death leading to death” (2 Cor. 2:14-16). Or, as the apostle Peter puts it, for “you who believe” Jesus is presented in the parables as “the stone that the builders rejected – the One who has become the cornerstone” but for unbelievers He is “a stone to stumble over, and a rock to trip over” (1 Pet. 2:7-8). In other words, Jesus’ parables forced people to take sides. You were either for him or against him. This was clearly the effect of many parables – they divided the people and in so doing revealed the truth of their hearts. As, Moises Silva points out, “The parables…when addressed to those who have set themselves against the Lord, become instruments of judgement. Thereby, ‘whoever has will be given more; whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him’ (Mk. 4:25).” (Silva, An Introduction to Biblical Hermeneutics, 111).

Parables, then, serve the purpose of discriminating between those who heard Jesus - on the one hand to obscure the truth from those who rejected his words, and on the other hand to clarify the truth for those who responded positively to his words. For those who responded positively to his words, Jesus’ parables revealed God, his truth and his purposes for his people. For those who rejected Jesus and his words, parables were used by Jesus as instruments of judgement and a means of concealing the truth from them (e.g. Matt. 13:10-15; Mk. 4:11-12; Lk. 8:9-10). As Henry Virkler puts it: “The same parables that brought insight to faithful believers were without meaning to those who were hardening their hearts against the truth” (Virkler, Hermeneutics, 165). This is a similar teaching to 1 Corinthians 2 concerning the ability of the regenerate person to understand spiritual truth compared to the inability of the unregenerate person. The difference is that one has spiritual sight and the other is spiritually blind. Thus, parables have two objectives, or focal points – first to believers and second to unbelievers.

The purpose of parables is twofold: (1) to instruct the hearers about spiritual truths such as prayer, giving, etc. (e.g. Matt. 13:10-12; Mk. 4:11), and (2) to challenge them about improper, sinful, or hypocritical living (e.g. Lk. 7:36-50). In general, the purpose of parables is to reveal the truth about the listeners’ character and identity – who and what they are.

4. The Nature Of Parables. Probably the characteristic of parables that explains why Jesus used them so much in his teaching is that they were simple interesting stories about everyday life, which ordinary people could understand, with which they could identify, and from which they could learn.

Parables, therefore, reveal, clarify, emphasize, and apply spiritual truth to both the heart and conscience. The nature of parables is such that they make an impression on people’s minds and consciences which is far more dramatic, effective, and enduring than merely stating the point - e.g. the persistent widow and the unjust judge (Lk. 18:1-8), or the Pharisee and the publican (Lk. 18:9-14).

The nature of parables, then, is that they are a true-to-life short stories about familiar situations, persons, and events that compare one situation, person, or event to another in order to illustrate, illuminate, and teach an unfamiliar or unrecognized but important spiritual truth. By their nature, parables are indirect and demand a response from the hearers.

5. Understanding And Interpreting Parables. The parable is the message. It is told to address and capture the hearers, to bring them up short about their own actions, or to cause them to respond in some way to Jesus and his ministry. It is this feature that makes interpretation of parables difficult because it is somewhat like interpreting a joke - if you have to interpret it, it fails to be funny and intuitively obvious. As with the immediate appeal of a joke, the hearers of parables would have had an immediate identification with the points of reference that caused them to get the point of the parable.

Since we may not immediately get the point because of our distance from the time, culture, and language of the parables, they do not function in quite the same way for us as they did for the original hearers. However, by interpreting the parables properly we can understand what they understood.

Generally, the interpretation and application of the story comes at the end of the parable and is distinct from the story itself. For example, Luke 7:40-42, the three points of reference are: the money lender and the two debtors. The identification is immediate: (1) God is like the money lender; (2) the harlot and Simon are like the two debtors. The parable is a word of judgement calling for a response from Simon. The force of the parable is such that Simon could not miss the point. It should be noted that the points of reference themselves do not constitute the parable. They serve only to draw hearers into the story and to provide a point of reference with whom or with which they are identified. The point of the story is in the intended response. In this instance, a word of judgement to Simon and his friends and a word of acceptance and forgiveness to the woman.

Remember that all of Jesus’ parables are, in some way, the means Jesus chose to describe and proclaim the kingdom. Hence, we must be very familiar with the meaning of the kingdom in the ministry of Jesus.

6. Guidelines For Researching And Interpreting Parables. When the parables were first spoken they rarely needed interpretation since their point was intuitively obvious to the hearers. But because we were not there and because they are only in written form, we lack the immediate understanding of some of the points of reference that the original hearers had. Through the exegetical process, however, we can discover their point with a high degree of accuracy. What we need to do is translate that point into our own context (as Matthew did – e.g. 18:10-14; 20:1-16). One way you can do this in your preaching is to insert into the story contextually and hermeneutically appropriate contemporary points of reference.

While all the normal, traditional exegetical tools, procedures, and principles must be used in studying the parables in their context in order to deduce authorial intent, the parable genre seems to be so fluid, to have such variety, and to contain such multiple levels of meaning that they leave a great deal of flexibility in preaching. We should remember that our congregations today love the parable stories and usually find them as fascinating as the original audiences undoubtedly did. This underscores the power of narrative.

The golden rule (as with all exegetical research in preparation for preaching) is to not make the parables mean something that they were not intended to mean. This is a common mistake in interpreting parables – namely, trying to make every detail have a parallel alternative meaning (i.e. to allegorize your interpretation). The problem with allegorization as an interpretive method is that it is so subjective. Ten different people could come up with ten different meanings for each detail. A general rule for understanding and preaching parables is that, as a pastor friend of mine used to say, we should not try “to make parables walk on all fours” – i.e. not try to assign meaning to every little detail unless it is obvious from the parable itself.

Furthermore, allegorization, by trying to assign meaning to every little detail, often misses the overall point of the parable. In order to counter the allegorization method of interpretation, some scholars allege that each parable only has one point and that the details are merely narrative window dressing. But this is surely an oversimplification. For example, in the parable of the prodigal son, do not the son, the father, and the older brother each represent a different person? Parables can make a single point or multiple points, just as they can have multiple purposes, forms, and applications. However, though a parable may have multiple points of reference, each parable (like any other passage of Scripture) only has one theological point or principle that it is conveying.

7. A Balanced Approach To Interpreting Parables (adapted from Craig Blomberg, cited in Duval and Hays, 260f.).

(a) Look for the main point for each main character. All other details merely enhance the story. For example, in the parable of the prodigal son (Lk. 15:11-32), the prodigal son clearly represents sinners who turn to God in repentance and faith. The father represents God’s willingness to extend mercy and forgiveness. The older brother represents religious people – the Pharisees and scribes to whom Jesus was addressing the parable (Lk. 15:2), who think they alone are worthy of God’s grace.

Again, in the parable of the good Samaritan (Lk. 10:29-37), the man beaten by a robber represents the neighbor in need (this is the subject that Jesus is addressing, Lk. 10:29). The priest and Levite represent religious leaders whom you would expect to love their “neighbors” unconditionally but who may not truly do so. The Samaritan represents those whom you would not expect to love their “neighbors” with a different religious and cultural background but who may actually do so in a practical and public way.

(b) Determine the main point that the original audience would have understood. Do not read or interpret parables in isolation from what is going on around them. Check their literary context carefully. Invariably Jesus’ parables illustrate what was going on in the immediately foregoing issue or circumstance.

When trying to determine the main point of a parable, it is helpful to ask yourself some questions, like: (1) What response is being called for and generated? (2) Is there a surprise, a twist, a shock in the narrative? (3) How or what does the parable teach us about the kingdom – either directly or indirectly? (4) What is the Christological and theological focus and teaching? (5) What type of parable is it - a true parable, a simile, or a metaphor? (6) What are the various scenes and movements of the parable? (7) Who is the audience? (8) Who are the prime characters and whom do they represent? (9) What is the central theological point?

8. Some Further Hints for Interpreting Parables.

(1) Listen to the parable over and over. Identify the points of reference that would have been picked up by Jesus’ hearers. Try to determine how the original hearers would have identified with the story - what they would have heard and how they would have interpreted and applied it. Sometimes the meaning is stated explicitly in the parable; other times it is implied through the application (cf. Matt. 5:13; 18:21, 35; 29:1-16; 22:14; 25:13; Lk. 12:15-21; 15:7, 10; 18:1, 9; 19:11).

(2) Examine the context carefully. As with all solid interpretive methodology, examine carefully the context of each parable from the perspective that the writer has chosen to present his material. For example, the parable of the laborers in the vineyard (Matt. 20:1-16) comes immediately after the story of the rich young ruler (Matt. 19:16-22). After making the point that riches can be a great obstacle to entry into the kingdom, Peter says: “See, we have left everything and followed you. So what will there be for us?” (Lk. 19:27). Jesus assures Peter that they will receive their due reward (Lk. 19:28-30), but follows that assurance with this parable about the “landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard” (Matt. 20:1), in which parable Jesus rebukes Peter’s self-righteous attitude: “See what we have done for you Jesus, how much we have given up for you…” Peter was talking like the laborers in the vineyard who thought they were entitled to more pay than those who had not worked as long as they had, rather than being content with serving Christ out of love. That’s the perspective from which the writer has chosen to present this parable.

