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Sinners in the Hands of a Gracious God

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Editor’s note: When I heard this message at Dallas Seminary’s Chafer Chapel in October 2003, I asked Dr. Kreider if we could post it on the Biblical Studies Foundation website. I was delighted when he agreed.
--Daniel B. Wallace, January 1, 2004

The name “Jonathan Edwards” triggers in the minds of many Americans, if there is any recognition at all, the memory of a high school or college literature course.1 Most likely, the sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” was part of the body of material studied from the American colonial period. “Sinners” is probably the most famous sermon ever preached in America and most anthologies of American literature include at least an excerpt from this work. 2 For many people, this sermon is all that they know about the eighteenth century New England pastor Jonathan Edwards.

Critics of Edwards and the Puritans find this sermon an appalling example of all that is wrong with Calvinism and Puritan theology.3 After all, what could be more offensive than a God who takes pleasure in the destruction of the wicked? Most anthologies of American literature perpetuate this stereotype by quoting the most graphic and striking imagery of the sermon, often without much context.4 One writer comments that this sermon begins “as an attempt to awaken the unconverted” but “quickly subverts the intention of its author and becomes a sermon about self-pity and despair.”5 He concludes, “In this sermon Edwards leads us to the heart of Calvinism, yet in leading us there he (unwittingly?) subverts his own intentions. By choosing the spider as an image for Calvinism, Edwards allows the spider to ‘deconstruct’ it. The spider becomes our guide not only to the intentions of Calvinism but to its problems as well. ‘Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God’ becomes a sermon about helplessness and hopelessness in which we find ourselves pitying the spider and hating God.”6

Even those who are sympathetic towards Edwards and his theology sometimes appear to be embarrassed by this sermon. Some of Edwards’s supporters rationalize that “Sinners” is not typical of Edwards’s sermons, that although he did preach on hell and judgment, this was not a major theme of his preaching, and the language of most of his sermons was less explicit, graphic, and harsh.7 A more accurate assessment comes from the editors of a recent volume of Edwards’s sermons. “If Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God distorts the larger issue when taken alone, it clearly belongs in any representation of Edwards’s work for the sheer power of its imagery. Who can resist trembling before the frightening image of sinners dangled by a vengeful God like loathsome spiders over flames, or of treading on a paper-thin, rotting canvas, not knowing at what moment you might plunge into the abyss and face a just and judging God? The words echo through time in their haunting description of the plight of the damned.”8 The language of the sermon is intentionally graphic, functioning as “a homiletical slap in the face to get the attention of those who have no sense of their investment in religion or have otherwise shown themselves ‘sermon proof.’ ”9

In his excellent recent biography of Jonathan Edwards, George Marsden writes: “In its subject, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God was not unusual either for Edwards or for New England preaching. Preaching on hell was a routine part of covering the full range of Gospel topics, and other sermons were more lurid in depicting hell’s agonies.”10 Similarly, Wilson Kimnach concludes that “comparison with other examples of that genre [hellfire sermons] among Edwards’ sermons reveals that Sinners is not even a proper ‘hellfire’ sermon, let alone the best.”11

Marsden’s evaluation of Edwards’s sermon includes a pointed application to modern-day Christianity. “In Sinners Edwards took hell and its agonies for granted as realities proven by Scripture and confirmed by reason. To be sure, some eighteenth-century people did doubt traditional views of hell, even in New England. Yet Edwards spoke to his audience as though such a denial were not an intellectual option. That he would do so is itself revealing. It suggests how immense the gulf of assumptions is that separates most modern readers from the world of the original auditors. Few today, including many who affirm traditional Christian doctrines, have the sympathies to take seriously some of these deepest sensibilities of ordinary eighteenth-century colonials.”12

Although this sermon was delivered to Edwards’s congregation in Northampton in June 1741, it is forever remembered for its effect on the congregation in the frontier town of Enfield, Connecticut, on Wednesday, 8 July 1741.13 An eyewitness described an audience so moved by the sermon that people moaned, shrieked, and cried out for salvation while the preacher was speaking.14 Apparently the reaction was so strong that Edwards was unable to finish the sermon, “possibly the only time such an interruption had happened to him except for the day several years earlier when the gallery of the old Northampton meetinghouse fell.”15

This paper is one more reexamination of Jonathan Edwards’s sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” I have two major goals. First, studying this sermon should lead us to a clearer understanding of the character of Edwards’s God. Although the sermon does describe God as angry and his anger is particularly directed toward sinners, we must not ignore the other major category of divine attributes Edwards emphasizes.16 In fact, the characteristics of God most in view in this sermon are his grace, mercy, compassion, patience, and love. Rather than a God who takes pleasure in the destruction of sinners, we will see that Edwards believed that it was because of God’s grace, what he calls “mere pleasure,” that sinners were not yet destroyed, and he pleaded with his audience to respond to God’s grace in faith and repentance.17 Edwards’s God is an angry God, he justly detests sin and sinners. But Edwards’s God is a loving and gracious God, and that he has not destroyed the sinners under his wrath is, for Edwards, compelling evidence of God’s gracious character. Marsden says it well: “Being in the hands of God means for the moment you are being kept from burning in hell as you deserve. God in his amazing long-suffering is still giving you a chance; his hand is keeping you from falling.”18

Second, that Edwards believed in a place of eternal punishment for the wicked is plain, from this sermon and other writings. Less clear is Edwards’s understanding of the nature of the place of eternal destruction. He is often used, positively and negatively, as an historical example of one who believed in hell as a place of fire. 19 Since he uses a number of other imagery to describe this place, we should be cautious about linking him to one view of the nature of hell. Perhaps his use of multiple images of hell’s horror emphasizes the horror of the destruction awaiting the wicked, in a way no single metaphor could.20

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

The Biblical Text for the Sermon

Jonathan Edwards’s sermons generally follow the typical Puritan three part structure, and this one is no exception.21 “Sinners” begins with a biblical text which the preacher interprets and explains within its context. In the second section of the sermon, Edwards articulates a statement of doctrine developed from the biblical text, followed by rationale and reasons to support it. Third, the preacher then applies the sermon to his audience.22 In “Sinners,” the bulk of the sermon is devoted to the application or use of the sermon.23

The biblical text for this sermon is Deuteronomy 32:35: “Their foot shall slide in due time.”24 Edwards’s exposition of the text is very brief. He does not explain the context of this verse. In fact, he does not even indicate that he has selected only one phrase from the verse, which is part of a song of Moses (cf. Deut 31:30). He perhaps knows his audience well enough to know that they are so familiar with the biblical text that he can select this one phrase about impending judgment and develop a theological sermon around that concept. He does, however, remind the congregation that this text threatens God’s vengeance on unbelieving Israelites.

He then enumerates several implications of this text: that the Israelites “were always exposed to destruction,” that they “were always exposed to sudden unexpected destruction,” that they “are liable to fall of themselves,” and “that the reason why they are not fallen already, and don’t fall now, is only that God’s appointed time is not come.”25 When their appointed time for destruction comes, “Then they shall be left to fall as they are inclined by their own weight. God won’t hold them up in these slippery places any longer, but will let them go; and then, at that very instant, they shall fall into destruction; as he that stands in such slippery declining ground on the edge of a pit that he can’t stand alone, when he is let go he immediately falls and is lost.”26

Thus, the current role of God in the punishment of the wicked, according to Edwards, is to protect them, to keep them safe, to prevent their destruction, until some later, as yet undefined, point. At that time, God will release the wicked so that they will experience that which is justly deserved, eternal destruction.

The Doctrine of the Sermon

From the text, read with the implications listed above, Edwards articulates this doctrine: “There is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any one moment, out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God.”27 By “mere pleasure,” Edwards explains, he means God’s “sovereign pleasure, his arbitrary will, restrained by no obligation, hindered by no manner of difficulty, any more than if nothing else but God’s mere will had in the least degree, or in any respect whatsoever, any hand in the preservation of wicked men one moment.”28 In other words, the doctrine emphasizes that God is active not in sending the wicked into the place of punishment or in bringing judgment upon them. Rather, God’s active role in the judgment of the wicked is to keep them from experiencing this punishment and this is due not to anything in the wicked but only the grace of a merciful and sovereign God.

Edwards provides a list of theological reasons to support the claim that it is God’s mere pleasure that keeps the wicked out of hell. God’s power is not limited. If he wanted to cast the wicked into hell he has sufficient power to accomplish his will. The wicked deserve hell, so God’s justice is not the reason for withholding their destruction. The wicked are already condemned, the righteous judge has already pronounced them guilty. The wicked are now under God’s anger. He will not become angrier with them in hell than he is already now angry with them. Thus, their being kept out of hell is not a sign that God’s anger toward them is not yet sufficient or complete. Edwards explains, “The very reason why they don’t go down to hell at each moment, is not because God, in whose power they are, is not then very angry with them; as angry as he is with many of those miserable creatures that he is now tormenting in hell, and do there feel and bear the fierceness of his wrath. Yea, God is a great deal more angry with great numbers that are now on earth, yea, doubtless with many that are now in this congregation, that it may be are at ease and quiet, than he is with many of those that are now in the flames of hell.”29 Further, the devil is prepared to receive the wicked, as soon as God will permit him. The fires of hell are already burning in the souls of the wicked. It is only the restraint of God which keeps those “hellish principles” from kindling and flaming into hellfire.30

The wicked should not presume to be safe because “there are no visible means of death at hand.”31 There is nothing that provides security, not even the natural human desire for self-preservation. All the contriving and scheming of the wicked to escape hell, apart from Christ, are doomed to failure. God is under no obligation to prolong the life of any wicked person for one instant.

In summary, Edwards concludes:

So that thus it is, that natural men are held in the hand of God over the pit of hell; they have deserved the fiery pit, and are already sentenced to it; and God is dreadfully provoked, his anger is as great towards them as to those that are actually suffering the executions of the fierceness of his wrath in hell, and they have done nothing in the least to appease or abate that anger, neither is God in the least bound by any promise to hold ’em up one moment; the devil is waiting for them, hell is gaping for them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would fain lay hold on them, and swallow them up; the fire pent up in their own hearts is struggling to break out; and they have no interest in any mediator, there are no means within reach that can be any security to them. In short, they have no refuge, nothing to take hold of, all that preserves them every moment is the mere arbitrary will, and uncovenanted unobliged forbearance of an incensed God.32

The Application of the Sermon

Edwards quickly moves to the application or use of this sermon. It is almost startling to see how brief his exposition of Scripture and defense of the doctrine is. It is apparent that he wants to devote sufficient time and space to making application for his congregation. If it is merely the grace of a sovereign God which keeps the wicked from their just punishment in hell, how ought they to respond?

Another of the atypical characteristics of this sermon is that Edwards’s application is generally directed to two groups in his audience.33 He usually devotes significant attention to the implications of the sermon for the righteous or godly hearers as well as the implications for the unrighteous or the wicked. This sermon contains no explicit application for the righteous. Edwards lists an extended series of exhortations directed to the unregenerate. But this sermon only has one application: “The use may be of awakening to unconverted persons in this congregation. This that you have heard is the case of every one of you that are out of Christ.”34

Lest there be any chance of missing his point, Edwards begins the application with a graphic description of the state of all those who are not in Christ. “That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone is extended under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God; there is hell’s wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand upon, nor anything to take hold of: there is nothing between you and hell but the air; ’tis only the power and mere pleasure of God that holds you up.”35 For Edwards, God’s providential care of his creatures is comprehensive, even for the unregenerate, all of whom are largely unaware of God’s mercy and grace. “You probably are not sensible of this; you find you are kept out of hell, but don’t see the hand of God in it, but look at other things, as the good state of your bodily constitution, your care of your own life, and the means you use for your own preservation. But indeed these things are nothing; if God should withdraw his hand, they would avail no more to keep you from falling, than the thin air to hold up a person that is suspended in it.”36

Throughout the application section of the sermon, Edwards describes the terrible wrath of God in powerful pictures. He portrays the horrors of hell and the impending doom of the wicked in graphic terms, using several different metaphors. What must not be overlooked, however, is the consistent prominence of God’s grace in these descriptions.37 The metaphors vary; the emphasis on God’s grace remains constant.

Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards hell; and if God should let you go, you would immediately sink and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf, and your healthy constitution, and your own care and prudence, and best contrivance, and all your righteousness, would have no more influence to uphold you and keep you out of hell, than a spider’s web would have to stop a falling rock. Were it not that so is the sovereign pleasure of God, the earth would not bear you one moment; for you are a burden to it; the creation groans with you; the creature is made subject to the bondage of your corruption, not willingly; the sun don’t willingly shine upon you to give you light to serve sin and Satan; the earth don’t willingly yield her increase to satisfy your lusts; nor is it willingly a stage for your wickedness to be acted upon; the air don’t willingly serve you for breath to maintain the flame of life in your vitals, while you spend your life in the service of God’s enemies. God’s creatures are good, and were made for man to serve God with, and don’t willingly subserve to any other purpose, and groan when they are abused to purposes so directly contrary to their nature and end. And the world would spew you out, were it not for the sovereign hand of him who had subjected it in hope. These are the black clouds of God’s wrath now hanging directly over your heads, full of the dreadful storm, and big with thunder; and were it not for the restraining hand of God it would immediately burst forth upon you. The sovereign pleasure of God for the present stays his rough wind; otherwise it would come with fury, and your destruction would come like a whirlwind, and you would be like the chaff of the summer threshing floor.38

One might, perhaps, argue that the picture of a violent storm as the destruction of the wicked is not inconsistent with a lake of fire as their eternal destiny. Perhaps what precedes the fire is a terrible storm, or perhaps there is both a raging thunderstorm and burning lake of fire, or perhaps the fire is a result of a lightening strike, but it seems more likely that Edwards is using two different metaphors for destruction. Further, he describes hell as a bottomless pit, which seems to be a different analogy than either fire or storm. The interpreter need not find some way to make the metaphors fit together. Rather, it seems better to recognize that the preacher is stressing the horror of the destruction which is, apart from the sovereign pleasure of God, imminently threatening the wicked.

Edwards continues with another metaphor for divine destruction, one which is even more difficult to reconcile with the description of hell as a bottomless pit of fire.

The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and higher, till an outlet is given, and the longer the stream is stopped, the more rapid and mighty is its course, when once it is let loose. ’Tis true, that judgment against your evil works has not been executed hitherto; the floods of God’s vengeance have been withheld; but your guilt in the meantime is constantly increasing, and you are every day treasuring up more wrath; the waters are continually rising and waxing more and more mighty; and there is nothing but the mere pleasure of God that holds the waters back that are unwilling to be stopped, and press hard to go forward; if God should only withdraw his hand from the floodgate, it would immediately fly open, and the fiery floods of the fierceness and wrath of God would rush forth with inconceivable fury, and would come upon you with omnipotent power; and if your strength were ten thousand times greater than it is, yea ten thousand times greater than the strength of the stoutest, sturdiest devil in hell, it would be nothing to withstand or endure it.39

To the imagery of a lake of fire, a bottomless pit, a violent wind storm, and a tidal wave of destruction, Edwards adds another graphic picture of the impending destruction of the wicked. “The bow of God’s wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at all, that keeps the arrow at one moment from being drunk with your blood.”40

Again, it seems unnecessary, and perhaps not even possible, to treat these images of destruction as synonyms or as overlapping pictures of the reality of divine judgment. Rather, this master communicator clearly appears to be using a variety of metaphors to stress the horrors of the destiny of the wicked, not intending to describe the actual nature of that destruction. One might even surmise from the multiple metaphors that Edwards finds the language itself limiting, that hell is much worse than any of the analogies he can find in the natural world. That it is horrible and perhaps even too horrible for words seems to be his penultimate point. Ultimately, however, the sermon stresses the grace of God who, for reasons known only to him, has to this point kept the wicked from experiencing this horrible destruction which they deserve.

Without question, the most famous section of the sermon is the comparison Edwards makes between God’s treatment of the sinner and a schoolboy dangling a spider over a fire. This passage is often read by critics of Edwards as if God is pictured as a cruel and sadistic child taking perverse pleasure in the torture of a helpless insect. That is certainly to push the analogy too far, to fail to understand the literary use of the figure, to launch the interpretation past the edge of propriety. But, more significantly, it is to miss the clear declaration of divine grace even here. That the sinner has not yet fallen into the fire of hell, which he justly deserves, is due only to the mere pleasure of a sovereign and gracious God.

Here is the passage:

The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince: and yet ’tis nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment: ’tis to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep: there is no other reason to be given why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God’s hand has held you up: there is no other reason to be given why you han’t gone to hell since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship: yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you don’t this very moment drop down into hell.41

In this description of the fate of the wicked, Edwards again mixes two metaphors, a bottomless pit and a fiery furnace, when he continues,

O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: ’tis a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you as against any of the damned in hell: you hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing around it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have no interest in any mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment.42

Here again, God’s role is graciously to preserve life. The sinner is justly under God’s wrath and it is only due to his mercy, not because of anything in the sinner, that the life of the wicked person is preserved.

The critics of Edwards are correct in noting that he stresses the fierceness and fury of the wrath of God. Without hesitation or apology, he argues from the lesser to the greater. If the wrath of earthly kings is to be dreaded, how much more the wrath of an infinite God, “the great and almighty Creator and King of heaven and earth?”43 The wrath of God is a terrible and terrifying thing, because it is the anger of an infinite Being. When God will pour out this wrath on the unregenerate, he will do so “without any pity,” with “no compassion, . . . he will not forbear the executions of his wrath, or in the least lighten his hand; there shall be no moderation or mercy, nor will God then at all stay his rough wind; he will have no regard to your welfare, nor be at all careful lest you should suffer too much, in any other sense than only that you shall not suffer beyond what strict justice requires: nothing shall be withheld, because it’s so hard for you to bear.”44 But even here, the description of the outpouring of God’s wrath in the future is used to emphasize his graciousness now. There is a limit to God’s compassion and mercy. The time is coming when it will be withheld and only his wrath will be poured out on the unregenerate. At the present time, however, God’s mercy is available and Edwards pleads for his congregation to respond to it. “Now God stands ready to pity you; this is a day of mercy: but when once the day of mercy is past, your most lamentable and dolorous cries and shrieks will be in vain; you will be wholly lost and thrown away of God as to any regard to your welfare; God will have no other use to put you to but only to suffer misery; you shall be continued in being to no other end; for you will be a vessel of wrath fitted to destruction; and there will be no other use of this vessel but only to be filled full of wrath: God will be so far from pitying you when you cry out to him, that ’tis said he will only laugh and mock.”45

The punishment awaiting the wicked is not simply the terrible wrath of an infinite God, but it is also an everlasting wrath. Edwards explains,

It would be dreadful to suffer this fierceness and wrath of almighty God one moment; but you must suffer it to all eternity: there will be no end to this exquisite horrible misery: when you look forward, you shall see a long forever, a boundless duration before you, which shall swallow up your thoughts and amaze your soul; and you will absolutely despair of ever having any deliverance, any end, any mitigation, any rest at all; you will know certainly that you must wear out long ages, millions of millions of ages, in wrestling and conflicting with this almighty merciless vengeance; and then when you have so done, when so many ages have actually been spent by you in this manner, you will know that all is but a point to what remains. So that your punishment will indeed be infinite.46

Edwards then shifts the emphasis of the sermon to a series of pleas for the audience to respond to God in faith and thus avoid the wrath of God which awaits them as long as they remain in their current unregenerate state. In this extended passage, the compassionate heart of the pastor is clearly heard. There is no hint of glee in speaking of hell. There is no flippancy in describing the punishment that awaits the wicked. There is no cold-hearted cruelty in his words. There is, rather, a tone of godly sorrow and compassion as he speaks what he knows to be the truth. When delivered originally to his church in Northampton, Edwards is addressing a congregation he knows very well and his pastoral heart is grieved as he looks over the audience.

How dreadful is the state of those that are daily and hourly in danger of this great wrath, and infinite misery! But this is the dismal case of every soul in this congregation; that has not been born again, however moral and strict, sober and religious they may otherwise be. Oh that you would consider it, whether you be young or old. There is reason to think, that there are many in this congregation now hearing this discourse, that will actually be the subjects of this very misery to all eternity. We know not who they are, or in what seats they sit, or what thoughts they now have: it may be they are now at ease, and hear all these things without much disturbance, and are now flattering themselves that they are not the persons, promising themselves that they shall escape. If we knew that there was one person, and but one, in the whole congregation that was to be the subject of this misery, what an awful thing would it be to think of! If we knew who it was, what an awful sight would it be to see such a person! How might all the rest of the congregation lift up a lamentable and bitter cry over him! But alas! Instead of one, how many is it likely will remember this discourse in hell? And it be a wonder if some that are now present, should not be in hell in a very short time, before this year is out. And it would be no wonder if some person that now sits here in some seat of this meetinghouse in health, and quiet and secure, should be there before tomorrow morning. Those of you that finally continue in a natural condition, that shall keep out of hell the longest, will be there in a little time! Your damnation don’t slumber; it will come swiftly, and in all probability very suddenly upon many of you. You have reason to wonder, that you are not already in hell. ’Tis doubtless the case of some that heretofore you have seen and known, that never deserved hell more than you, and that heretofore appeared as likely to have been now alive as you: their case is past all hope; they are crying in extreme misery and perfect despair; but here you are in the land of the living, and in the house of God, and have an opportunity to obtain salvation. What would not those poor damned, hopeless souls give for one day’s such opportunity as you now enjoy!47

The appeal continues with an emphasis on the provision God has made for mercy and a reminder of the blessings which are available.

And now you have an extraordinary opportunity, a day wherein Christ has flung the door of mercy wide open, and stands in the door calling and crying with a loud voice to poor sinners; a day wherein many are flocking to him, and pressing into the kingdom of God; many are daily coming for the east, west, north and south; many that were very lately in the same miserable condition that you are in, are in now an happy state, with their hearts filled with love to him that has loved them and washed them from their sins in his own blood, and rejoicing in hope of the glory of God. How awful is it to be left behind at such a day! To see so many others feasting, while you are pining and perishing! To see so many rejoicing and singing for joy of heart, while you have cause to mourn for sorrow of heart, and howl for vexation of spirit! How can you rest one moment in such a condition?48

The evangelist appeals to those “that have lived long in the world,” to the “young men, and young women,” and even to “children that are unconverted.”49 His appeal to children is as strong and compassionate as to those who are older. “Don’t you know that you are going down to hell, to bear the dreadful wrath of that God that is now angry with you every day, and every night? Will you be content to be the children of the devil, when so many other children in the land are converted, and are become the holy and happy children of the King of Kings?”50

The sermon concludes with one final appeal to the audience.

And let everyone that is yet out of Christ, and hanging over the pit of hell, whether they be old men and women, or middle aged, or young people, or little children, now hearken to the loud call of God’s Word and providence. This acceptable year of the Lord, that is a day of such great favor to some, will doubtless be a day of as remarkable vengeance to others. Men’s hearts will harden, and their guilt increases apace at such a day as this, if they neglect their souls: and never was there so great danger as such persons being given up to hardness of heart, and blindness of mind. God seems now to be hastily gathering in his elect in all parts of the land; and probably the bigger part of adult persons that ever shall be saved, will be brought in now in a little time, and that it will be as it was on that great outpouring of the Spirit upon the Jews in the apostles’ days, the election will obtain, and the rest will be blinded. If this should be the case with you, you will eternally curse this day, and will curse the day that ever you was born, to see such a season of the pouring out of God’s Spirit; and will wish that you had died and gone to hell before you had seen it. Now undoubtedly it is, as it was in the days of John the Baptist: the ax is in an extraordinary manner laid at the root of the trees, that every tree that brings not forth good fruit, may be hewn down, and cast into the fire. Therefore, let everyone that is out of Christ, now awake and fly from the wrath to come. The wrath of almighty God is now undoubtedly hanging over great part of this congregation: let everyone fly out of Sodom: “Haste and escape for your lives, look not behind you, escape to the mountain, lest you be consumed” [Gen. 19:17].51

Conclusion

Perhaps what makes this sermon most offensive to the ears of contemporary interpreters is not the language of impending destruction and not even that God is angry. But rather, it seems what is most distasteful in Edwards’s theology is the doctrine of original sin, that he would believe that human beings are born guilty of sin and deserving of divine wrath. Perhaps implicitly, the view of the universal goodness of humanity which permeates the world view of our day has also penetrated into evangelical theology as well. That all humans, including children, would be guilty of sin and therefore deserving of the wrath of God seems harsh and unfair to modern ears. To those ears, the constant refrain in Edwards’s sermon that God’s good pleasure and grace have been poured out on the wicked is not heard. Edwards’s God is angry but he has not yet acted upon that anger.  He has instead withheld the judgment from sinners which their sin deserves. But, even more amazing, he has graciously provided a gift of substitutionary atonement and has graciously afforded one more opportunity to permanently avoid the judgment that sinners deserve. To those of us who believe in the doctrine of original sin, as mysterious and difficult as it is to understand and accept, the doctrine of God’s good pleasure and grace is sweet music to our ears. That God withholds his wrath from any creature is good for all creatures. That God has graciously blessed us, in spite of our sin and rebellion, should cause us to erupt into a chorus of praise for God’s amazing grace.