First, look at the historical and cultural context – its specific setting. For example, Jesus tells the parable of the prodigal son specifically to reprove the scribes and Pharisees who murmured against him, “This man welcomes sinners and eats with them” (Lk. 15:1-2). Then, Jesus tells the parable in which the Pharisees and scribes are portrayed as those who “complain rather than rejoice when a sinner is ‘found’…The point to appreciate is the role of the elder son, whose only brother – not one in hundred or even one in ten – had been lost. This elder son represents the grumbling Pharisees, who seem unable to share in the joy of God and the angels of heaven” (Moises Silva, 112-113).

Understanding the cultural context requires that we study the first century customs so that we understand the impact of what is being said and done. For example, when the prodigal son requested that his father give him his portion of the inheritance, he was asking for something that normally does not take place until the father’s death. By doing so he is inferring that he wished his father dead. Understanding this makes the father’s love and grace in receiving this son back the more remarkable.

II. Strengthening Biblical Leadership
“The Ministry Of Reconciliation, Pt. 4 (Continued): An Appeal For The Reconciliation Of God’s People To God’s Minister” (2 Cor. 6:11-7:16)

We continue with this passage again in this edition of The Net Pastors Journal. Last time, we covered 2 Cor. 6:11-18 in which we addressed the first two sections of the passage:

1. A pastoral appeal of love (6:11-13).

2. A pastoral appeal of admonition (6:14-18).

Now we continue with the third section…

3. The Application of the Pastoral Appeal (7:1-4). “So then...” (drawing a conclusion from what has just been said), based on the promises contained in the O.T. (6:16-18) that God will be their Father, restoring His people to their proper relationship with him, if (notice that the promises are conditional) they separate themselves from evil (viz. pagan religious practices; in particular, idol worship) then Paul’s injunction is: “So then, dear friends, since we have these promises, let us cleanse ourselves from every impurity of the flesh and spirit, bringing holiness to completion in the fear of God” (7:1).

For Paul, the overriding principle of holiness among God's people is that we “not be yoked together with those who do not believe” (6:14), and the practice of such holiness among God's people is that we “cleanse ourselves from every impurity of the flesh and spirit” (7:1). The principle is that “the unrighteous will not inherit God’s kingdom? (1 Cor. 6:9-10). God's people have been washed…sanctified…justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God” (1 Cor. 6:11) and are, therefore, in principle and in standing cleansed “from every impurity of the flesh and spirit..”

The principle must be evident in their practice in order for it to be true of them. In other words, positional sanctification must be demonstrated in practical sanctification. We have been sanctified by God – that’s positional sanctification (e.g. Acts 26:18; Heb. 10:14; 13:12; 1 Pet. 1:2; Eph. 5:26; Jn. 17:17) - and we must sanctify ourselves – that’s progressive, practical sanctification (1 Cor. 1:18; 1 Pet. 3:15; ) so that our union with Christ becomes more and more evident and real in our lives. Having been freed from the bondage of sin (Rom. 6:11-18) and able now not to sin (1 Jn. 3:9), God works in us (1 Thess. 5:23; Tit. 2:14) so that we become more and more like Christ (2 Cor. 3:18; Rom. 8:29; Heb. 13:20-21; 1 Jn. 2:6; 3:7). The Holy Spirit particularly is the divine agent active in our sanctification (1 Thess. 4:3; 2Thess. 2:13; Gal. 5:16-18, 22-23).

There is no conflict here in the twin concepts of passive and active sanctification. Not only is sanctification a work of God in us by which we are sanctified, set apart, called saints, holy ones (1 Cor. 1:2; 2 Cor. 1:1), and not only has God in Christ granted us sanctification (Rom. 1:30; 2 Thess. 2:13), but also we sanctify ourselves, striving to avoid sin (1 Cor. 6:18; 2 Cor. 7:1; 1 Jn. 3:6-9), seeking to practise what God declares to be true of us (1 Cor. 7:34; 1 Thess. 4:3-8; Rom. 6:19), and desiring to be more like Christ (Rom. 8:13; Heb. 12:1; Phil. 2:12; 3:13-14; 2 Pet. 1:5ff.).

The “impurity” (defilement, filthiness) that results from being “yoked together with those who do not believe” (specifically, in the worship of other gods) is total in that it defiles both the “flesh and spirit.” Therefore, the “cleansing” that is consequently required of the “flesh” (physical, outward cleansing - who we are on the outside) and the “spirit” (spiritual, internal cleansing - who we are on the inside) is also total.

“Bringing holiness to completion” certainly implies that our sanctification is progressive as we strive here and now toward holiness, all the while understanding that the perfection of holiness will only be actually experienced at our glorification. But even though the ultimate completion of this sanctifying process will take place in the eschaton (1 Thess. 3:13; Jude 24; 2 Cor. 11:2), nonetheless we still continue striving now to bring that process to completion. Again, the use of the phrase “bringing to completion” indicates that this is something that we must do for ourselves. As it applies to the Corinthians, they must perfect their holiness by separating themselves from any defilement by, or association with, unbelievers - specifically, but not limited to, idol worship.

Just as “the fear of God” was one of the motivating factors in Paul’s ministry (5:11; cf. 1 Cor. 2:3; 2 Cor. 7:11), so it ought to be one of the primary factors in motivating God's people to holiness – “to cleanse ourselves from every impurity of the flesh and spirit.” We live under God's all-seeing and all-knowing gaze. We cannot escape his scrutiny and judgement.

Continuing his flow of thought from 6:11-12, Paul continues with his pastoral appeal to the Corinthians. “Make room for us in your hearts. We have wronged no one, corrupted no one, taken advantage of no one” (7:2). He pleads with them to “make room in their hearts” for him. He had brought them the good news of the gospel in the first place, so their hearts should be open to him and, conversely, shut to the false apostles (who were gaining an influence over them) and the unbelievers whose pagan practices they were adopting (David E. Garland, 2 Corinthians, 344). After all, there was nothing on his part that would cause them to act towards him the way they had. Despite his harsh rebukes and strong directives, he had not wronged anyone, he had not corrupted anyone, or cheated anyone. So, why would they treat him this way; why would they close him out?

I don’t say this to condemn you, since I have already said that you are in our hearts, to die together and to live together” (7:3). Paul wants to be sure that they do not misconstrue his statement of defence in 7:2. Someone reading it, especially in the spiritual condition of the Corinthians, might infer that Paul was not defending himself but accusing them. Hence, he clarifies his statement with, “I don’t say this to condemn you” and he reconfirms his love for them, you are in our hearts, to die together and to live together. He wants no misunderstanding on this.

The expression “to die together and to live together” could be translated “so that we die together with a view to (“εις” in Greek) living together.” Thus this is really a purpose statement in which Paul may have in mind here either a reference to his and their present Christian experience and devotedness (i.e. dying with Christ and living in and for Christ), or perhaps he is referring to their common future when they will die together as believers in Christ and be raised together in their common destiny of living together in heaven with Christ, such is the closeness to them that he wants to communicate to them.

I am very frank with you; I have great pride in you. I am filled with encouragement; I am overflowing with joy in all our afflictions” (7:4). This verse could be construed as either the last verse of this excursus (2:14-7:4) or the first verse of the next section (7:4-16) which is a continuation from 2:13 concerning finding Titus and hearing his report about them. Rather than trying to decide where the verse fits, it is probably safer to consider 7:4 a hinge verse ending the one section and beginning the next since it relates nicely to both. It concludes Paul’s positive reinforcement of his attitude toward them (7:3) and it introduces his positive reaction to Titus’ report (7:5-16), which, in turn, relates back to the opening of the epistle (2:2-3 cf. 7:4, 13).

His former boldness of speech toward them (redressing them on various issues) had brought about the godly repentance and corrective action that he wanted and that was needed (7:9-10). Thus, his forthright speech for their rebuke and correction had achieved its intended result and produces now his “pride” in them. His boldness of speech that could have severed their relationship permanently (for no one likes being corrected) in fact turned out well through their positive response so that now he is able and delights to boast about them. Indeed, he is “filled with encouragement…overflowing with joy” even in (and despite) “all our afflictions.” The afflictions that he refers to are evidently what he encountered in Macedonia when he went there looking for Titus (7:5).

III. Sermon Outlines

Title: The Gospel According to Jesus (Matt. 7:13-14)

Subject: Two roads to eternity.

Theme: You must choose the narrow, hard way of truth if you want to enter into God’s kingdom.

Point 1: One road starts easy but ends hard (7:13).

1a) It starts easy because the entrance is wide and the road is spacious.

1b) It ends hard because its destination is eternal destruction.

Point 2: The other road starts hard but ends easy (7:14).

2a) It starts hard because the entrance is narrow and the road is difficult.

2b) It ends easy because its destination is eternal life.

Related Topics: Pastors

The Net Pastor’s Journal, Eng Ed, Issue 45, Fall 2022

A ministry of…

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,
Email: [email protected]

I. Strengthening Expository Preaching: Preaching N.T. Gospels, Pt. 4

While preaching N.T. narrative is not nearly as complex from a homiletical standpoint as preaching O.T. narrative, there are still some pitfalls, which sound hermeneutical principles and homiletical methodology will help us avoid.

1. Text Selection. As with any text selection, always preach a complete unit of thought within its context and in line with what the original author intended to communicate. I recommend preaching through entire books of the Bible, rather than picking and choosing unrelated passages each week. In this regard, it is a good practice to write out the structure of the entire book. This gives you a road map for where you are going with your series of sermons and where each unit of thought starts and stops.

Since the Gospels are a collection of episodes, one way to find units of thought in them is to look for a change of place, change of audience, change of message or activity. Those are good indicators of the beginning and end of a unit of thought. Another approach is to ask yourself whether the passage you have selected has a specific, complete, and clear theme within its context.