1 An earlier version of this paper was delivered 1 October 2003 in the chapel at Dallas Theological Seminary, as part of a series honoring the tricentennial of the birth of Jonathan Edwards.

2 Most references to this sermon describe its fame. For one example, R. C. Sproul, “God in the Hands of Angry Sinners,” http://www.gracesermons.com/robbeee/angry.html (Internet) accessed 25 August 2003, 1, describes Edwards’s sermon as “perhaps the most famous sermon ever preached in America.” Wilson H. Kimnach, Kenneth P. Minkema, and Douglas A. Sweeney call it “possibly one of the most affecting sermons ever preached in the English language” (“Editors’ Introduction,” in The Sermons of Jonathan Edwards: A Reader [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999], xxx).

One rival to this sermon’s stature as the most famous American sermon is Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream,” delivered at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C., on 28 August 1963. King’s sermon is widely available both in anthologies and on the internet. One easily accessible source is http://www.extension.umn.edu/units/diversity/mlk/mlk.html (Internet) accessed 25 September 2003.

3 Stephen J. Nichols, Jonathan Edwards: A Guided Tour of His Life and Thought (Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2001), 193-94, observes: “One has to look fairly hard to find an anthology of American literature that does not include this sermon. Typically, however, it gets marked as an easy target for those wishing to depict the Puritans as hell-bent prophets of gloom and doom.” Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 72, writes: “The ‘postmillennialist’ Jonathan Edwards, for example, while sometimes writing hopefully of Christianity’s advance on all fronts, could also—as in his sermon ‘Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God’—picture the terrors of divine wrath in terms worthy of any premillennialist.”

4 Sproul’s comment is more pointed: “So scandalous is this vivid portrayal of unconverted man’s precarious state under the threat of hell that some modern analysts have called it utterly sadistic” (“God in the Hands of Angry Sinners,” 1).

5 E. Michael Jones, “Metaphysics as Tarbaby: Intention, Deconstruction, and Absolutes,” Center Journal 1 (Spring 1982): 15-16.

6 Jones, “Metaphysics,” 16.

7 For one example, see the review by Jason Foster, http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0875522335/ref%3Dpd%5Fsl%5Faw%5Falx-jeb-8-1%5Fbook%5F3446002%5F1/103-3525515-1325461 (Internet), accessed 10 December 2003. David Levin, “Jonathan Edwards,” in Encyclopedia of American Biography, ed. John A. Garraty (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 323, concludes that “Edwards’s powerful influence during the Great Awakening owed at least as much to his philosophical thought as to the few hellfire sermons with which his name has been traditionally associated.” Alister E. McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction, 3d ed. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001), 568, cites Edwards’s “Sinners” as a clear statement of the “static medieval view of hell.”

8 John E. Smith, Harry S. Stout, and Kenneth P. Minkema, “Editors’ Introduction,” A Jonathan Edwards Reader, edited by John E. Smith, Harry S. Stout, and Kenneth P. Minkema (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), xvii. It should be noted, however, that these editors also observe that “Even in Sinners, the reader discovers that all is not lost. The pessimism of sin and an angry God is overcome by the comforting hope of salvation through a triumphant, loving Savior. Whenever Edwards preached terror, it was part of a larger campaign to turn sinners from their disastrous path and to the rightful object of their affections, Jesus Christ.” (xviii).

George Marsden explains the lack of Gospel emphasis in this sermon this way: “Edwards could take for granted, however, that a New England audience knew well that Gospel remedy. The problem was to get them to seek it” (Jonathan Edwards: A Life [New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003], 224).

9 Wilson H. Kimnach, Kenneth P. Minkema, and Douglas A. Sweeney, “Editors’ Introduction,” in The Sermons of Jonathan Edwards: A Reader, edited by Wilson H. Kimnach, Kenneth P. Minkema, and Douglas A. Sweeney (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), xvii. See also Kenneth P. Minkema, “Jonathan Edwards,” in The Oxford Companion to United States History, ed. Paul S. Boyer (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 217. Minkema calls “Sinners” Edwards’s “most famous sermon . . . a rhetorical masterpiece illustrating the uncertainty of earthly existence.”

10 Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 221.

11 Wilson H. Kimnach, “General Introduction to the Sermons: Jonathan Edwards’ Art of Prophesying,” in Jonathan Edwards, Sermons and Discourses 1720-1723, ed. Wilson H. Kimnach, vol. 10 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 168. Kimnach cites “The Eternity of Hell’s Torments” and “The Future Punishment of the Wicked Unavoidable and Intolerable” as examples which “mark the distinction between a true hellfire sermon and the proto-eschatological formulation of Sinners, focused as it is upon the here and now.”

12 Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 221.

13 Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 219-24. In addition to these two occasions, Edwards also preached the sermon on 1 August 1741 at Hadley, and probably other times in addition to these three. See the editors’ comments in Harry S. Stout, Nathan O. Hatch, and Kyle P. Farley, “Appendix: Dated Sermons,” in Jonathan Edwards, Sermons and Discourses 1739-1742, ed. Harry S. Stout, Nathan O. Hatch, and Kyle P. Farley, vol. 22 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 546.

14 See the description in Harry S. Stout, Nathan O. Hatch, and Kyle P. Farley, “Preface to the Period,” in Jonathan Edwards, Sermons and Discourses 1739-1742, 34.

15 Stout, Hatch, and Farley, “Preface to the Period,” 34.

16 John T. McNeill, The History and Character of Calvinism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 362, accurately concludes of Edwards’s preaching: “Even his lurid warnings were uttered in compassion, and his object in all preaching was to lead sinners to grace.”

17 George Marsden describes “Sinners” as an “awakening sermon.” In Edwards’s view, “The seemingly inescapable biblical teaching of eternal punishment . . . could be a wonderful gift if people could be brought to stare into the fire. Only then could they begin to feel its meaning for them. Ironically, that terrifying vision would be the means God used to bring the joys of salvation” (Jonathan Edwards, 221).

18 Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 222.

19 For an example of an interpretation of Edwards’s sermon as indicating belief in hell as a “raging furnace of fire,” see William V. Crockett, “The Metaphorical View,” in Four Views on Hell, ed. William Crockett, Counterpoints (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1996), 48. Since Crockett does not discuss the other metaphors Edwards uses, it seems that his point is that Edwards believed in a “literal” view of hell. Ironically, Crockett’s “Metaphorical View” would perhaps be strengthened by the variety of metaphors Edwards uses.

Not surprisingly, in the same volume, Clark H. Pinnock finds Edwards’s view of hell offensive. He explains, “So it is not only God’s pleasure to torture the wicked everlastingly, but it will be the happiness of the saints to see and know that this is being faithfully done. Reading Edwards gives one the impression of people watching a cat trapped in a microwave squirm in agony, while taking delight in it. Thus will the saints in heaven, according to Edwards, consider the torments of the damned with pleasure and satisfaction.” (“The Conditional View,” in Four Views on Hell, 140). Pinnock’s reading of Edwards is indefensible. 

20 Again, Marsden notes that what makes this sermon so remarkable is that “Edwards employed so many images and addressed them so immediately to his hearers that they were left with no escape” (Jonathan Edwards, 222.)

21 On Edwards’s sermonizing see Kimnach, “Jonathan Edwards’ Art of Prophesying,” 1-258.

22 For a brief explanation of this sermon structure, see Kimnach, Minkema, and Sweeney, “Editors’ Introduction,” xiii.

23 That so much of the sermon is devoted to application is unusual for an Edwards’s sermon, but “Sinners” is not unique even in this way. For another example, see Edwards, “None Are Saved by Their Own Righteousness,” in Sermons and Discourses1723-1729, ed. Kenneth P. Minkema, vol. 14 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 332-56.

24 King James Version, the version of the Scriptures Edwards used.

25 Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” in A Jonathan Edwards Reader, edited by John E. Smith, Harry S. Stout, and Kenneth P. Minkema (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 89-90. A testimony to the significance of the sermon is that it is also published in The Sermons of Jonathan Edwards: A Reader, 49-65, and in Sermons and Discourses 1739-1742, 400-35. In this paper, the page numbers refer to the Jonathan Edwards Reader.

26 Edwards, “Sinners,” 90.

27 Edwards, “Sinners,” 90

28 Edwards, “Sinners,” 90

29 Edwards, “Sinners,” 91.

30 Edwards, “Sinners,” 92.

31 Edwards, “Sinners,” 93

32 Edwards, “Sinners,” 95.

33 For an example of another Edwards sermon where the application is “unbalanced,” see Jonathan Edwards, “Peaceable and Faithful Amid Division and Strife,” in Edwards, Sermons and Discourses 1734-1738, ed. M. X. Lesser, vol. 19 of The Works of Jonathan Edwards (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 658-79. In “Peaceable and Faithful,” Edwards’s application is limited to the godly auditors.  See also my “Living Peaceably One with Another: An Exhortation from Jonathan Edwards to Live at Peace Amid Division and Strife,” The Banner of Sovereign Grace Truth (forthcoming).

34 Edwards, “Sinners,” 95.

35 Edwards, “Sinners,” 95.

36 Edwards, “Sinners,” 95-96.

37 Stephen Nichols observes correctly: “For Edwards, the horrors of sin serve to magnify the grace of God; the condition of the wicked only serves to point the need for Christ’s mercy” (Jonathan Edwards, 204).

38 Edwards, “Sinners,” 96.

39 Edwards, “Sinners,” 96-97.

40 Edwards, “Sinners,” 97.

41 Edwards, “Sinners,” 97-98. It should not need to be noted that the comparison of God holding the wicked over the fire to someone holding a spider implicitly includes a significant contrast. God is not cruel and sadistic, tormenting the sinner by holding her feet to the fire. He has rather intervened to preserve the sinner from experiencing the punishment which she deserves.

42 Edwards, “Sinners,” 98.

43 Edwards, “Sinners,” 98-99.

44 Edwards, “Sinners,” 99-100.

45 Edwards, “Sinners,” 100. Edwards cites Prov 1:25-32 as biblical support for this claim.

46 Edwards, “Sinners,” 102.

47 Edwards, “Sinners,” 102-3.

48 Edwards, “Sinners,” 103.

49 Edwards, “Sinners,” 104.

50 Edwards, “Sinners,” 104.

51 Edwards, “Sinners,” 104-5.

Related Topics: Soteriology (Salvation)

2. What Paul Can Teach Us About Social Distancing

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In 2020 during the pandemic associated with the coronavirus, Covid-19, there has been much talk about social distancing. One might not immediately conclude that Paul was an example of “social distancing.” But the truth is, Paul spent a good deal of his time separated and isolated from others. Some of this was imposed on him by others, and some was self-imposed. Let’s think about that for just a moment.

There were those who sought to rid Paul from his existence on earth (not unlike he once sought to rid the world of Christians – Acts 22:1-5; 1 Timothy 1:12-15). They ran Paul out of town on various occasions (see Acts 14:50; 17:13-14). They nearly tore him apart in Jerusalem (Acts 22:22-23), plotted to kill him (Acts 23:12-15), and thought they had done so in Lystra (Acts 14:19). False accusations and governmental appeasement ultimately led to Paul’s imprisonment in Rome (Acts 28:17ff.) This is not to overlook his imprisonment in Philippi (Acts 16:16ff.) and Caesarea (Acts 23:29ff.). Legal action was taken against Paul in an effort to deprive him of his rights and protections as a Roman citizen (Acts 18:12-17). To this we could add a list of other adversities which Paul suffered (2 Corinthians 11:23-29). It should also be noted that Satan, too, hindered Paul from visiting the churches (1 Thessalonians 2:17-18).

Beyond these hindrances to social interaction, there was also what we might call Paul’s “self-imposed” separation. Paul did not usually (the exceptions would be Ephesus and Corinth) spend long in any one place because he desired to preach the gospel elsewhere, particularly where it had not yet been preached (Romans 15:18-21). He kept moving on, even when encouraged to stay (Acts 18:19-21).

Paul’s ministry was international, and because of his concern for the churches (some of which he had founded, and others which others founded) he would press on so that he could minister his gifts to many face-to-face (Colossians 2:1-3; 1 Thessalonians 2:17; 3:10). Part of Paul’s “separation” from believers was out of his concern that he might not become overly dominant, and that the gifts and ministries of others might be encouraged. Thus, Paul sent out team members like Timothy and Titus, to minister on his behalf.

With all this in mind, let us agree that Paul experienced his own version of “social distancing,” and this for much of his life – far more than you and I will endure during this pandemic. But the important thing for us to notice is that this did not hinder his ministry to others; indeed it enhanced it:

12 I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that my situation has actually turned out to advance the gospel: 13 The whole imperial guard and everyone else knows that I am in prison for the sake of Christ, 14 and most of the brothers and sisters, having confidence in the Lord because of my imprisonment, now more than ever dare to speak the word fearlessly (Philippians 1:12-14, NET).

With all the restrictions on Paul’s social interaction, no one has had a greater impact on the saints for the last 2,000 years than he. The explanation, put simply, is this: Paul’s priorities were those of his fellow apostles:

3 But carefully select from among you, brothers, seven men who are well-attested, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may put in charge of this necessary task. 4 But we will devote ourselves to prayer and to the ministry of the word” (Acts 6:3-4, emphasis mine).

These priorities – prayer and the ministry of the Word – have not changed over time.

The means and mechanisms by which they are carried out will, and should, change. When confined to a prison cell, Paul’s priorities were prayer and the ministry of the Word. Evangelism took place wherever Paul was, including prison (Acts 16:23-40; Philippians 4:21-23; Philemon 1:10-11). And to these new believers and fledgling churches Paul was constantly writing (at least three letters to the Corinthians – see 1 Corinthians 5:9), expounding correct doctrine (Romans), exposing false doctrine (Galatians) and ungodly living (1 Corinthians). Paul’s prayer life puts most of ours to shame. Paul knew what was going on in the churches, he knew their struggles, trials, and temptations. He knew the saints and their small group gatherings, even in churches he had never yet visited (see Romans 16). He asked for prayers for himself (Romans 15:30-33; Ephesians 6:19-20). And beyond this, Paul sent others to learn how the saints were doing (2 Corinthians 7:4-16; 8:6-24).

Paul’s ministry was not limited by his “social distancing,” it was greatly enhanced by it, for we now hold his teaching, exhortation, warnings, and prayer in our hands, as has the church for 2,000 years. And this Paul accomplished by his commitment to “prayer and the ministry of the Word.” Yet he did not have Christian publishers and bookstores, newspapers, radio, television, the internet, or Facebook and Twitter. Mail took days, at best, and months at worst. Communication was not easy in Paul’s day.

With all the “social media” we have at our disposal, how much greater are our opportunities and responsibilities. Like Paul, let us make use of our “social distancing” to the glory of God and the good of His people. We are, in Paul’s words (somewhat ill-used) “without excuse.”

Related Topics: Christian Life, Cultural Issues, Suffering, Trials, Persecution

1. The Christian’s Perspective And The COVID-19 Pandemic

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At the end of World War II Langdon Gilkey wrote a book entitled Shantung Compound. Gilkey, along with 2,000 other “Westerners” was interned by their Japanese captors at a Presbyterian encampment in the Chinese province of Shantung. The camp was not designed to handle this many internees, but it was Gilkey’s assignment to allocate living accommodations for all of the internees. This presented a monumental challenge. It also afforded Gilkey the opportunity to observe his fellow-internees behavior under pressure. His book describes how people changed (sometimes for the good; often otherwise) when under duress.

As I recall, Gilkey described a situation where there were two identical rooms. One of the rooms had 11 occupants, the other 13. Sounds like a “no-brainer” does it not? But the arguments given by the residents in the 11-person room (for not adding one more person) were incredible. In another instance, there was one accommodation which had two bedrooms. A pastor insisted that he and his wife should have this accommodation so that he could have a study, instead of allowing a family with several children to live there.

It is beginning to look and feel like Shantung Compound in the United States and elsewhere, thanks to the COVID-19 Pandemic. There are a good number of people who are insisting on exercising freedoms they formerly enjoyed, even though doing so might be detrimental to others. Even some Christians are voicing this “Don’t hinder me from exercising my rights” point of view. The Bible challenges such thinking.

A Christian’s Right to His Rights (1 Corinthians 8-10)

It is a good time to review a couple of biblical passages and review the Christian mindset, and how it should impact our lives in this “Shantung” moment. Let’s begin by considering Paul’s letter to the Corinthians, focusing particularly on chapters 8-10.

The issue at hand is “meats offered to idols.” As I understand the text, the issue really isn’t over the meat itself (see 1 Corinthians 10:27), as much as it is over participating in the idol-worship ceremony where this meat is sacrificed, and the meal is shared with the “worshippers” (see 1 Corinthians 10:18-22). There were those who had come up with a seemingly scholarly argument which allowed them to eat idol-meats. In chapter 8, verses 4-6, some reasoned in this way: “There really is only one true God (our God), and thus idols are meaningless, since they represent ‘gods’ who do not even exist. And since idol-worship is really not the worship of any god, it is of no consequence. Thus, attending idol-sacrifice meals is permissible, including the eating of the animal sacrifices offered there.”

Paul does not immediately reject this argument (which he will do later, in chapter 10, and which has already been decided at the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15:20, 29). He first argues that even if this were a legitimate option, there are those for whom doing so would be sin. And if one’s eating meats offered to idols encouraged one who thought this wrong to do so anyway (because others did so), then causing that brother to sin would be sin on our part as well (1 Corinthians 8:7-13).

Paul sets out to demonstrate the proper Christian attitude toward the exercise of one’s liberties by using himself and Barnabas as examples. He and Barnabas, as apostles, had the legitimate and biblical right to be supported in their ministry – which assumed income enough to lead about a wife (1 Corinthians 9:1ff.). This was a right exercised by the other apostles (9:4-5). It was a right that had both the Old and New Testaments support (9:7-12). There was no question as to whether being supported was a right that Paul and Barnabas could legitimately exercise.

And yet they chose not to accept (or ask for) financial support, for the sake of the gospel, and those who might embrace it for salvation.

15 But I have not used any of these rights. And I am not writing these things so that something will be done for me. In fact, it would be better for me to die than– no one will deprive me of my reason for boasting! 16 For if I preach the gospel, I have no reason for boasting, because I am compelled to do this. Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel! 17 For if I do this voluntarily, I have a reward. But if I do it unwillingly, I am entrusted with a responsibility. 18 What then is my reward? That when I preach the gospel I may offer the gospel free of charge, and so not make full use of my rights in the gospel. 19 For since I am free from all I can make myself a slave to all, in order to gain even more people. 20 To the Jews I became like a Jew to gain the Jews. To those under the law I became like one under the law (though I myself am not under the law) to gain those under the law. 21 To those free from the law I became like one free from the law (though I am not free from God’s law but under the law of Christ) to gain those free from the law. 22 To the weak I became weak in order to gain the weak. I have become all things to all people, so that by all means I may save some. 23 I do all these things because of the gospel, so that I can be a participant in it (1 Corinthians 9:15-23).

Paul’s reasoning is simple and easy to follow. There are a good number of folks who preach for the sake of selfish gain (see Acts 8:9-23; 2 Peter 2:15; Jude 1:11). Unbelievers observe them (as some might observe some televangelists today) and conclude that all Christian ministers must only be in it for the money. Thus, being supported financially can be a hindrance to the gospel. And so, to remove this hindrance (or at least minimize it) Paul supported himself. Indeed, Paul worked with his own hands to support himself and others (Acts 18:1-4; 20:34*; 1 Corinthians 4:12; 1 Thessalonians 2:9), for the sake of the gospel. How could anyone accuse Paul of being motivated by financial gain, when his ministry was a financial sacrifice?

This right to be financially supported was legitimate and consistent with the practice of Old Testament ministers and New Testament apostles. Nevertheless, Paul set this right aside for the sake of the gospel and the sake of those who would be saved through it. Did it make life and ministry more difficult for Paul? Yes, but Paul was convinced that it was worth the sacrifice. I believe that this statement by Paul sums it up,

All things are lawful for me”– but not everything is beneficial. “All things are lawful for me”– but I will not be controlled by anything (1 Corinthians 6:12; see also 10:23).

The Christian life necessitates giving up certain rights and liberties for the benefit of others, albeit at our expense. Jesus would call this, “taking up our cross.”

The Philippians’ Rights, and the Good of Others (Philippians 2:4-11)

4 Each of you should be concerned not only about your own interests, but about the interests of others as well. 5 You should have the same attitude toward one another that Christ Jesus had, 6 who though he existed in the form of God did not regard equality with God as something to be grasped, 7 but emptied himself by taking on the form of a slave, by looking like other men, and by sharing in human nature. 8 He humbled himself, by becoming obedient to the point of death– even death on a cross! 9 As a result God exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow– in heaven and on earth and under the earth– 11 and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father (Philippians 2:4-11, emphasis mine).

Things were not going “smoothly” for Paul, or for the Philippians:

29 For it has been granted to you not only to believe in Christ but also to suffer for him, 30 since you are encountering the same conflict that you saw me face and now hear that I am facing (Philippians 1:29-30, emphasis mine).

Some of the Philippian saints were at odds with their fellow-believers (see Philippians 4:2-3). Paul’s call to unity is based upon the practice of humility – putting the interests of others above our own desires. The supreme example is that of our Lord Jesus, His incarnation, and sacrificial death for sinners.

At Shantung Compound, and in many parts of the world today, people are seeking their own interests and demanding their “rights,” in spite of what the impact it may have on others. In Philippians chapter 2 Paul will go on to show how humility works itself out in terms of ministry to others. Timothy, unlike many others, put the interests of the Philippian saints above his own, and thus Paul will send him, with the commendation that he is a man who in genuinely concerned about their welfare (2:19-20). Epaphroditus, too, was a man who modeled humility. He put his own life at risk by going to minister to Paul’s needs (2:25-30). And then there is Paul, who out of concern for the saints, sent away the two men who would most have benefitted him, if he had kept them with him to minister to his needs.

In these days when personal sacrifice is desperately needed, let us carefully consider what rights we can and should set aside for the good of others, and for the glory of God (1 Corinthians 10:31).

Related Topics: Christian Life, Cultural Issues, Suffering, Trials, Persecution

14. The Victory of the Lamb and His Followers

Article contributed by www.walvoord.com

Chapter 14 brings to a conclusion the material found in the section of chapters 12 through 14. Chapter 12 deals with the important characters of the period, chapter 13 with the wicked rulers of the period, and chapter 14 with the ultimate triumph of Christ. All of this material is not chronological but prepares the way for the climax which begins in chapter 15. Chapter 14 consists of a series of pronouncements and visions assuring the reader of the ultimate triumph of Christ and the judgment of the wicked. Much of the chapter is prophetic of events that have not yet taken place, but which are now impending. The chapter begins with the assurance that the Lamb will ultimately stand in triumph on Mount Zion with his followers, and it concludes with a series of pronouncements of judgments upon the wicked.

The Lamb and the 144,000 on Mount Zion (14:1-5)

14:1-5 And I looked, and, lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion, and with him an hundred forty and four thousand, having his Father’s name written in their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps: And they sung as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no man could learn that song but the hundred and forty and four thousand, which were redeemed from the earth. These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb. And in their mouth was found no guile: for they are without fault before the throne of God.

The chapter begins with the unusual phrase used several previous times: “And I looked, and, lo.” This expression, which could also be translated “And I saw, and, behold,” introduces the vision of the Lamb standing on Mount Zion accompanied by 144,000. The expositors are faced with a number of important decisions in the understanding of this passage among which is the meaning of Mount Zion. J. B. Smith joins with Bengel and Hengstenberg in interpreting Mount Zion as the figurative expression referring to heaven, finding a similar usage in Hebrews 12:22.252 Smith holds that the expression “mount Sion” always refers to the heavenly Jerusalem whereas “Sion” without “mount” always refers to the earthly city, a rather arbitrary conclusion.

To interpret this as a heavenly city, however, involves numerous problems which Smith and others do not take into consideration. If this group is the same as the 144,000 of chapter 7, they are specifically said to be sealed and kept safely through the tribulation. In this case, they move on into the millennial earth without going to the third heaven, since this is the meaning of the seal (cf. 7:3).

Further, the argument that the 144,000 must be in heaven as they hear the song before the throne may be disputed. There is no statement to the effect that they hear the song, only the declaration that they alone can learn it. The reasons for making Mount Zion a heavenly city in this passage are therefore lacking a sure foundation. Preferable is the view that this is a prophetic vision of the ultimate triumph of the Lamb following His second coming, when He joins the 144,000 on Mount Zion at the beginning of His millennial reign.