Generally, it is best to preach an entire unit of thought in one sermon. But, if a unit of thought is too large to cover in one sermon, you might be wise…

Either: To subdivide the entire narrative into episodes and connect each episode to the previous one as you preach them.

Or: To highlight the main points in the passage

Or: To preach the message of the entire episode based on one particular verse or a few verses that encapsulate the idea of the entire passage.

However you decide to preach a unit of thought (whether as a whole or in smaller segments), be careful to still interpret and preach it in a way that is consistent with that entire section of the book and the larger framework of the book as a whole. This is where a structural outline of the book will stand you in good stead.

2. Sermon Series. In some cases, the Gospels can be broken down into separate sermon series very nicely – e.g. …

(1) The Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5-7).

(2) The three “sevens” of John’s gospel…

a) Seven significant dialogues (discourses) - Jn. 3:1-21; 4:1-42; 7:53-8:11; 13:1-17; 18:33-19:11; 20:1-31; 21:15-25.

b) Seven supernatural deeds (miracles) – Jn. 2:1-11; 4:46-54; 5:1-47; 6:1-14; 6:16-21; 9:1-41; 11:1-44.

c) Seven self-declarations (“I am” statements) – Jn. 6:22-71; 8:12; 10:1-9; 10:10-18; 11:25-27; 14:1-6; 15:1-6.

This way, you can be faithful to the intent of the author but not feel obligated to preach the whole book.

As with any series which doesn’t necessarily follow the author’s sequence, care must be taken to still interpret and apply these messages in accordance with the Gospel as a whole. Goldsworthy suggests that “the structure of the Gospel should at least be in our thinking when planning a series. The series might aim to highlight this structure by showing the succession of emphases and critical points. A series on a group of parables or miracles should bring out their function in the overall plan and purposes of the Gospel” (Goldsworthy, Preaching the Whole Bible as Christian Scripture, 231).

3. Articulating the Theme. Narratives have themes, just as didactic passages do. The theme of a text is a statement that expresses the entire theological point of the passage, usually in a single sentence. The theme statement (sometimes called a propositional statement) of a unit of thought then directs the development of the sermon, keeping it consistent with the theme of the selected passage and the theme of the Gospel as a whole. Sometimes the Gospel writers explicitly state the point of a narrative (e.g. Lk. 16:13; Lk. 19:10).

4. The Gospel Narrative Sermon Structure. As with other genres, it is a good principle to structure your sermons in Gospel narratives in a way that respects the literary form of the text such that the literary form shapes your sermon form. Just as every biblical passage has structure, so our sermons must have structure. The structure of the text dictates the structure of the sermon. Thus, just as the form (in this case, narrative form) of the text controls the structure of the text, so the form of the text controls the structure of the sermon. As with other narratives in the Bible, Gospel narratives derive their structure from the “movements’ (or, “scenes”) in the text.

Whatever approach you decide to take in preaching Gospel narratives (including parables), I recommend that you structure your sermons in the same way that you structure any other expository sermon – i.e. with a theme statement that summarizes the narrative as a whole and a sermon outline that expresses the theological points of the narrative as it progresses.

5. Suggestions for Preaching Parables. There are different ways in which you could preach parables such as:

(1) Grouping them by type - e.g. …

(a) Evangelistic parables (e.g. Matt. 7:24-27).

(b) Life in the kingdom parables (e.g. Matt. 13:1-9; Matt. 13:24-30).

(c) Eschatological parables (e.g. Matt. 25 :1-13).

(2) Grouping them by a common theme - e.g. …

a) One’s preparation for eternity - as in the rich farmer (Luke 12:16-21) and the dishonest manager (Lk. 16:1-13).

b) God’s joy in saving lost people - as in the lost sheep, the lost coin, and the lost son (Lk. 15:1-32).

(3) Parallel and contrasting parables – that is, parables with a common subject told from different perspectives. For example, the subject of serving God with the spiritual resources he has given us – e.g. …

a) The ten servants and the ten minas (Lk. 19:11-27).

b) The three servants and the talents (Matt. 25:14-30).

Your overall approach to preaching parables should be to duplicate the original intention of the parable (i.e. to illustrate a particular need or issue) by firstly drawing the audience into the story (i.e. by clarifying their understanding of the parable), and then applying the point of the story to your audience by exposing a contemporary equivalent need or issue with the intent of provoking an appropriate response.

Here are some helpful questions to ask yourself when preparing a sermon on a parable:

(1) What is the overall point / thrust of the parable?

(2) What new perspective or truth does it expose?

(3) Who is the audience - the disciples, the crowd, the religious leaders?

(4) When and how do the hearers see themselves in the story and what reaction does it produce in them?

(5) What literary device does it use? Is it allegorical or metaphorical in its structure and, if so, what is its purpose?

(6) Does the parable present a contrast or comparison? If so, what is the contrast or comparison about and what is its purpose?

(7) What aspect of Jesus’ teaching on the kingdom of God does the parable address?

(8) What are the interpretive challenges in the parable?

(9) What are the progressive scenes in the parable that help you structure your sermon? For example, the parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Lk. 16:19-31) develops through two contrasting scenes and discourses:

(i) The contrast of earthly lifestyles (19-21) and eternal destinies (22-23).

(ii) The contrast of eternal rewards and realities (24-31)

Another example is the parable of the prodigal son (Lk. 15:11-32) which develops through four scenes:

(i) The division of the inheritance and departure to a far country (11-13a).

(ii) The plunge into poverty and ignominy (13b-16).

(iii) The realization and return (17-21).

(iv) The repentance and reception (22-32).

(10) How is the story of the parable relevant to your contemporary audience?

After doing all your exegetical and hermeneutical work, start to prepare your sermon. There is great flexibility in form and style for preaching parables. All the options available for preaching narratives apply to preaching parables since they are a subset of narratives, progressing from the setting, to the problem, to the climax, to the resolution.

Given the complexity of parables (i.e. their context; their multiple levels of meaning both literal and allegorical; their purpose; and their application), and given the creativity of the parables themselves, it is wise to preach them with an open mind and some degree of creativity as to sermonic form – e.g. dramatic monologue; identification with a point of view; paraphrase in contemporary language.

Typically, the effectiveness of a parable is due to the fact that the “punch line” doesn’t come until the end, by which time those who might react negatively to its point have been drawn into the story. Because parables hold their “punch line” until the end, it would make sense to preach them that way.

II. Strengthening Biblical Leadership
“The Ministry Of Reconciliation, Pt. 4 (Continued): An Appeal For The Reconciliation Of God’s People To God’s Minister” (2 Cor. 6:11-7:16)

This is the final installment of our study of this passage. In the last two editions of this Journal we have covered 2 Corinthians 6:11-18 (Edition 43, Spring 2022) and 2 Corinthians 7:1-4 (Edition 44, Summer 2022) in which we addressed the first three sections of the passage:

1. A pastoral appeal of love (6:11-13).

2. A pastoral appeal of admonition (6:14-18).

3. The application of the pastoral appeal (7:1-4).

In this edition, we continue with the final section…

4. The Background to, and Outcome of, the Pastoral Appeal (7:5-16). It now becomes clear that the entire passage from 2:14 to 7:4 has been a digression in the flow of thought from 2:13. Let me illustrate it by putting the two sections together: 2:12 When I came to Troas to preach the gospel of Christ, even though the Lord opened a door for me, 2:13 I had no rest in my spirit because I did not find my brother Titus. Instead, I said good-bye to them and left for Macedonia7:5 In fact, when we came to Macedonia, we had no rest…”. So, picking up the flow of thought from 2:12-13, Paul now explains that when he did not find Titus at Troas as he had expected and having no rest in his spirit, he left Troas for Macedonia hoping to find Titus there, which he did (7:5-6). Paul was anxious to meet up with Titus in order to receive news from him about his own well-being and that of the Corinthians, including, most importantly, their response to his “sorrowful / grievous letter” which Titus had delivered to them. He now recounts his reunion with Titus in Macedonia and the comfort he received from Titus’ report (7:7-16).

A question that arises is: Why did Paul take such a long digression from 2:14 to 7:4? Some have proposed that 2:14 to 7:4 is, in fact, an insertion from another letter, but such, I think, is not the case. Others argue that this is the way letters are written – they do not necessarily follow a systematic, logical pattern. While this is true, it is not, I think, the case here. While the extended passage from 2:14 and 7:4 is a digression, it is by no means disconnected, as some would assert, from the main flow of thought. Indeed, Paul’s account of his meeting with Titus forms the background for his appeals and instructions to the Corinthians in the digression. It helps our understanding of this digression to remember that it was written after the fact as this background to the pastoral appeal makes clear. Paul already knew what Titus had reported back to him when he wrote the digression. So, the digression shows us that, on the one hand Paul is elated by Titus’ report, but, on the other hand he evidently still had issues to resolve at Corinth. God certainly provides the minister with joy and victories in ministry, but at the same time victory in ministry is not without its challenges.

Ultimately, Paul learns from Titus that his sorrowful letter to the Corinthians achieved a wonderfully positive outcome as follows:

(a) Paul’s dejection about his circumstances turns to comfort by Titus’ fellowship (7:5-6). 5 In fact, when we came into Macedonia, we had no rest. Instead, we were troubled in every way: conflicts on the outside, fears within. 6 But God, who comforts the downcast, comforted us by the arrival of Titus.” Paul’s bodily and mental tribulations continued when he arrived in Macedonia (cf. 4:8-9; 11:22-33). He faced external “conflicts” (perhaps spiritual attacks; perhaps physical) and internal “fears” (perhaps anxiety about how the Corinthians may have received Titus and Paul’s letter, especially since Titus had not returned as expected.