The determination of the place of this action is also correlated with the question whether the 144,000 in chapter 14 are the same group as in chapter 7. Walter Scott expresses the opinion without giving any substantiation that the 144,000 of chapter 14 are of the tribe of Judah and therefore to be distinguished from the 144,000 in chapter 7.253 There is no evidence whatever in the passage that this group is limited to Judah, and it would be most strange to have two groups of exactly 144,000 in the end time, especially when 12,000 of those in chapter 7 are also of the tribe of Judah. The preferable view, therefore, seems to be that the 144,000 in this chapter are the same as in chapter 7. In their first mention they are seen at the beginning of the great tribulation. In their second mention in chapter 14, they are seen still intact, preserved by God through the fearful days of persecution and standing triumphantly with the Lamb on Mount Zion at the beginning of the millennial reign.

The best manuscripts indicate that the expression “having his Father’s name written in their foreheads” should be “having his name, and the name of his Father, written on their foreheads.” By this expression they are clearly identified as belonging to both the Father and the Son. In chapter 7, the seal is mentioned as simply being the seal of God, whereas here we have more detail. There is no good ground for imagining that the seal here is a later development and dissimilar to the earlier seal. J. B. Smith offers this view on the theory that in chapter 7 the 144,000 are not Christians and do not become Christians until chapter 14.254 There is little to support this conclusion. The difference in the two descriptions is that one is general and the other specific. As Seiss points out, their identification with the Father is their mark of being saved Jews; their identification with the Lamb reveals their salvation through faith in Christ; their position on Mount Zion a place of security, blessing, and glory in the earthly Jerusalem in the millennial kingdom.255

In verse 2, a new facet of the vision is given to John and he records hearing a voice from heaven. The voice is described in most majestic terms as being similar to the sound (Gr., pho„ne„) of many waters and comparable to the sound of a great thunder. John also hears the voice of harpers harping with their harps (lyres). In verse 3 they are described as singing a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and the elders. This scene seems reminiscent of chapters 4 and 5 though the expression “from heaven” is not in some manuscripts. The preponderance of evidence seems to indicate that this is indeed a heavenly scene which John is seeing “in the Spirit” while his body is on earth. If the 144,000 are on earth in Zion, who then are the company in heaven? Though the natural questions concerning their identity are not clearly answered in the text, the heavenly group are probably the martyred saints of the tribulation, in contrast to the 144,000 who are on earth and do not suffer martyrdom. Both groups, however, experience the trials of the great tribulation and therefore are alone worthy to enter into the song of redemption recounting their victory over their enemies and praising God for His grace which has numbered them among the redeemed.

Chronologically, the song John hears is their hymn of praise in heaven during the time of the great tribulation, but the same song is echoed by the 144,000 who stand triumphantly on Mount Zion after the tribulation. As is true of the rest of the vision in this chapter, the chronological order is not maintained, but rather different subjects are brought into view pertaining to the general theme of the ultimate triumph of God. There seems to be a definite connection between the new song that is sung and the ascription of praise (7:10) in which the martyred dead cry out to God, “Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb.” Different in character but also a new song is that of the twenty-four elders in 5:9-10. In chapter 14, the song is sung before the four living creatures and the elders; in chapter 5 the elders themselves sing the song. In the reference to the 144,000 as redeemed from the earth, the thought seems to be that both those in heaven and on earth have been redeemed, that is, purchased by the blood of Christ and delivered from their enemies, one group through martyrdom, the other group by divine preservation through the tribulation.

Returning to the subject of the 144,000 in verse 4, John describes them as “not defiled with women, for they are virgins.” This description is not explained in the context but has been taken variously as referring to necessary abstinence from marriage in the critical days of the tribulation when a normal marital life for a person true to God is impossible, or as referring to spiritual purity, that is, they are not defiled by love of the world or compromise with evil, but keep themselves pure in a world situation which is morally filthy. In like manner Israel is referred to frequently in the Bible as “the virgin the daughter of Zion” (2 Kings 19:21; Isa. 37:22), as the “virgin daughter of Zion” (Lam. 2:13), and as the “virgin of Israel” (Jer. 18:13; 31:4, 21; Amos 5:2). In the New Testament also, the term “virgin” is used of both men and women as in 2 Corinthians 11:2 in reference to the church as a bride.

The possibility that their virgin character signifies their spiritual purity primarily is indicated in the next statement describing them as those “which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth.” Here again it is obviously in the earthly scene, as the 144,000 of Israel do not ever go to heaven during their natural lifetime. The third statement also introduced by “these,” as the two previous affirmations, repeats the thought that these are redeemed from among men as the firstfruits to God and to the Lamb. Again the word for redeemed is a form of agorazo„, as in verse 3, meaning “to purchase.” In what sense is this company “firstfruits” (Gr., aparche„)? The term “firstfruits” seems to refer to the beginning of a great harvest, here to the beginning of the millennial kingdom. The 144,000 are the godly nucleus of Israel which is the token of the redemption of the nation and the glory of Israel which is to unfold in the kingdom.

The description of the 144,000 closes with the statement that they are without guile and without fault. In saying that they have no guile (Gr., pseudos), the thought is that there is no falsehood or especially no false religion in them (cf. use of the word pseudos in Rom. 1:25; Rev. 21:27; 22:15). This large number have been kept utterly clean from the false religion of the great tribulation. They are also described as without fault, that is, blameless and without stain, in contrast to those who are apostates, described as “faults” or “blemishes” using the same root (Gr., amo„sos) as in 2 Peter 2:13. How important this makes the life and testimony of any believer who seeks to emulate these who in this most trying time are found in no compromise with error and no defilement of their purity. Christians in the present age are exhorted to be “without blame before him” (Eph. 1:4), “without blemish” (Eph. 5:27; 1 Peter 1:19), “unblameable” (Col. 1:22), “without spot” (Heb. 9:14), and “faultless” (Jude 24). All of this is in the sight of God, though the expression in verse 5 “before the throne of God” is not in the best manuscripts.

The Angel with the Everlasting Gospel (14:6-7)

14:6-7 And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters.

The next phase of the vision given to John in this chapter introduces “another angel” flying in the midst of heaven, literally “in mid-heaven,” having the everlasting gospel to preach to the entire world. The reference to “another” seems to be to an angel in addition to the seven angels introduced in 8:2 and also in contrast to “another angel” in 8:3 and 10:1. J. B. Smith notes that the remaining portion of the chapter “presents a sevenfold division consisting of the appearance of six angels including a vision of the Son of man between two groups of three angels each.”256

The expression “the everlasting gospel,” actually without the article (“everlasting gospel”) is an arresting phrase. It is everlasting in the sense that it is ageless, not for any specific period. Ordinarily, one would expect this to refer to the gospel of salvation. In verse 7, however, the content of the message is quite otherwise, for it is an announcement of the hour of judgment of God and the command to worship Him.

Some expositors use the term “gospel” to include all the revelation God has given in Christ and hence conclude that there is only one gospel with various phases of truth belonging to this gospel. There are others who prefer to distinguish various messages in the Bible as gospel or “good news” even though they contain only one aspect of divine revelation, hence, the expression “gospel of grace,” referring to the goodness of grace, or to the gospel of the kingdom, dealing with the good news of the kingdom of God. The everlasting gospel seems to be neither the gospel of grace nor the gospel of the kingdom, but rather the good news that God at last is about to deal with the world in righteousness and establish His sovereignty over the world. This is an ageless gospel in the sense that God’s righteousness is ageless. Throughout eternity God will continue to manifest Himself in grace toward the saints and in punishment toward the wicked. To refer to the gospel of grace as an everlasting gospel is to ignore the context and usage of the term.

Prophecy of the Coming Fall of Babylon

14:8 And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication.

The pronouncement of verse 8 is by another angel, apparently also flying in mid-heaven, saying the great city of Babylon has fallen. The repetition of the phrase “is fallen” is for emphasis. Prophetically, “Babylon” sometimes refers to a literal city, sometimes to a religious system, sometimes to a political system, all stemming from the evil character of historic Babylon. The announcement here is prophetic as the actual fall of Babylon probably comes later if the reference is to the physical city. There is some evidence, however, that the woman referred to as “MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT” in chapter 17, referring to the apostate church which will hold sway in the first half of the seventieth week of Daniel, is actually destroyed at the beginning of the great tribulation in preparation for the worship of the beast. The destruction of the city of Babylon itself, whether a reference to Rome, as is commonly held, or to a rebuilt city of Babylon on the ancient site of historic Babylon, does not take place until the end of the great tribulation. Inasmuch as the context here seems to deal primarily with the end of the great tribulation and the beginning of the millennial kingdom, the reference seems to be to the literal city.

The fall of Babylon is occasioned by her iniquity, which in the best manuscripts is described in these words: “…made all the nations to drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication.” Some expositors feel the text originally read “have drunk” instead of “made…to drink.” In either reading the peculiar expression “the wine of the wrath of her fornication” has been variously interpreted but seems to be a shortened expression of the two phrases “the wine of the wrath of God” (14:10) and “the wine of her fornication” (17:2). The resultant meaning is that the nations who participate in the spiritual corruption induced by Babylon ultimately share her divine condemnation and judgment. Like the pronouncement of the previous angel and the other prophecies of this chapter, the promise of judgment upon the iniquitous Babylonian system is designed to bring comfort to those in trial in that period.

The Doom of the Worshipers of the Beast (14:9-11)

14:9-11 And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name.

The third angel adds immediately to the pronouncement of the previous angel by proclaiming with a great voice the sad doom of those who worship the beast. Anyone who receives the mark of the beast as required in 13:17 shall also partake of the judgment of God. As he drinks of the wine of spiritual fornication, so he also shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God. It is described in most dramatic terms as wine that is unmixed, that is, untempered by the mercy and grace of God; and these worshipers are declared to be “tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb.” The same Scripture which assures all Christians of the love of God and the grace of God as extended to those who trust in Christ is unequivocal in its absolute statements of judgment upon the wicked.

Concerning the destiny of the wicked, J. B. Smith writes,

Anyone disposed to discredit the Biblical teaching on the eternal destiny of the wicked should be reminded that Jesus and His beloved disciple said more in regard to this doctrine than all the remaining contributors to the New Testament record.

This is supported by the fact that Jesus referred to hell (gehenna) eleven out of the twelve occurrences, made twelve out of nineteen references to hell fire, and used other similar expressions more than any other person in the New Testament.257

The righteousness of God is as inexorable as the love of God is infinite. The love of God is not free to express itself to those who have spurned Jesus Christ. Their torment is not a momentary one, for it is described in verse 11 as continuing forever, literally “into the ages of ages,” the strongest expression of eternity of which the Greek is capable. To emphasize the idea of continued suffering, they are declared to have no rest day or night. In describing the worshipers of the beast, the word worship as well as the word receive in verse 11 is in the present tense emphasizing continued worship of the beast over a long period of time, the worshipers spurning the testimony of the godly remnant and plunging blindly to their doom. The same present tense is used in describing their torment. As the worship of the beast is not interrupted by repentance, so their torment is not interrupted when repentance is too late. How dangerous it is for men to trifle with false religions, which dishonor the incarnate Word and contradict the written Word.

The Blessing of the Saints (14:12-13)

14:12-13 Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus. And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Write, Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do follow them.

The stern warning addressed to all worshipers of the beast is also an encouragement to those who put their trust in Christ in the time of great tribulation. Though some of them will face martyrdom and others will need to go into hiding, they are assured that their lot is far preferable to those who accept the easy way out and worship the beast. The saints are described in verse 12 as those who “keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.” Here is the proper link between works and faith so necessary in all ages but especially in the great tribulation.

In verse 13, John hears a voice from heaven pronouncing a blessing on those who die in the Lord. Four times previously there is a record of a voice from heaven (10:4, 8; 11:12; 14:2). Again in 18:4 and 21:3 a voice is heard, a direct communication from God as contrasted with communication through an angel. The implication is that this is unusually important and a direct divine pronouncement. The reference to the blessing of those who die in the Lord from this time on is not a general reference to all saints who die, but specifically to those who die in this period, that is, as martyrs of the faith. It is far better to be dead at the hand of the beast than to have favor as his worshiper. This is followed by the expression “Yea, saith the Spirit.” The implication is that the voice from heaven is none other than the voice of the Holy Spirit. Those who die in the Lord are described as resting from their labors with the rewards of their work following them. This verse is the second beatitude in Revelation (cf. 1:3; 16:15; 19:9; 20:6; 22:7, 14).

The Judgment of the Son of Man (14:14-16)

14:14-16 And I looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the cloud one sat like unto the Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a sharp sickle. And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a loud voice to him that sat on the cloud, Thrust in thy sickle, and reap: for the time is come for thee to reap; for the harvest of the earth is ripe. And he that sat on the cloud thrust in his sickle on the earth; and the earth was reaped.