Ministers are not immune to calamities, opposition, and worries, “but God” makes all the difference. He “comforts the downcast” (cf. 1:3-7; cf. Ps. 34:18) and he comforted Paul in this instance. In the midst of his external conflicts and internal fears, Paul was comforted “by the arrival of Titus” (6b) – by the knowledge of his safety and by the personal reunion with his colleague in ministry, especially in the light of the opposition and loneliness that he had experienced. It is a great encouragement in ministry to have colleagues from whom you can receive comfort in hard times and with whom you can enjoy fellowship.

Thus, Paul’s dejection about his circumstances turns to comfort by Titus’ arrival and fellowship with him. And…

(b) Paul’s sorrow about their sin changes to joy by their response (7:7-13a). “…and (we were comforted) not only by his arrival but also by the comfort he received from you. He told us about your deep longing, your sorrow, and your zeal for me, so that I rejoiced even more” (2 Cor. 7:7). Paul was encouraged by their response to Titus – “…by the comfort (consolation) he received from you.”

Paul was comforted (7:7a) by the fact that Titus and the letter he brought from Paul had been well received by the church at Corinth, that his colleague in ministry had been well treated by them, and that their response to Titus’ mission (viz. the delivery of Paul’s letter) was positive. This was a source of great comfort to Paul. And Paul “rejoiced even more” in their response to him.

First, he rejoices even more because of their response to him personally (7:7b) as indicated in:

(i) “…your deep longing… for me.” They wanted to see Paul and, presumably, put things right, renew relationships.

(ii) “…your mourning… for me.” They were evidently sorry for what had happened.

(iii) “…your zeal for me.” Now their relational distance from Paul is replaced by a zeal for him - to do what he had instructed them and, perhaps, even to defend him.

Second, he rejoices even more because of their response to him spiritually (7:8-12). Paul seems to have struggled with how to handle this: For even if I grieved you with my letter, I don’t regret it. And if I regretted it—since I saw that the letter grieved you, yet only for a while – I now rejoice…” (7:8-9a). On the one hand Paul seems to have initially regretted writing them the “sorrowful” letter, for he did not want to cause them grief. Why is this? Perhaps he did not want them to respond the wrong way to his letter. Perhaps he was afraid of being overly harsh and losing their ear. Perhaps he struggled, as their pastor, with addressing the issue on the one hand, and yet not wanting to lose their relationship on the other hand.

These are always the risks of confrontation and the struggle that pastors face - knowing what needs to be done and yet risking rejection. That’s why we always need to “speak the truth in love” (Eph. 4:15), never “lord it” over others (1 Pet. 5:3), never trample on people either in anger or in spiritual superiority. But once he had written to them, he was glad that he had done so because their sorrow was short-lived, “only for a while” (7:8b), and because their sorrow led to repentance - I now rejoice, not because you were grieved, but because your grief led to repentance” (7:9a).

Why did their grief lead to repentance? For you were grieved as God willed” (7:9b). Their sorrow over what had happened (in the sin that was allowed among them and in their relationship with Paul) was sorrow that was according to God's will, produced by God. This wasn’t just a momentary feeling of regret, but a deep work of God in them. The result of grieving as God willed was so that you didn’t experience any loss from us” (7:9c). Sorrow that is according to God is not without purpose - it does not have a negative effect; it does not result in severed relationships (as Paul may have worried); it does not deprive them of anything but rather gives back what was lost. No, it is in every way beneficial – it gives hope, restores joy, reconciles relationships etc. For godly grief produces a repentance that leads to salvation without regret, but worldly grief produces death (7:10). This is the ministry of reconciliation, which has as its object “godly grief” that results in “repentance that leads to salvation without regret.”

“Godly grief” has an entirely different cause and result than “worldly grief. Worldly grief leads to death (cf. 2 Cor. 2:16) whereas godly grief leads to life. That’s the contrast. Worldly grief is caused by circumstances (loss, failure etc.); godly grief is caused by sin. Worldly grief results in severed relationships, despair, perhaps even death (e.g. suicide); godly grief results in salvation, life, peace of conscience, joy, restored relationships, reconciliation.

“Godly grief” is sorrow not for self but toward God. It is (lit.) “grief according to God” – “as God wills” (7:11a) - grief produced by God and in response to God. Hence, godly grief leads to genuine repentance for sin - a turning away from sin that causes disruption in our relationship with God and a turning toward God in faith - and it seeks reconciliation with God and with one’s fellow human beings. This type of grief and repentance is the foundation of our salvation.

“Worldly grief,” on the other hand, is non-restorative. It cannot restore what is lost. It cannot undo what is done. It cannot give rest of conscience and peace. It cannot give spiritual life. It only produces bitterness, guilt, despair, and regret. But godly grief is a sorrow over sin which produces repentance and leads to salvation, which one never regrets, because it results in a restored relationship with God. Moreover, the result of godly grief is that you do not live the rest of your life in a state of regret for what might have been. Rather, the salvation and restoration of your relationship with God and each other is of such a nature that you never regret making that decision.

But why does Paul speak of such repentance in terms of leading to “salvation” when he is addressing believers? He is speaking of the “repentance” of these believers, the nature of which “leads to salvation.” Though they were Christians and were saved, their repentance was of the same nature as that which they originally expressed when they were saved. Paul is not suggesting that they were saved and lost and now saved again, but rather that their repentance was a true indication of their salvation; it fully restored them to a right relationship with God.

A minister of reconciliation works toward and looks for godly sorrow expressed in genuine, saving repentance. He deals with confrontation in such a way that it produces godly sorrow which (i) does not sever their relationship; and (ii) effects a permanent, spiritual result.

Now Paul describes what grief according to God (in a godly manner) is truly like; what changes it produces; what the nature of true repentance looks like: For consider how much diligence this very thing—this grieving as God wills—has produced in you” (7:11a). Genuine repentance produces an entire transformation in the way one thinks and acts. The Corinthians now have an earnestness to do what is right before God. Instead of passively observing sinful behavior among them and boasting about it, they are now energized to act for God. How is that earnestness, this diligence expressed in their practice and attitude? Paul gives seven characteristics…

i) “What a desire to clear yourselves” (7:11b) – the church is cleared of complicity in this sin.

ii) “what indignation” (7:11c) – anger at sin. They now saw it for what it was and they were righteously indignant that it had happened among them and they had tolerated it. That’s what we should be angry about – sin!

iii) “What fear” (7:11d) – fear of God's chastisement; fear that God's holiness had been offended; fear of what they had done to “God's minister”; fear of where their course of action may have led.

iv) “What deep longing” (7:11e) – a longing to be reconciled with God and with Paul face to face; to see him, to be submissive to him, and to be obedient to his teaching. They longed for the former days and their relationship with God and Paul.

v) “What zeal” (7:11f) - probably zeal for doing what they should have done in the first place, namely, eagerness to exercise discipline in the church; readiness to put things right; a passion for holiness and obedience.

vi) “What justice!” (7:11g) – the action taken against the sin done among them. This carries on from “zeal” to put things right in the church. This is consistent with Paul’s comment in 2:5-11 that they were so zealous of punishing the offender that now they needed to forgive him.

vii) Indeed, “in every way you showed yourselves to be pure in this matter” (7:11h) - probably the matter in 1 Cor. 5:1ff. but Paul does not state it explicitly. They had done what was necessary in the exercise of discipline in the assembly and this “cleared” them. They were no longer partakers of that man’s sin.

Picking up on his remarks in 7:8 about the sorrowful (grievous) letter, Paul now explains why he wrote it in the first place: 12 So even though I wrote to you, it was not because of the one who did wrong, or because of the one who was wronged, but in order that your devotion to us might be made plain to you in the sight of God. 13a For this reason we have been comforted” (7:12-13a).

First, he explains why he did not write the severe letter. He did not write the severe letter for the sake of “the one who did wrong” - the son who had committed incest with his stepmother; the one whose excommunication Paul had ordered (1 Cor. 5:13); the one who had caused so much pain but who had subsequently repented (2 Cor. 2:1-8). And he did not write the severe letter for the sake of “the one who was wronged” – presumably, the husband of the stepmother. Notice that, with pastoral wisdom and grace, Paul does not use names – the issue is over and there is no benefit in dragging people’s names through the mud. He merely refers to them as “the one who did wrong” and “the one who was wronged”.

Then, he explains why he did write the severe letter. He wrote the severe letter so that, in the presence of God, they might become aware of how much they really cared for Paul, their earnestness for him. That is exactly the result his severe letter achieved. And because of all this (his letter, their response, the impact on the church, Titus’ report etc.), “we have been comforted.”

(c) Paul’s boasting about them proves true by Titus’ encouragement (7:13b-16). 13b In addition to our own comfort, we rejoiced even more over the joy Titus had, because his spirit was refreshed by all of you. 14 For if I have made any boast to him about you, I have not been disappointed; but as I have spoken everything to you in truth, so our boasting to Titus has also turned out to be the truth” (7:13b-14).

Throughout this section, Paul is looking on the positive side of things (their response, Titus’ encouragement, his joy etc.), despite the underlying evidence that he still had issues to deal with at Corinth - e.g. their challenge to Paul’s authority etc. (see chapters 10-13). Despite all of that, Paul is comforted by what has happened at Corinth (particularly, their response to his severe letter) and even more comforted by Titus’ joy over the refreshment he received from them while delivering the letter.

Paul’s grace and pastoral love for the Corinthians becomes very evident. One would hardly expect him, in view of everything they had done and said about him, that he would actually boast about them to Titus. But rather than send Titus to them with a bad impression of them or to carry out harsh measures, he had sent Titus to Corinth with a positive commendation of them (boasting), which had proved true, just as everything he had said to them was true. As a result (i) Titus’ love for them is deepened: And his affection toward you is even greater as he remembers the obedience of all of you, and how you received him with fear and trembling” (7:15); and (ii) Paul’s confidence in them is strengthened: I rejoice that I have complete confidence in you” (7:16). After having strengthened their mutual relationship and expressed his confidence in them, he then takes up the matter of the offering for the poor believers in Jerusalem in chapters 8-9.

III. Sermon Outlines

Title: Learning from Jesus - The Treasure of the Kingdom (Matt. 13:44-46)

Subject: Discovering the eternal riches of God's kingdom

Theme: You discover eternal riches when you enter the kingdom of heaven through Jesus Christ.

Point I. Some people unexpectedly stumble on the treasure of Christ’s kingdom (13:44).

Point II. Some people diligently search for the treasure of Christ’s kingdom (13:45-46).

Related Topics: Pastors

La Revue Internet Des Pasteurs, Fre Ed 45, Edition de l’automne 2022

Un ministère de…

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,
Email: [email protected]

I. Renforcement De La Prédication Par Exposition : Prêcher Les Evangiles Du N.T., Pt. 4

Alors que prêcher le récit du N.T. n'est pas aussi complexe d'un point de vue homilétique que prêcher récit de l'AT., il y a tout de même des pièges, que des principes herméneutiques solides et une méthodologie homilétique nous aideront à éviter.

1. Sélection de Texte. Comme pour toute sélection de texte, prêchez toujours une unité de pensée complète dans son contexte et conforme à ce que l'auteur original avait l'intention de communiquer. Je recommande de prêcher à travers des livres entiers de la Bible, plutôt que de choisir des passages sans rapport chaque semaine. À cet égard, il est recommandé d'écrire la structure de l'ensemble du livre. Cela vous donne une feuille de route pour savoir où vous allez avec votre série de sermons et où chaque unité de pensée commence et s'arrête.

Puisque les évangiles sont une collection d'épisodes, une façon d'y trouver des unités de pensée est de rechercher un changement de lieu, un changement d'audience, un changement de message ou d'activité. Ce sont de bons indicateurs de début et de fin d'une unité de pensée. Une autre approche consiste à vous demander si le passage que vous avez sélectionné à un thème spécifique, complet et clair dans son contexte.

Généralement, il est préférable de prêcher une unité entière de pensée en un sermon. Mais, si une unité de pensée est trop grande pour être couverte en un seul sermon, vous pourriez être sage …

Soit : Subdiviser l'ensemble du récit en épisodes et relier chaque épisode au précédent au fur et à mesure que vous les prêchez.

Ou : Souligner les points principaux du passage

Ou : Prêcher le message de l'épisode entier en vous basant sur un verset particulier ou quelques versets qui résument l'idée du passage entier.

Quelle que soit la manière dont vous décidez de prêcher une unité de pensée (que ce soit dans son ensemble ou en plus segments petits), veillez à toujours l'interpréter et à la prêcher d'une manière cohérente avec cette section entière du livre et le cadre plus large du livre en tant qu’ensemble. C'est là qu'un aperçu de la structure du livre vous sera très utile.

2. Séries de Sermon. Dans certains cas, les évangiles peuvent très bien être décomposés en séries de sermons distincts. – ex : …

(1) Le Sermon sur la montagne (Matt. 5-7).

(2) Les trois "sept" de l'évangile de Jean …

a) Sept dialogues significatifs (discours) - Jn. 3 :1-21 ; 4 :1-42 ; 7 :53-8 :11 ; 13 :1-17 ; 18 :33-19 :11 ; 20 :1-31 ; 21 :15-25.

b) Sept actions surnaturelles (miracles) – Jn. 2 :1-11 ; 4 :46-54 ; 5 :1-47 ; 6 :1-14 ; 6 :16-21 ; 9 :1-41 ; 11 :1-44.

c) Sept auto-déclarations (déclarations "je suis") – Jn. 6 :22-71 ; 8 :12 ; 10 :1-9 ; 10 :10-18 ; 11 :25-27 ; 14 :1-6 ; 15 :1-6.

De cette façon, vous pouvez être fidèle à l'intention de l'auteur mais ne pas vous sentir obligé de prêcher tout le livre.

Comme pour toute série qui ne suit pas nécessairement la séquence de l'auteur, il faut veiller à toujours interpréter et appliquer ces messages conformément à l'Évangile dans son ensemble. Goldsworthy suggère que «la structure de l'Évangile devrait au moins être dans notre réflexion lors de la planification d'une série. La série pourrait viser à mettre en évidence cette structure en montrant la succession des accents et des points critiques. Une série sur un groupe de paraboles ou de miracles devrait faire ressortir leur fonction dans le plan général et les objectifs de l'Evangile » (Goldsworthy, Preaching the Whole Bible as Christian Scripture, 231).

3. Articuler le thème. Les récits ont des thèmes, tout comme les passages didactiques. Le thème d'un texte est une déclaration qui exprime tout le point théologique du passage, généralement en une seule phrase. L'énoncé du thème (parfois appelé énoncé propositionnel) d'une unité de pensée dirige alors le développement du sermon, en le maintenant en cohérence avec le thème du passage choisi et le thème de l'Évangile dans son ensemble. Parfois, les évangélistes énoncent explicitement le but d'un récit (ex : Lc. 16 :13 ; Lc. 19 :10).

4. La structure du sermon d’un récit de l'Évangile. Comme pour les autres genres, c'est un bon principe de structurer vos sermons dans les récits évangéliques d'une manière qui respecte la forme littéraire du texte de sorte que la forme littéraire façonne votre forme de sermon. Tout comme chaque passage biblique a une structure, nos sermons doivent avoir une structure. La structure du texte dicte la structure du sermon. Ainsi, tout comme la forme (dans ce cas, la forme narrative) du texte contrôle la structure du texte, la forme du texte contrôle la structure du sermon. Comme pour les autres récits de la Bible, les récits évangéliques tirent leur structure des « mouvements » (ou « scènes ») du texte.

Quelle que soit l'approche que vous décidez d'adopter dans la prédication des récits des évangiles (y compris les paraboles), je vous recommande de structurer vos sermons de la même manière que vous structurez tout autre sermon par exposition - c'est-à-dire avec un énoncé du thème qui résume le récit dans son ensemble et un plan de sermon qui exprime les points théologiques du récit au fur et à mesure de sa progression.

5. Suggestions pour la prédication des parables. Il y a différentes manières de prêcher les paraboles telles que :

(1) Les regrouper par type – ex : …

(a) Paraboles évangéliques (ex : Matt. 7 :24-27).

(b) Paraboles sur la vie dans le royaume (ex : Matt. 13 :1-9 ; Matt. 13 :24-30).

(c) Paraboles eschatologiques (ex : Matt. 25 :1-13).

(2) Les regrouper par un thème commun – ex : …

a) La préparation de soi pour l'éternité - comme chez le riche fermier (Lc 12 :16-21) et le gestionnaire malhonnête (Lc. 16 :1-13).

b) La joie de Dieu de sauver des personnes perdues - comme dans la brebis perdue, la pièce perdue et le fils perdu (Lc. 15 :1-32).

(3) Paraboles parallèles et contrastées – c'est-à-dire des paraboles avec un sujet commun racontées sous des angles différents. Par exemple, le sujet de servir Dieu avec les ressources spirituelles qu'il nous a données – ex : …

a) Les dix serviteurs et les dix mines (Lc. 19 :11-27).

b) Les trois serviteurs et les talents (Matt. 25 :14-30).

Votre approche globale de la prédication des paraboles devrait être de dupliquer l'intention originale de la parabole (c'est-à-dire d'illustrer un besoin ou un problème particulier) en attirant d'abord le public dans l'histoire (c'est-à-dire en clarifiant leur compréhension de la parabole), puis en appliquant le point de l'histoire à votre public en exposant un besoin ou un problème contemporain équivalent avec l'intention de provoquer une réponse appropriée.

Voici quelques questions utiles à vous poser lors de la préparation d'un sermon sur une parabole :

(1) Quel est le point général / l'idée maîtresse de la parabole ?

(2) Quelle nouvelle perspective ou vérité expose-t-elle ?

(3) Qui en sont les auditeurs - les disciples, la foule, les chefs religieux ?

(4) Quand et comment les auditeurs se voient-ils dans l'histoire et quelle réaction produit-elle en eux ?

(5) Quel dispositif littéraire utilise-t-elle ? Est-elle allégorique ou métaphorique dans sa structure et, si oui, quel en est le but ?

(6) La parabole présente-t-elle un contraste ou une comparaison ? Si oui, quel est le contraste ou la comparaison et quel en est le but ?

(7) Quel aspect de l'enseignement de Jésus sur le royaume de Dieu la parabole aborde-t-elle ?

(8) Quels sont les défis d'interprétation de la parabole ?

(9) Quelles sont les scènes progressives de la parabole qui vous aident à structurer votre sermon ? Par exemple, la parabole de l'homme riche et de Lazare (Lc 16 :19-31) se développe à travers deux scènes et discours contrastés :

(i) Le contraste des modes de vie terrestres (19-21) et des destinées éternelles (22-23).