Following the reassurance of the saints’ ultimate reward, a further revelation is given graphically in the closing portion of this chapter. John in his vision beholds One like the Son of man sitting on a white cloud wearing a golden crown and having in his hand a sharp sickle. The revelation is introduced by the familiar phrase “And I looked, and behold,” indicating another major advance in the revelation. Though the one described is said to be like the Son of man, it is probable that this is none other than Christ Himself participating in the divine judgments of God upon a wicked world. This probability is reinforced by the golden crown speaking of His glorified state and His royal dignity. Alford says, “This clearly is our Lord Himself.”258 The sharp sickle indicates this is the time of harvest, referring to the climactic judgments relating to the second coming.

As John beholds the vision of the Son of man having a sharp sickle, he sees another angel come out of the Temple crying to the Son of man to thrust in His sickle and reap, declaring that the harvest of the earth is ripe. It is remarkable that an angel should thus address the Son of man, but it should be regarded as an entreaty of a holy angel to Christ as the Son of man in His position as judge of men (cf. John 5:22, 27). The fact that the angel comes from the Temple seems to allude to this judgment as proceeding from the righteousness of God. Further, the angel urges judgment at this time because, in God’s sovereign plan as made known to the angel, it is the time for judgment. The expression “the harvest of the earth is ripe” seems to imply that judgment is overdue. The verb form “is ripe” (Gr., exe„ranthe„), meaning “to become dry or withered,” has a bad connotation (cf. Matt. 21:19-20; Mark 3:1, 3; 11:20; Luke 8:6; Rev. 16:12). The picture here is of a fruit or vegetable that has become so ripe that it has begun to dry up and wither. The rotten moral condition of the world is dealt with now with a sharp sickle. Verse 16 indicates that the Son of man does as the angel requests, possibly using angelic means to accomplish this end as in Matthew 13:30, 39-42.

Some commentators like Alford distinguish between the figure of reaping in verses 14-16 and the vision of reaping which follows, holding that the first harvest is that of the saints in contrast to the second harvest which is obviously of the wicked. As Alford states,

The verdict of Commentators is very much divided. There are circumstances in the context which tell both ways. The parallelism with the vintage which follows, seems to favour a harvest of the wicked: but then on the other hand, if so, what is the distinction between the two ingatherings? And why do we read of the casting into the wine-press of God’s wrath in the second case, and of no corresponding feature in the other? Again, why is the agency so different—the Son of man on the white cloud with a golden crown in the one case, the mere angel in the other? Besides, the two gatherings seem quite distinct. The former is over before the other begins. On the whole then, though I would not pronounce decidedly, I must incline to think that the harvest is the ingathering of the saints, God’s harvest, reaped from the earth: described here thus generally, before the vintage of wrath which follows.259

As Alford himself notes, the passage itself does not tell us what the first harvest is. There is no distinct event in this sequence of prophecies which clearly presents a harvest of saints, and it is probably preferable to consider the first harvest as the judgments in general which characterize the period and the second harvest as the final climactic one.

The Angel with the Sharp Sickle (14:17-20)

14:17-20 And another angel came out of the temple which is in heaven, he also having a sharp sickle. And another angel came out from the altar, which had power over fire; and cried with a loud cry to him that had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth; for her grapes are fully ripe. And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs.

The use of angels to assist in the harvest of the earth is now stated explicitly in verse 17. Though not enumerated, the angel of verse 17 is the fifth to appear in this chapter and, like the angel of verse 15, comes from the Temple in heaven. Like the Son of man he has a sharp sickle indicating the severity of the judgment. This angel is exhorted in verse 18 by another angel, the sixth in the chapter, to thrust in his sharp sickle. The angel making this request is described as coming from the altar and having power over fire. These allusions seem to indicate that the angel is acting in response to the prayers of the saints for divine judgment on wickedness in the earthly scene, and the fact that he has power over fire indicates the purging judgment of which he is capable.

The figure of divine judgment as a harvest is here enlarged. Twice the sharp sickle is mentioned in this verse and the clusters of the vine of the earth are described as grapes fully ripe. The expression “fully ripe” (Gr., e„kmasan) is a different expression from the verb (Gr., exe„ranthe„) used in the description of the harvest in verse 15. Here it pictures grapes fully grown in their prime almost bursting with juice. Though the figure is somewhat different, the spiritual meaning is the same. The time has come for the final harvest. The use of the vine in a figurative way, frequently found in the Bible in relation to Israel (Ps. 80:8,14-15; Isa. 5:2-7; Jer. 2:21; Ezek. 17:5-8; Hosea 10:1), is also used of the church in John 15:1-6. Just as Israel and the church were to bear fruit of righteousness to the Lord, so here we have the vine producing the fruit of wickedness and corruption.

In verse 19 the angel, in response to the entreaty, thrusts or “casts” (Gr., ebalen) his sickle into the earth and harvests its vintage casting it into what is described as “the great winepress of the wrath of God.” This action is actually fulfilled in Revelation 19:15, where the same figure of speech is used. In verse 20, the winepress is described as trodden without the city, and blood is said to come even to the bridles of the horses as far as 1,600 furlongs. This is obviously a picture of ultimate judgment of the wickedness of men at the time of the second coming of Christ. Alford interprets it: “A tremendous final act of vengeance is denoted.”260 This passage speaks prophetically of that which will chronologically follow the return of Christ to the earth.

The spurting of the grape juice from under the bare feet of those treading the grapes in the winepress is compared to the spurting of blood and speaks of the awful human carnage of Revelation 19:17-19, 21. The unusual expression that the blood spatters to “the horse bridles” for “a thousand six hundred furlongs” has intrigued expositors. The scene of this event is apparently the city of Jerusalem outside which the judgment takes place. It seems quite impossible that the blood will flow in depth as high as the horses’ bridles, and it is better to understand this simply as a liberal spattering of blood.

As Alford states, “It is exceedingly difficult to say what the meaning is, further than that the idea of a tremendous final act of vengeance is denoted.”261 This interpretation is confirmed by the parallel in Isaiah 63:3. The area covered, 1,600 furlongs, is approximately 200 miles, and specifies that the area within a 200-mile radius from Jerusalem will be the center of the final carnage where the armies of the world will be gathered at the time of the second coming of Christ. The land of Israel covers about 200 miles from the north to the south, and the reference to distance may mean that this area is in view rather than the more extensive territory of 200 miles in all directions from Jerusalem.

Alford objects to a literal distance, as the holy land is actually only 160 miles north and south, and prefers a symbolic meaning of the distance. He concludes, however, “This is one of the riddles of the Apocalypse to which not even an approximate solution has ever yet been given.”262 There is no reason, however, for limiting the battle to the precise boundary of the holy land, and there is really no serious problem here in taking the distance literally. The terrible picture here given of the bloodletting which will mark the end of the age may include various phases of the battle taking place in the great tribulation and the climax of Christ’s victory when He judges the nations at its end.

William Kelly regards this chapter as the outline of the end of the age:

In this chapter, then, we have the full outline of the dealings of God in the latter-day crisis. There are seven divisions of it. First, there is the full remnant of godly Jews associated with the Lamb on mount Sion, in sympathy with His sufferings and waiting for the kingdom. Secondly, a testimony to the Gentile nations scattered all over the world as well as to those seated on the prophetic earth. Thirdly, the fall of Babylon. Fourthly, the fearful doom, both in this world and in the next, of such as should worship the beast and his image, or receive the mark of his name. Fifthly, the blessedness from that time of those that die in the Lord. Sixthly, the discriminating process of the harvest. And seventhly, the awful infliction of vengeance on religious apostasy; the first, at least, of these two last acts of judgment being executed by the Son of man, which necessarily supposes the very close of the age; the wrath, not of God only, but of the Lamb.263

Taken as a whole, chapter 14 of Revelation emphasizes first that the 144,000 of Israel seen at the beginning of the great tribulation will be preserved triumphantly through it. Second, the rest of the chapter is devoted to various pronouncements of divine judgment upon a wicked world, reassuring the saints of that day that, though they may suffer and even be martyred, God’s ultimate justice will triumph, the wicked will be judged, and the saints will be rewarded. This chapter reassures the saints after the two preceding chapters speak of the gigantic conflict that will have its consummation in the great tribulation. The implications of the message for today are only too plain. Today is a day of grace; but what is true of the tribulation is also true today, namely, that God will ultimately judge all men. Today, however, the invitation is still open to those who will trust in Christ and who thereby can avail themselves of the grace of God and be saved from entering this awful period which may be impending for this present generation.

252 A Revelation of Jesus Christ, p. 208.

253 Exposition of the Revelation of Jesus Christ, p. 293.

254 Smith, pp. 208-9.

255 Joseph A. Seiss, The Apocalypse, pp. 353-54.

256 Smith, p. 211.

257 Ibid., p. 216.

258 Henry Alford, The Greek New Testament, IV, 690.

259 Ibid., p. 691.

260 Ibid., p. 693.

261 Ibid.

262 Ibid.

263 Lectures on the Book of Revelation, p. 330.

The Net Pastor’s Journal, Eng Ed, Issue 35 Spring 2020

A ministry of…

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,
Email: [email protected]

I. Strengthening Biblical Interpretation
“How to Read and Understand the Bible”(Pt. 2)

Introduction

Though the subject of Biblical interpretation (“hermeneutics”) is vast and can be somewhat complicated at times, it is vital for us to study it in order to be accurate and clear preachers of the Word, who faithfully declare what it says and means and how it applies to our lives.

So often, as we study the Scriptures, we run into phrases, sentences, and passages that are difficult to understand and interpret as to what the original author intended to communicate. It is precisely for these situations that we need interpretive guidelines and principles that help us come to the best understanding of the passage that we can, given that we live in an entirely different era and culture and speak an entirely different language.

In Part 1 of “How to Read and Understand the Bible” (see the 2020 Winter Edition of this journal), we discussed:

1. Three basic tasks in Biblical interpretation:

(a) Determining the accurate meaning of the passage (exegesis);

(b) Applying sound principles of interpretation to the passage (hermeneutics);

(c) Bridging the gap between the ancient text, language, culture, and audience to our contemporary language, culture, and audience.

2. Two important hermeneutical questions:

(a) Did the O.T. writers know fully what they were writing about?

(b) Did the N.T. writers know fully what they were writing about?

Now, in this Part 2 of the same subject, we continue to examine some other important aspects of biblical interpretation.

A. Literal Interpretation

Some people say that you can’t take the Bible literally because (1) the Bible uses figures of speech (metaphor, hyperbole etc.), and (2) because the Bible uses poetic language and other literary genres that cannot be interpreted literally (e.g. apocalyptic). This is really an attempt to detract from the truth of the Bible. We, in fact, interpret the Bible using the same principles as for any other literature.

What do we mean by “literal”? If by “literal” you mean a wooden word-for-word translation which does not take into account figurative or metaphorical language, then “no” we do not interpret the Bible literally. But if by “literal” you mean that we take the Bible at face value; that we believe the Bible is true in all that it affirms and accurate in all that it records; that we read and interpret the Bible in accordance with its plain, natural meaning and as its authors intended (taking into account their literary style, literary devices, literary genre, grammar, meaning of words at the time it was written, and the historical, economic, social, geographic, and political context in which it was written), then, “yes” we do read and interpret the Bible literally.

Probably a better term than “literal” meaning is “literary” meaning. Literary meaning is an interpretation that “…reflects the type of literature used, the context, the historical background, the grammar, (and) word meanings” 1 - i.e. one that is based on the “grammatical-contextual-theological” method of interpretation. Or, we could say that literary meaning is an “interpretation that does not spiritualize or allegorize” 2 what is not intended by the author to be spiritualized or allegorized – i.e. the “normal” or “plain” meaning.

Literal interpretation, then, means to interpret the bible according to its literal / literary sense – i.e. as you would interpret any piece of literature, “according to the normal rules of grammar, speech, syntax, and context.” 3 Literal interpretation does not, therefore, preclude the use of types or illustrations; nor literary genres that are based on imaginary or illustrative symbols (e.g. apocalyptic). Literal interpretation does not preclude the normal interpretation based on a natural (face value, plain) reading of the text. As a pastor friend of mine used to say: “When the plain sense makes common sense, then any other sense is nonsense.”

Literal interpretation stands in contrast to other interpretive methods such as allegorizing, spiritualizing, moralizing, and typologizing. Or, to put it another way, behind the literary devices, imagery, genres, and style that a biblical author may have used lies a literal idea or concept. That’s what we look for when we read the Bible.