(ii) Le contraste des récompenses éternelles et des réalités (24-31)

Un autre exemple est la parabole du fils prodigue (Lc 15 :11-32) qui se développe à travers quatre scènes :

(i) Le partage de l'héritage et le départ vers un pays lointain (11-13a).

(ii) L’immersion dans la pauvreté et l'ignominie (13b-16).

(iii) La prise de conscience et le retour (17-21).

(iv) Le repentir et l'accueil (22-32).

(10) En quoi l'histoire de la parabole est-elle pertinente pour votre public contemporain ?

Après avoir fait tout votre travail exégétique et herméneutique, commencez à préparer votre sermon. Il y a une grande flexibilité dans la forme et le style pour prêcher des paraboles. Toutes les options valables pour la prédication des récits s'appliquent à la prédication des paraboles, puisqu'il s'agit d'un sous-ensemble des récits, progressant du cadre à la résolution en passant par le problème et le point culminant.

Etant donné la complexité des paraboles (c'est-à-dire leur contexte ; leurs multiples niveaux de sens à la fois littéraux et allégoriques ; leur objectif ; et leur application), et étant donné la créativité des paraboles elles-mêmes, il est sage de les prêcher avec un esprit ouvert et un certain degré de créativité quant à la forme de sermon - par ex : un monologue dramatique ; identification avec un point de vue ; paraphrase en langage contemporain.

En règle générale, l'efficacité d'une parabole est due au fait que le « point culminant » n'arrive qu'à la fin, moment auquel ceux qui pourraient réagir négativement à son propos ont été entraînés dans l'histoire. Parce que les paraboles tiennent leur « point culminant » jusqu'à la fin, il serait logique de les prêcher de cette façon.

II. Renforcement Du Leadership Biblique
« Le Ministère De La Réconciliation, Pt. 4 (Suite) : Un Appel Pour La Réconciliation Du Peuple De Dieu Avec Le Ministre De Dieu » (2 Cor. 6 :11-7 :16)

Ceci est le dernier épisode de notre étude de ce passage. Dans les deux dernières éditions de ce Journal, nous avons couvert 2 Corinthiens 6 : 11-18 (édition 43, printemps 2022) et 2 Corinthiens 7 : 1-4 (édition 44, été 2022) dans lesquels nous avons abordé les trois premières sections du passage :

1. Un appel pastoral d'amour (6 :11-13).

2. Un appel pastoral d'avertissement (6 :14-18).

3. L'application de l'appel pastoral (7 :1-4).

Dans cette édition, nous continuons avec la dernière section…

4. Contexte et résultat de l'appel pastoral (7 :5-16). Il devient maintenant clair que tout le passage de 2 :14 à 7 :4 a été une digression dans le flux de pensée de 2 :13. Permettez-moi de l'illustrer en mettant les deux sections ensemble : 2 :12 Au reste, lorsque je fus arrivé à Troas pour l’Evangile de Christ, quoique le Seigneur m’y eût ouvert une porte, 2 :13 je n’eus point de repos d’esprit, parce que je ne trouvai pas Tite, mon frère. C’est pourquoi, ayant pris congé d’eux, je partis pour la Macédoine.7 :5 Car, depuis notre arrivée en Macédoine, notre chair n’eut aucun repos…”. Ainsi, reprenant le flux de pensée de 2 : 12-13, Paul explique maintenant que lorsqu'il n'a pas trouvé Tite à Troas comme il l'avait prévu et n'ayant pas de repos dans son esprit, il a quitté Troas pour la Macédoine dans l'espoir d'y trouver Tite, ce qu'il a fait (7 :5-6). Paul était impatient de rencontrer Tite afin de recevoir de lui des nouvelles de son propre bien-être et de celui des Corinthiens, y compris, surtout, leur réponse à sa « lettre attristant » que Tite leur avait remise. Il raconte maintenant ses retrouvailles avec Tite en Macédoine et le réconfort qu'il a reçu du rapport de Titus (7 :7-16).

Une question qui se pose est : pourquoi Paul a-t-il fait une si longue digression de 2 :14 à 7 :4 ? Certains ont proposé que 2 :14 à 7 :4 est, en fait, une insertion d'une autre lettre, mais tel, je pense, n'est pas le cas. D'autres soutiennent que c'est ainsi que les lettres sont écrites - elles ne suivent pas nécessairement un schéma systématique et logique. Bien que cela soit vrai, ce n'est pas, je pense, le cas ici. Alors que le passage étendu de 2 :14 et 7 :4 est une digression, il n'est en aucun cas déconnecté, comme certains l'affirmeraient, du courant principal de la pensée. En effet, le récit de Paul sur sa rencontre avec Tite constitue la toile de fond de ses appels et instructions aux Corinthiens dans la digression. Cela aide notre compréhension de cette digression pour se rappeler qu'elle a été écrite après coup, comme le montre clairement cet arrière-plan de l'appel pastoral. Paul savait déjà ce que Tite lui avait rapporté quand il a écrit la digression. Ainsi, la digression nous montre que, d'une part, Paul est ravi par le rapport de Titus, mais, d'autre part, il avait évidemment encore des problèmes à résoudre à Corinthe. Dieu fournit certainement au ministre de la joie et des victoires dans le ministère, mais en même temps, la victoire dans le ministère n'est pas sans défis.

En fin de compte, Paul apprend de Tite que sa lettre attristant aux Corinthiens a abouti à un résultat merveilleusement positif comme suit :

(a) Le découragement de Paul à propos de sa situation se transforme en réconfort grâce à la communion de Tite (7 :5-6). 5 Car, depuis notre arrivée en Macédoine, notre chair n’eut aucun repos ; nous étions affligés de toute manière : luttes au dehors, craintes au dedans. 6Mais Dieu, qui console ceux qui sont abattus, nous a consolés par l’arrivée de Tite. Les tribulations corporelles et mentales de Paul continuèrent lorsqu'il arriva en Macédoine (cf. 4 :8-9 ; 11 :22-33). Il a fait face à des « conflits » externes (peut-être des attaques spirituelles ; peut-être physiques) et à des « peurs » internes (peut-être de l'anxiété quant à la façon dont les Corinthiens auraient pu recevoir la lettre de Tite et Paul, d'autant plus que Tite n'était pas revenu comme prévu.

Les serviteurs de Dieu ne sont pas à l'abri des calamités, de l'opposition et des soucis, « mais Dieu » fait toute la différence. Il « console les affligés » (cfr. 1 :3-7 ; cf. Ps. 34 :18) et il a consolé Paul dans ce cas. Au milieu de ses conflits extérieurs et de ses peurs intérieures, Paul a été réconforté « par l'arrivée de Tite » (6b) - par la réalisant qu’il était en sécurité et par la retrouvaille personnelle avec son collègue dans le ministère, surtout à la lumière de l'opposition et de la solitude qu'il a vécue. C'est un grand encouragement dans le ministère que d'avoir des collègues dont vous pouvez recevoir du réconfort dans les moments difficiles et avec qui vous pouvez jouir de la communion.

Ainsi, le découragement de Paul au sujet de sa situation se transforme en réconfort par l'arrivée de Tite et sa communion avec lui. Et …

(b) Le chagrin de Paul à propos de leur péché se transforme en joie par leur réponse (7 :7-13a). “…Mais, outre notre consolation, nous avons été réjouis beaucoup plus encore par la joie de Tite, dont l’esprit a été tranquillisé par vous tous. Il nous a raconté votre ardent désir, vos larmes, votre zèle pour moi, en sorte que ma joie a été d’autant plus grande.” (2 Cor. 7 :7). Paul a été encouragé par leur réponse à Tite – “…par la consolation que Tite lui-même ressentait à votre sujet.”

Paul a été réconforté (7 : 7a) par le fait que Tite et la lettre qu'il avait apportée de Paul avaient été bien accueillis par l'église de Corinthe, que son collègue dans le ministère avait été bien traité par eux et que leur réponse à la mission de Tite (c'est-à-dire la remise de la lettre de Paul) était positive. Ce fut une source de grand réconfort pour Paul. Et Paul "s’est réjoui encore plus" de leur réponse à lui.

First, he rejoices even more because of their response to him personally (7:7b) as indicated in:

(i) « …votre zèle …pour moi. » Ils voulaient voir Paul et, vraisemblablement, arranger les choses, renouer des relations.

(ii) « …votre tristesse… pour moi. » Ils étaient évidemment désolés de ce qui s'était passé.

(iii) “…votre zèle pour moi.” Maintenant, leur distance relationnelle avec Paul est remplacée par un zèle pour lui - pour faire ce qu'il leur avait demandé et, peut-être, même pour le défendre.

Deuxièmement, il se réjouit encore plus à cause de leur réponse envers lui spirituellement (7 :8-12). Paul semble avoir eu du mal à gérer cela : « Quoique je vous aie attristés par ma lettre, je ne m’en repens pas. Et, si je m’en suis repenti, car je vois que cette lettre vous a attristés, bien que momentanément, - je me réjouis à cette heure, … » (7 :8-9a). D'une part, Paul semble avoir d'abord regretté de leur avoir écrit la lettre « douloureuse », car il ne voulait pas leur causer de chagrin. Pourquoi cela ? Peut-être ne voulait-il pas qu'ils répondent de la mauvaise manière à sa lettre. Peut-être avait-il peur d'avoir été trop dur et de perdre leur attention. Peut-être qu'il a eu du mal, en tant que pasteur, à résoudre le problème d'une part, tout en ne voulant perdre leur relation d'autre part.

Ce sont toujours là les risques de confrontation et de lutte auxquels les pasteurs sont confrontés - sachant ce qui doit être fait et pourtant risquant d'être rejetés. C'est pourquoi nous devons toujours « dire la vérité avec amour » (Éph. 4 : 15), ne jamais « dominer » les autres (1 Pierre 5 : 3), ne jamais piétiner les gens, que ce soit par colère ou par supériorité spirituelle. Mais une fois qu'il leur eut écrit, il fut content de l'avoir fait parce que leur chagrin fut de courte durée, « seulement pour un temps » (7 :8b), et parce que leur chagrin conduisit à la repentance. – « je me réjouis à cette heure, non pas de ce que vous avez été attristés, mais de ce que votre tristesse vous a portés à la repentance » (7 :9a).

Pourquoi leur chagrin a-t-il conduit à la repentance ? « Car vous avez été attristés selon Dieu. » (7 :9b). Leur tristesse pour ce qui s'était passé (dans le péché qui était permis parmi eux et dans leur relation avec Paul) était une tristesse selon la volonté de Dieu, produite par Dieu. Ce n'était pas seulement un sentiment momentané de regret, mais une profonde œuvre de Dieu en eux. Le résultat de la tristesse comme Dieu l'a voulu était « afin de ne recevoir de notre part aucun dommage. » (7 :9c). La tristesse qui est selon Dieu n'est pas sans but - elle n'a pas d'effet négatif ; cela n'aboutit pas à des relations rompues (comme Paul l'a peut-être inquiété) ; il ne les prive de rien, mais rend plutôt ce qui a été perdu. Non, c'est bénéfique à tous points de vue - ça donne de l'espoir, redonne de la joie, réconcilie les relations, etc. En effet, la tristesse selon Dieu produit une repentance à salut dont on ne se repent jamais, tandis que la tristesse du monde produit la mort. (7 :10). C'est le ministère de la réconciliation, qui a pour objet “la tristesse selon Dieu” mène au monde. « En effet, la tristesse selon Dieu produit une repentance à salut dont on ne se repent jamais. »

“La tristesse selon Dieu” a une cause et un résultat entièrement différents de la « tristesse se le monde. » La tristesse selon monde mène à la mort (cf. 2 Cor. 2 :16) tandis que la tristesse selon Dieu mène à la vie. C'est le contraste. La tristesse selon le monde est causée par les circonstances (perte, échec, etc.) ; la tristesse selon Dieu est causée par le péché. La tristesse selon le monde entraîne des relations rompues, le désespoir, peut-être même la mort (par exemple, le suicide) ; la tristesse selon Dieu aboutit au salut, à la vie, à la paix du cœur, à la joie, aux relations restaurées, à la réconciliation.

« La tristesse selon Dieu » n’est une tristesse pour soi mais envers Dieu. C’est (lit.) une « tristesse selon Dieu »« selon Dieu » (7 :11a) – une tristesse produite par Dieu et en réponse à Dieu. Par conséquent, la tristesse selon Dieu conduit à une véritable repentance du péché - un détournement du péché qui perturbe notre relation avec Dieu et un retour à Dieu dans la foi - et elle recherche la réconciliation avec Dieu et avec ses semblables. Ce type de tristesse et de repentir est le fondement de notre salut.

D’autre part, « la tristesse selon le monde, » ne restaure pas. Il ne peut pas restaurer ce qui est perdu. Il ne peut pas défaire ce qui est fait. Il ne peut donner le repos de la conscience et la paix. Il ne peut pas donner la vie spirituelle. Elle ne produit que de l'amertume, de la culpabilité, du désespoir et du regret. Mais la tristesse selon Dieu est une tristesse pour le péché qui produit la repentance et conduit au salut, que l'on ne regrette jamais, car il en résulte une relation restaurée avec Dieu. De plus, le résultat de la tristesse selon Dieu est que vous ne vivez pas le reste de votre vie dans un état de regret pour ce qui aurait pu se passer. Au contraire, le salut et la restauration de votre relation avec Dieu et les uns avec les autres sont telles que vous ne regrettez jamais d'avoir pris cette décision.

Mais pourquoi Paul parle-t-il d'une telle repentance en disant qu’elle conduit au « salut » alors qu'il s'adresse à des aux croyants ? Il parle de la « repentance » de ces croyants, dont la nature « conduit au salut ». Bien qu'ils soient chrétiens et qu'ils aient été sauvés, leur repentance était de la même nature que celle qu'ils ont exprimée à l'origine lorsqu'ils ont été sauvés. Paul ne suggère pas qu'ils ont été sauvés et perdus et maintenant à nouveau sauvés, mais plutôt que leur repentance était une véritable indication de leur salut ; elle les a entièrement restaurés à une bonne relation avec Dieu.

Un ministre de la réconciliation travaille et recherche la tristesse selon Dieu exprimée dans une repentance authentique et salvatrice. Il traite la confrontation de telle manière qu'elle produit une tristesse selon Dieu qui (i) ne rompt pas leur relation ; et (ii) produit un résultat spirituel permanent.

Maintenant, Paul décrit à quoi ressemble vraiment la tristesse selon Dieu (d'une manière pieuse) ; quels changements elle produit ; à quoi ressemble la nature de la vraie repentance : « Et voici, cette même tristesse selon Dieu, quel empressement n’a-t-elle pas produit en vous ! » (7 :11a). La repentance authentique produit une transformation complète dans la façon dont on pense et agit. Les Corinthiens ont maintenant la faculté de faire ce qui est juste devant Dieu. Au lieu d'observer passivement un comportement pécheur parmi eux et de s'en vanter, ils sont maintenant stimulés à agir pour Dieu. Comment ce sérieux, cette diligence s'exprime-t-il dans leur pratique et leur attitude ? Paul donne sept caractéristiques…

i) « Quelle justification » (7 :11b) – l'église est innocentée de complicité dans ce péché.

ii) « Quelle indignation » (7 :11c) – colère contre le péché. Ils le voyaient maintenant pour ce que c'était et ils étaient justement indignés que cela se soit produit parmi eux et qu'ils l'aient toléré. C'est pour ça que nous devrions être en colère - le péché !

iii) « Quelle crainte » (7 :11d) – crainte du châtiment de Dieu ; crainte que la sainteté de Dieu ait été offensée ; la crainte de ce qu'ils avaient fait au « serviteur de Dieu » ; la crainte de savoir où le cours de leur d'action a pu mener.

iv) « Quel désir ardent » (7 :11e) – un désir de se réconcilier avec Dieu et avec Paul face à face ; le voir, lui être soumis et obéir à son enseignement. Ils aspiraient aux jours passés et à leur relation avec Dieu et Paul.

v) « Quel zèle » (7 :11f) - probablement le zèle pour faire ce qu'ils auraient dû faire en premier lieu, à savoir, l'empressement à exercer la discipline dans l'église ; la volonté de redresser la situation ; une passion pour la sainteté et l'obéissance.

vi) « Quelle justice ! » (7 :11g) – l'action entreprise contre le péché commis parmi eux. Cela montre du « zèle » à mettre les choses en ordre dans l'église. Ceci est cohérent avec le commentaire de Paul dans 2 : 5-11 selon lequel ils étaient si zélés de punir l'offenseur à tel point qu'ils devaient maintenant lui pardonner.

vii) En fin, « vous avez montré à tous égards que vous étiez purs dans cette affaire. » (7 :11h) - probablement le sujet de 1 Cor. 5 :1ss. Mais Paul ne le dit pas explicitement. Ils avaient fait le nécessaire dans l'exercice de la discipline dans l'assemblée et cela les avait « innocentés ». Ils ne participaient plus au péché de cet homme.

Reprenant ses remarques en 7 : 8 à propos de la lettre attristant (grave), Paul explique maintenant pourquoi il l'a écrite premièrement : « 12 Si donc je vous ai écrit, ce n’était ni à cause de celui qui a fait l’injure, ni à cause de celui qui l’a reçue ; c’était afin que votre empressement pour nous fût manifesté parmi vous devant Dieu.13a C’est pourquoi nous avons été consolés. » (7 :12-13a).

Premièrement, il explique pourquoi il n’a pas écrit la lettre sévère. Il n’a pas écrit la lettre sévère pour « celui qui a mal agi » – le fils qui a commis l’inceste avec sa marâtre ; celui dont Paul avait ordonné l’excommunication (1 Cor. 5 :13) ; celui qui avait causé tant de peine et qui ne s’est pas repenti par la suite (2 Cor. 2 :1-8). Et il n’a pas écrit la lettre sévère pour « celui qui a été lésé ». – supposément, le mari de la marâtre. Notez que, avec la sagesse et la grâce pastorales, Paul n'utilise pas de noms - le problème est résolu et il n'y a aucun avantage à traîner les noms des gens dans la boue. Il les désigne simplement comme « celui qui a mal agi » et « celui qui a été lésé ».

Ensuite, il explique pourquoi il a écrit la lettre sévère. Il a écrit la lettre sévère pour qu'en présence de Dieu, ils puissent prendre conscience de combien ils tenaient vraiment à Paul, de leur ardeur pour lui. C'est exactement le résultat obtenu par sa lettre sévère. Et à cause de tout cela (sa lettre, leur réponse, l'impact sur l'église, le rapport de Tite, etc.), « nous avons été consolés. »

(c) La fierté de Paul à leur sujet se révèle vraie par les encouragements de Tite (7 :13b-16). 13b Mais, outre notre consolation, nous avons été réjouis beaucoup plus encore par la joie de Tite, dont l’esprit a été tranquillisé par vous tous.14 Et si devant lui je me suis un peu glorifié à votre sujet, je n’en ai point eu de confusion ; mais, comme nous vous avons toujours parlé selon la vérité, ce dont nous nous sommes glorifiés auprès de Tite s’est trouvé être aussi la vérité. (7 :13b-14).