Though the Bible is a unique book in that it is inspired by the Holy Spirit it does not change the fact that it is written in words of normal human language and with normal grammatical construction. Therefore, our understanding of it is based on the same rules that we would apply to reading and understanding any other piece of literature. Literal interpretation does not imply that we adhere to a “wooden” literalism that puts the biblical text into a straight jacket, which might render it unintelligible.

This is why the “grammatical-contextual-theological” approach to studying the text is so vitally important. In attempting to interpret the text literally, you need to be able to identify: (a) the various grammatical components of the text; (b) its theological focus; (c) its context; and (d) its literary genre and devices. All of these aspects impact understanding and interpretation.

Therefore, in order to correctly interpret the Bible, we need to analyze and understand...

1. The grammar – the various syntactical structures (clauses and sentences) and words used - their type and part of speech (e.g. noun, verb etc.), form (e.g. case; tense), and meaning.

2. The theology. What is the author saying about God (his purposes, his character, his nature, his plans etc.) and our relationship to God?

3. The context - historical, political, economic, social, and cultural.

4. The literary genre and devices – the style of writing and figures of speech.

All of this analysis impacts our understanding of the ideas (the truth, the theology) that the original author intended to communicate and is part and parcel of literal interpretation.

B. Interpreting Certain Literary Genre And Devices

Obviously, literary genre has a big impact on how we interpret any document, not the least of which is the Bible since it contains so many different genres. Literary genre refers to the style of writing of the passage, such as prose, poetry, proverb, epistle, apocalyptic, gospel (with parable as a subcategory), historical narrative, prophetic etc.

The literary genre affects how we interpret the passage. If it is written in apocalyptic language, for example, with all sorts of wild, almost hallucinatory, images and descriptions of eschatological scenes, one has to interpret it in that light.

However, identifying the literary genre does not necessarily make the interpretation obvious. For example, the literary genre does not settle the issue of historicity. The book of Jonah is a case in point. Because part of Jonah is written in historical narrative but another part (chapter 2) is written in poetic form, scholars have been divided over whether the book is intended to be an historical account or merely an allegorical portrayal of Jonah’s experience, the poetic chapter being Jonah’s reflective prayer of thanksgiving. Of course, for unbelievers who do not believe in miracles, the poetic chapter gives them an excuse to jettison the historical account of the whole book.

In addition to literary genres we must be aware of any literary devices which the author may use, such as figures of speech like metaphor, simile, and hyperbole. These devices, when used, affect how we interpret and understand the text.

C. Single Meaning; Multiple Applications

Please note this principle: “One meaning; many applications.” We believe that each passage of Scripture has only one meaning, not multiple meanings, when it is read and interpreted as written and as intended by the author. It does not mean one thing for you and another thing for me. What is written is written. Any individual Scripture only ever has one meaning. We may have many interpretive options just because of the limitations of translation and written communication, but there is only one meaning as intended by the original author. However, each Scripture may have many applications. From the one single meaning of a passage of Scripture, we may derive multiple applications that impact our conduct, speech, relationships etc.

But note this qualification: Because of the progressive nature of Scriptural revelation a further, deeper, expanded meaning may become apparent to us that was not apparent to the original human authors and audiences. This does not change the original meaning but expands on it.

We always need to remember that though there are multiple human authors of the Bible there is only one Divine Author. Hence, what may not have been apparent to, or intended by, the human author was apparent to and intended by the Divine Author. But we must have biblical grounds for attributing to the Holy Spirit a fuller, expanded, clearer meaning than the human authors may have been aware of. (For more on this, see the 2020 Winter Edition of this journal).

D. The Impact Of Culture On Our Understanding

Some biblical scholars and preachers attempt to modernize the Bible by interpreting it in the light of the contemporary meaning of words and contemporary cultural standards. This, effectively, reinterprets the Bible to mean what they want it to mean today. But the Bible wasn’t written today, nor are its teachings to be changed to comply with contemporary ethics and practices.

Nonetheless, we have to admit that the Bible contains many ancient practices that are peculiar to us (to say the least) and do not make any sense in our culture. So, our challenge is, on the one hand, to not interpret the Bible to be relevant to today’s culture but, on the other hand, to distinguish between the Bible’s universal principles (which are applicable to all people in all cultures in all ages) and its ancient practices (which were limited to that ancient culture).

First, though, what do we mean by “culture”? The culture of any organization is, essentially, the way things are done or the attitudes expressed that have built up over time. This environment may have developed due to decisions made in the past, people who have been influential, crises that may have occurred, history that has transpired, situations that have been experienced, principles that have been adopted etc. It is really the personality and character of the organization expressed in its values, priorities, likes and dislikes, activities, leadership style, what it stands for, how it reacts, why it exists, what it believes etc.

Families have cultures. That’s where you learn your earliest and perhaps most deep rooted convictions about life and behaviour, your values, priorities, your worldview, your relationships (e.g. to your parents and siblings). Your government has a culture; your church has a culture; your place of employment has a culture. All of this cultural conditioning affects how you read, interpret, and apply the Bible.

1. The Ancient Culture

One of the challenges of biblical interpretation is to determine what practices are applicable to and reflective of an ancient society only (i.e. cultural) and what practices are applicable to all ages (i.e. transcultural)

The overriding question is: “How do we apply Scripture?” Of all the commands and practices that we read in the Bible, which ones are still applicable to us today and should be practised by us? And should they be practised just as they were in the ancient culture or in some modified form?

Some O.T. Examples

(a) Tithing – agricultural tithes (Lev. 27:30-33); tithes for the Levites and for their priestly work in the tabernacle (Num. 18:21ff.); the annual agricultural and priestly tithe (Deut. 14:22ff.); tithes for the Levite, stranger, fatherless, and widow (Deut. 26:12 15).

(b) Rape – e.g. Deut. 22:28-29. Is this requirement valid for today that if someone rapes a girl, all you have to do is pay her father 50 shekels of silver and marry her?

(c) Homosexuality – e.g. Lev. 18:22. Is this O.T. command against homosexuality one that we must adhere to today?

(d) Bestiality – e.g. Lev. 18:23. Is it immoral for someone today to have a sexual relationship with animals?

(e) Mixed Clothing – e.g. Lev. 19:19. Is it binding on us today not to wear clothing of mixed fabrics like woollen and linen?

(f) The law of the Sabbath – e.g. Ex. 20:9-10. Are we to literally “not do any work” on the Sabbath? If so, what is the definition of “work”? Which day is the Sabbath for us? What did Jesus mean when he said that “the Sabbath was made for man and not man for the Sabbath” (Mk. 2:27)?

(g) Circumcision – e.g. Gen. 17:10. Is circumcision a required religious practice for us?

(h) Tattoos – e.g. Lev. 19:28. Is the prohibition against tattoo marks on the body something that we should obey?

(i) Styles of clothing – e.g. Deut. 22:5, “A woman must not wear men’s clothing, nor a man wear woman’s clothing.” What clothing does this refer to? Who is this binding on, why, and how?

Some N.T. Examples

(a) Head coverings for women and not for men (1 Cor. 11:1-16). Are women today to literally veil their heads in worship, or is there a principal here that would be more appropriately expressed in a different way in our culture? In other words, was the head covering merely the cultural expression at that time of an abiding principle which would be better expressed differently today?

(b) Silence of women in the church (1 Tim. 2:11-15; 1 Cor. 14:34). Was Paul’s instruction about women being “silent” in the church a cultural or transcultural instruction? Is it an instruction specifically and only for the women of a certain church (e.g. Ephesus) to stop their bickering and disturbances of church services? Or, is it a practice for all women of all times? If the silence itself is a reflection of how the ancient world practised a certain principle, what is the principle that it demonstrates and how should we practise that principle in our culture?

(c) Submission of wives to their husbands (Eph. 5:22). How are we to apply Peter’s instruction that wives must submit to their husbands “as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord” (1 Pet. 3:5-6)?

(d) Praying with uplifted hands (1 Tim. 2:8). Is Paul’s injunction cultural or transcultural?

(e) Evangelism (Lk. 10:4). Must we literally “carry no purse, no bag, no shoes, and greet no one on the way”? Or, is Jesus stating a principle that is to be expressed in appropriate ways within our culture?

(f) Greeting each other with a holy kiss (1 Cor. 16:20). Are we to greet one another this way today? If so, what would two men kissing look like to the world? What about a man kissing a woman who is not his wife? What about two women kissing each other?

(g) Drinking wine (1 Tim. 5:23). Is Paul’s instruction to Timothy to “use a little wine for your stomach’s sake and your frequent infirmities” a requirement for us? Is this a standard medicinal treatment? Or, is this an instruction for Timothy only?

(h) Anointing with oil (James 5:14; Mk. 6:13). Is the anointing of sick persons with oil a required practice for us? If so, what is its purpose and meaning? Is it a medicinal practice or religious?

(i) Selling your possessions to give to the poor (Lk. 12:33). How do we apply Jesus’ instruction today?

(j) Long hair for a man is a disgrace (1 Cor. 11:14). What is the definition of long hair? How do we practise this today?

Conclusions

Those aspects of biblical teaching that reflect ancient cultural practices must be examined to determine:

1. What unchanging principle lies behind them? Note: When we prepare sermons, one of the first things we look for is the abiding truths, its unchanging principles. These are the main points of our sermon.

2. How is that principle to be practised today? Since the entire Bible was written by men of old in the language and imagery and culture of that day (for specific people to address specific situations at a specific time), there obviously is a strong cultural element to it. Our task is to determine whether the Bible is teaching that the cultural practice itself is the norm for all ages or whether the principal that underlies the practice is the norm for all ages.

2. Our Contemporary Culture

Not only do we need to be able to identify the ancient culture’s impact on the biblical writers, but we need to be able to identify our own cultural conditioning as we read the Bible. We need to recognize that we read and interpret it with eyes and understanding that are conditioned by our own culture. That’s why people from other cultures than our own often read parts of the Bible with a different worldview and understanding than ours.

Some contemporary factors that greatly influence our understanding of the ancient text include: (a) contemporary methods of communication (e.g. telephone, e-mail, newspapers etc.); travel (e.g. airplanes); lifestyle (e.g. individuality and materialism); dress; worldview.

As we study the Bible in preparation for teaching and preaching we must seek to read it as an unbiased reader (although that is probably not totally possible). That’s why we must discipline ourselves in “exegesis” (bringing into view what is there) not “eisegesis” (reading into it what is not there). That’s why we must follow certain basic interpretive principles, which I am attempting to explain in this series on “Strengthening Biblical Interpretation: How to read and understand the Bible”. I will continue this series in the next edition of this journal.

II. The Limitations of Christian Liberty

1 Corinthians 6:12-20

By: Dr. Stephen F. Olford

This is a continuation of a series which we last published in the Winter 2019 edition of this journal.

Introduction

The third specific disorder in the church at Corinth was that of impurity. The problem arose out of the popular teaching concerning the human body. The Greeks always despised the body. There was a proverbial saying that read: “The body is a tomb.” The important element of the human personality was the soul and the spirit, whereas the body did not really matter.

This kind of thinking resulted in two forms of behavior. The first was a most rigorous asceticism in which everything was done to subject and humiliate the desires and instincts of the body. The second, which was so prevalent in the city of Corinth, was to use the body as a means of satisfying its appetites and lusts to the fullest extent. This philosophy of life was strengthened by a wrong interpretation of the doctrine of Christian liberty which Paul had preached. As a consequence, the licentiousness and immorality of the city of Corinth had made their incursions into the life of the church. With this in mind, Paul addresses himself to the doctrine of the believer’s body.

A. The Liberty of the Believer’s Body

“All things are lawful for me, but all things are not helpful. (1 Corinthians 6:12, 13). Paul introduces the subject of the liberty of the believer’s body by quoting two proverbs, or slogans which demand our very close attention. It is perfectly true that the Christian is “called unto liberty:” but it is equally true that we are not to use that liberty “as an opportunity for the flesh” (Galatians 5:13). Christian liberty is not the desire to do what we want, but rather the power to do what we ought. So Paul tells us two things about Christian liberty:

1) Christian Liberty is Divinely Guarded. “All things are lawful for me, but all things are not helpful. All things are lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the power of any” (1 Corinthians 6:12). What Paul is saying here is that because we are no longer under law but under grace, we are free men and women, but that such freedom does not in any way justify lawlessness, for all unrighteousness is sin…” (1 John 5:17). Therefore while the Christian is free to use his body, he must respect two guarding principles.

The first is that while all things are lawful, all things are not expedient. The word “expedient” means “that which is helpful to other people.” We can see at once what a check this imposes upon our Christian behavior, for it is obvious that if all we do with and through our bodies is for the helpfulness of others, we shall never be guilty of prostituting our Christian liberty.