Tout au long de cette section, Paul regarde le côté positif des choses (leur réponse, les encouragements de Tite, sa joie, etc.), malgré les preuves sous-jacentes qu'il avait encore des problèmes à régler à Corinthe - par ex. leur défi à l'autorité de Paul, etc. (voir les chapitres 10-13). Malgré tout cela, Paul est réconforté par ce qui s'est passé à Corinthe (en particulier, leur réponse à sa lettre sévère) et encore plus réconforté par la joie de Tite face au réconfort qu'il a reçu d'eux lors de la remise de la lettre.

La grâce et l'amour pastoral de Paul pour les Corinthiens deviennent très évidents. On ne s'attendrait guère à ce qu'il en fier auprès de Tite, compte tenu de tout ce qu'ils avaient fait et dit à son sujet. Mais plutôt que de leur envoyer Tite avec une mauvaise impression d'eux ou pour prendre des mesures sévères, il avait envoyé Tite à Corinthe avec une recommandation positive d'eux (fierté), ce qui s'était avéré vrai, tout comme tout ce qu'il leur avait dit était vrai. En conséquence (i) l'amour de Tite pour eux s’est approfondi : « Il éprouve pour vous un redoublement d’affection, au souvenir de votre obéissance à tous, et de l’accueil que vous lui avez fait avec crainte et tremblement. » (7 :15) ; et (ii) La confiance de Paul en eux est renforcée : Je me réjouis de pouvoir en toutes choses me confier en vous.” (7 :16). Après avoir renforcé leurs relations mutuelles et exprimé sa confiance en eux, il aborde ensuite la question de l'offrande pour les croyants pauvres à Jérusalem dans les chapitres 8-9.

III. Plans De Sermon

Titre : Apprendre de Jésus - Le trésor du royaume (Matt. 13 :44-46)

Sujet : Découvrir les richesses éternelles du royaume de Dieu

Thème : Vous découvrez les richesses éternelles lorsque vous entrez dans le royaume des cieux par Jésus-Christ.

Point I. Certaines personnes tombent de manière inattendue sur le trésor du royaume de Christ (13 :44).

Point II. Certaines personnes recherchent diligemment le trésor du royaume de Christ (13 :45-46).

Related Topics: Pastors

Book 4: Beauty From Ashes (Stories 162-219)

Related Media

This set of stories starts with Judah in captivity and ends with Messiah ascending into heaven. It includes all the stories in the life of Christ.

List of stories
162. Valley of Dry Bones 191. Calming Two Storms
163. Daniel's Decision 192. Twelve Years
164. Nebuchadnezzar's Dream 193. Pool of Bethesda
165. Furnace Full of Fire 194. John Beheaded
166. Becoming a Wild Animal 195. Meal & a Walk
167. Handwriting on the Wall 196. Bread of Life
168. Den of Lions 197. Feeding 4,000
169. Rebuilding the Temple 198. Caught in Immorality
170. Ezra 199 Man Born Blind
171. Rebuilding the Walls 200. Transfiguration
172. Esther Becomes Queen 201. Paying Temple Tax
173. Esther Saves Her People 202. Rich Man and Lazarus
174. Gabriel's Announcement 203. Seventy Times Seven
175. The Birth of Jesus 204. Good Samaritan
176. Gifts for the King 205. Lost Sheep, Coin, & Son
177. Twelve Years Old 206. Lepers, Judge, & Pride
178. Baptism & Temptation 207. Raising Lazarus
179. Water to Wine 208. The Great, the Rich, & the Poor
180. New Birth 209. Triumphal Entry
181. Woman at the Well 210. Last Week of Ministry
182. Rejected in Nazareth 211. The Last Supper
183. Fishing for People 212. Gethsemane
184. Sermon on the Mount 213. Trial Before Jews
185. Forgiving Sins 214. Trial Before Romans
186. Calling the Twelve 215. Crucifixion
187. A Roman and a Funeral 216. Resurrection.
188. Forgiven and Grateful 217. Road to Emmaus
189. Four Soils 218. Winning Back Two Disciples
190. Teaching with Stories 219. Commission, Ascension & Waiting

Click Here To View Stories 162-219 (PDF)

Copyright 2011 by John Walsh, BibleTelling

Related Topics: Teaching the Bible

Bibliology and Hermeneutics

Bibliology and Hermeneutics Classroom

Student Notebook- Includes student notes that follow the presentation slides, along with syllabus, case studies, scripture memorization sheets, and bibliography.
 
Class PowerPoint- Available for purchase and immediate download. The Bibliology and Hermeneutics course PowerPoint contains over 600 slides with extensive teacher's notes including session objectives, explanation of the slides, suggested illustrations, and in depth information concerning the subjects. The PowerPoint?s are primarily created for teachers, but can benefit the student as well. Learn more...
 
Vocabulary Quizzes- There are two vocabulary quizzes. Quiz 1 is to be taken at the end of session 6 and quiz 2 at the end of session 10. These are to be graded by teachers of The Theology Program in their home church setting. Self-study students may also take the quizzes on their own for personal enrichment.
 
 

Click here for Bibliology DVDs, PowerPoint presentation, Student Notebook, and Teacher NotebookClick here to engage in discussions about issues in Bibliology and Hermeneutics. Everyone welcomeWeb links related to Bibliology and HermeneuticsClick here for Bibliology and Hermeneutics bibliography with short reviews and recommendationsClick here to read on site articles related to the course for further study
  Resources       Discussions          Links               Books              Articles
 
Watch classroom video lessons online...click on class session titles below for streaming video


Related Topics: Bibliology (The Written Word), Curriculum, Hermeneutics, Theology

Trinitarianism

Trinitarianism Classroom

Student Notebook - Includes student notes that follow the presentation slides, along with syllabus, case studies, scripture memorization sheets, and bibliography.
 
Class PowerPoint - Available for purchase and immediate download. The course PowerPoint presentation contains over 400 slides with extensive teacher's notes including session objectives, explanation of the slides, suggested illustrations, and in depth information concerning the subjects. The PowerPoint?s are primarily created for teachers, but can benefit the student as well. Learn more...
 
Vocabulary Quizzes - There are two vocabulary quizzes. Quiz 1 is to be taken at the end of session 6 and quiz 2 at the end of session 10. These are to be graded by teachers of The Theology Program in their home church setting. Self-study students may also take the quizzes on their own for personal enrichment.
 
 
 
 

Click here for Trinitarianism DVDs, PowerPoint presentation with extensive teacher's notes, Student Notebook, and Teacher guide Click here to engage in discussions about issues in Trinitarianism. Everyone welcome! Web links related to Trinitarianism Click here for Trinitarianism bibliography with short reviews and recommendations Click here to read on site articles related to the course for further study
 Resources      Discussions       Links              Books            Articles
 
Watch classroom video lessons online...click on class session titles below for streaming video


Related Topics: Curriculum, Trinity

Humanity and Sin

Humanity and Sin Classroom

Student Notebook  - Includes student notes that follow the presentation slides, along with syllabus, case studies, scripture memorization sheets, and bibliography.
 
Class PowerPoint  - The PowerPoint file contains extensive teacher's notes in the presentation section. The PowerPoint file must be downloaded in order to view the teacher's notes. (Right click and select "save as.") The PowerPoints are primarily created for teachers, but can benefit the student as well. Learn more...
 
Vocabulary Quizzes  - Look in the student notebook for further explanation.
 

Click here for Introduction to Theology DVDs, PowerPoint presentation with extensive teacher's notes, Student Notebook, and Teacher guide   Click here to engage in discussions about issues in Introduction to Theology. Everyone welcome!      Web links related to Introduction to Theology      Click here for Introduction to Theology bibliography with short reviews and recommendations      Click here to read on site articles related to the course for further study     
     Resources          Discussions                Links                     Books                   Articles
 
Watch classroom video lessons online...click on class session titles below for streaming video


Related Topics: Curriculum, Hamartiology (Sin), Theology

Ecclesiology and Eschatology

Ecclesiology and Eschatology Classroom

Student Notebook  - Includes student notes that follow the presentation slides, along with syllabus, case studies, scripture memorization sheets, and bibliography.
  
Class PowerPoint   - The PowerPoint file contains extensive teacher's notes in the presentation section. The PowerPoint file must be downloaded in order to view the teacher's notes. (Right click and select "save as.") The PowerPoints are primarily created for teachers, but can benefit the student as well.  Learn more...
  
Vocabulary Quizzes   - Look in the student notebook for further explanation.
 

Click here for Introduction to Theology DVDs, PowerPoint presentation with extensive teacher's notes, Student Notebook, and Teacher guide   Click here to engage in discussions about issues in Introduction to Theology. Everyone welcome!      Web links related to Introduction to Theology      Click here for Introduction to Theology bibliography with short reviews and recommendations      Click here to read on site articles related to the course for further study     
     Resources          Discussions               Links                      Books                     Articles
 
Watch classroom video lessons online...click on class session titles below for streaming video


Related Topics: Curriculum, Ecclesiology (The Church), Eschatology (Things to Come), Theology

Pages