The second Principle is just as strong. Paul says, “All things are lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the power of any” (1 Corinthians 6:12). If the first principle relates to others, the second has to do with ourselves. Anything we do which tends to enslave us is not liberty but bondage. We abuse our liberty if in using it we lessen our fruit of self-control.

We hear a lot today about “free love,” but if people who talk this way only knew it, they would realize that they are slaves to the very things that they claim they have freedom to do. Beware lest you freedom becomes slavery. So we see that true Christian liberty is divinely guarded, but notice further:

2) Christian Liberty is Divinely Guided. “Foods for the stomach and the stomach for foods, but God will destroy both it and them. Now the body is not for sexual immorality but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body” (1 Corinthians 6:13). Here is the second slogan which Paul uses to illustrate his doctrine of Christian liberty. People argue that since food is for the stomach and the stomach for food, so every other hunger should be equally satisfied. But there is a serious error in such reasoning. Indeed, as Bishop Lightfoot says: “It is a gross moral confusion.” In the light of God’s holy law we can certainly accept the fact that food is essential to the stomach, but who of us would dare to extend that statement and add that fornication is essentially for the body? As a matter of fact, Paul shows us that as far as food and the stomach are concerned, God will destroy them both; for they only subsist during our earthly life.

But as for the body of a believer it is quite otherwise. Our body is designed for the Lord both in time and in eternity. As we see presently, it is a vehicle for His divine expression now, and one day, clothed with immortality, it will be His instrument for glory and service throughout the ages of eternity.

So to maintain that all hungers are equal and must be satisfied at will is neither logical nor biblical. It is true that food is for the stomach, but the body is for the Lord, and therefore not for any form of immorality or impurity. Thus we conclude that while the liberty of the believer’s body is a blessing to be enjoyed, it must be added that that liberty is both divinely guarded and guided. From this aspect of the subject, Paul now proceeds to discuss what we may call:

B. The Sanctity of the Believer’s Body

“And God has both raised up the Lord and will also raise us up by His power. Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ?...Or do you not know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God, and you are not your own?” (1 Corinthians 6:14, 15, 19). With penetrating insight, Paul confronts his readers with the doctrine of the sanctity of the believer’s body. Indeed, he expresses amazement that they were not aware of this truth. So he asks again and again, as he has done throughout these past two chapters. “Do you not know?” (v. 15); “Do you not know?” (v. 16); “Do you not know?” (v. 19). Yes, the believer’s body has been sanctified once and for ever by:

1) God the Father. “And God has both raised up the Lord and will also raise us up by His power” (1 Corinthians 6:14). The Father who made the stomach is going to destroy it; but the Father who made the body is going to raise it. The destiny of the body is eternal. Let us remember that “…God…has made us, and not we ourselves… (Psalm 100:3). The Psalmist further reminds us that we are “…fearfully and wonderfully made” (Psalm 139:14). With all the scientific inventions around us, nothing has yet been produced to compare with the marvel of the human body. And Paul tells us that He who made us is going to raise us. In another place he reminds us that “…our citizenship is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ: who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto His glorious body…” (Philippians 3:20, 21). That is the supreme destiny of your body and mine, and in the light of this we cannot, we dare not, prostitute its use. God has forever sanctified our bodies by creation, and one day by resurrection. What is more, our bodies are sanctified by:

2) God the Son. “Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ? Shall I then take the members of Christ and make them members of a harlot? Certainly not!” (1 Corinthians 6:15). In the first place, we have not been “redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold…but with the precious blood of Christ…” (1 Peter 1:18, 19). In other words, we have been bought with a price, or as one commentator puts it: We have “been bought and paid for” (Goodspeed). In light of this Christ has deigned to identify Himself with us. This is the whole significance of verse 15. Literally the words read: “Do you not know that your bodies are the limbs of Christ?” Our mind is His mind; our eyes are His eyes; our lips are His lips; our hands are his hands; our feet are His feet; our bodies are the very limbs of our Risen Head.

Paul later develops this glorious theme in the 12th chapter, but he introduces the subject here to show the utter incompatibility and immorality of a believer using the limbs of Christ for any other purpose than that which God has designed. In fact, the employment of our members for unholy practices is described in the original as illicit sexual intercourse, or “rape.” So, exclaims the apostle, “…Do you not know that he who is joined to a harlot is one body with her? For ‘The two,’ He says, ‘will become one flesh.’” (1 Corinthians 6:16). “Fornication,” as W. E. Vine points out, “brings a man and a woman into a relationship so close and powerful as to form a complex personality on a lower plane.

This then, is the argument Paul uses to underscore the utter sanctity of the believer’s body. But in the third place, notice that the believer’s body is sanctified not only by God the Father and God the Son, but also by:

3) God the Spirit. “Or do you not know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God, and you are not your own?” (1 Corinthians 6:19). The Corinthians would readily understand what Paul meant by this statement. There were shrines in Corinth for every pagan deity. Much of the worship in these temples was associated with immoral practices; but into this very context, Paul introduces a new concept of life. He says, “Don’t you know that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost?” In the Greek the emphasis is on the word “Holy.” God’s temple, in which He dwells by the Holy Spirit, is not only the church corporately, but your body and mine individually. So although you call you body your own, it is not really your own: it belongs to God. To correctly appreciate this astonishing truth would revolutionize our manner of living. Indeed, this gives a dignity to the whole of life such as nothing else can do. Wherever we go and whatever we do, we are the bearers of the Holy Spirit. This necessitates the ruling out of all such conduct that is not appropriate to the kingdom of God. Certainly fornication would be unthinkable. But the principle involved has a far wider application. Nothing that would be amiss in God’s temple is becoming of God’s child.

C. The Purity of the Believer’s Body

“Flee sexual immorality. Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits sexual immorality sins against his own body…For you were bought at a price; therefore glorify God in your body and in your spirit, which are God’s” (1 Corinthians 6:18, 20). The two operative exhortations in these verses are “flee sexual immorality” and “glorify God.” One is negative and the other is positive. So to maintain the purity of the believer’s body there must be:

1) Complete Avoidance of Sin. “Flee sexual immorality…” (1 Corinthians 6:18). The present imperative verb indicates the habitual action. Literally, it should read: “Make it your habit to flee.” That is the only way to treat sin. When temptation comes along you must not stop to debate, or to argue, or even to allow impure thoughts to linger in your mind. In that moment of satanic attack the word is “flee.” One of the most vivid and beautiful illustrations is seen in the life of Joseph. You will remember that when in Potiphar’s house, the mistress of the establishment sought to seduce him to sin, but Joseph exclaimed: “…how then can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God?” (Genesis 39:9), and instantly he fled out of the house (v. 12).

To strengthen his point, Paul adds that unlike other sins, immorality is a sin against the body. “Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits sexual immorality sins against his own body…” (1 Corinthians 6:18). The reason for this is that immorality of this kind is an offense against a man or a woman’s very personality. Furthermore, this particular sin alienates the body from its divine purpose and destiny. So Paul says, “Flee sexual Immorality;” and in another place: “…make not provision for the flesh, to fulfill the lusts thereof” (Romans 13:14), which simply means, “Give no forethought” and make no calculated arrangements in order to make sin a possibility or an actuality.”

That is the negative exhortation. The positive one involves:

2) Complete Allegiance to God. “…glorify God in your body…” (1 Corinthians 6:20). Notice that this command is linked immediately with the redeeming sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Paul is saying: “…you were bought at a price; therefore glorify God in your body…” (v. 20). Glorifying God in our bodies is a matter not only of obligation, but of gratitude and devotion to Him who laid down His life, that being freed from Satan’s bondage we should exhibit through our mortal flesh all the glory of the indwelling Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Glory is he outshining of character, and when our bodies are completely possessed and controlled by the indwelling Godhead, there is a purity that is both seen and sensed. It is what the Psalmist calls “the beauty of holiness.” In their fallen state, Adam and Eve were covered with this glory, but they lost it when they shifted their center of trust from God to themselves. Having lost it, they knew for the first time they were naked. How wonderful to know that even in these failing bodies of ours, Jesus Christ can be magnified day by day, whether by life or by death (Philippians 1:20). This is the purity that convicts a sinning world, and yet convinces the seeking soul. It is a purity that gives evidence that we have been with Jesus and learned of Him.

Conclusion:

Here then, is the biblical doctrine of the believer’s body. There is a liberty of the body that is divinely guarded and guided. There is a sanctity of the body which is hallowed by the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, and as a result there is the purity of the body, which is characterized by a complete avoidance of sin and a complete allegiance to God. Nobody can see a truly pure life without knowing that such a man or woman is sold out to God.

The only way in which we can conclude our study on this subject is to remind ourselves of the great words of the apostle, which he penned to the believers at Rome: “I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service” (Romans 12:1).

III. Sermon Outlines

To listen to the audio version of these sermons in English, click on these links: Link 1 - Rev. 2:12-13; Link 2 - Rev. 2:14-15; Link 3 - Rev. 2:16; Link 4 - Rev. 2:17

Title: Letters to the Seven Churches: Pergamum – Holding on but Compromising

Theme: Standing for truth in a culture of compromise

Point #1: Christ commends faithfulness (13)

Point #2: Christ condemns compromise (14-15)

Point #3: Christ commands repentance (16)

Point #4: Christ conveys a promise (17)


1 Duvall and Hays, Grasping God’s Word, 187.

2 Charles Ryrie, The Essentials of Dispensationalism” (Israel My Glory, May/June 2007), 29.

3 R. C. Sproul, Knowing Scripture, 48-49.

Related Topics: Pastors

La Revue Internet Des Pasteurs, Fre Ed 35, Edition du Printemps 2020

Un minstère de…

Auteur: Dr. Roger Pascoe, Président,
Email: [email protected]

I. Renforcer l’Interprétation Biblique
“Comment Lire et Comprendre la Bible”(Pt. 2)

Introduction

Bien que le sujet de l’interprétation biblique (“herméneutique”) soit vaste et parfois compliqué, il est important pour nous de l’étudier dans le but d’être des prédicateurs de la Parole qui sont exactes et clairs, qui declarent fidèlement ce qu’elle dit et sous-entend et comment la mettre en pratique dans nos vies.

Donc, lorsque nous étudions les Ecritures, nous arrivons à des expressions, des phrases et des paragraphes difficiles à comprendre et à interpreter selon le sens que l’auteur initial a voul communiquer. C’est précisement pour ces situations que nous avons besoin de lignes directrices et de principes qui nous aident à parvernir à la meilleure compréhension possible du passage, étant donné que nous vivons à une époque et une culture complètement différentes et que nous parlons une langue complètement différente.

Dans la partie 1 de Comment Lire et Comprendre la Bible” (voir l’édition d’hivers 2020 de ce journal), nous avons parler de:

1. Trois tâches basiques dans l’interprétation biblique:

(a) Déterminer le sens exact du passage (exégèse);

(b) Appliquer des principes sains d’interprétation du paasage (herméneutique);

(c) Nivéler le fossé entre l’ancien texte, l’ancienne langue, culture et auditoire et notre langues, culture et auditoire contemporains.

2. Deux questions herméneutiques importantes:

(a) Les auteurs de l’A.T. savaient-ils entièrement ce dont ils écrivaient?

(b) Les auteurs du N.T. savaient-ils entièrement ce dont ils écrivaient?

Maintenant, dans cette Partie 2 sur le même sujet, nous continuons d’examiner d’autres aspects importants de l’interprétation biblique.

A. Interprétation Littérale

Certaines personnes disent qu’on ne peut pas prendre la Bible littéralement (1) la Bible utilise des figures de style (métaphore, hyperbole, etc.), et (2) parce que la Bible utilise un langage poétique et d’autres genres littéraires de sorte qu’elle ne peut pas être interprétée littéralement (ex. l’apocalypse). C’est véritablement une tentative de distraction de la vérité de la Bible. En réalité, nous interprétons la Bible en utilisant le même principe que pour tout autre littérature.

Qu’entendons-nous par “littéral”? Si par littéral vous entendez une traduction tissée mot pour mot qui ne prend pas en compte le langage fuguratif et métaphorique, c’est donc “non”, nous n’interprétons pas la Bible littéralement. Mais si par “littéral” vous entendez que nous prenons la Bible au sens premier; que nous croyons que la Bible est vraie dans tout ce qu’elle affirme et exacte dans tout ce qu’elle rapporte; que nous lisons et interprétons la Bible selon son sens plein et naturel comme voulu par les auteurs (prendre en compte leur style litéraire, leurs dispositifs littéraires, leur grammaire, le sens des mots au moments où elle est écrite, et le contexte historique, écconomique, social, géographique et politique dans lesquels elle est écrite), alors “oui” nous interprétons la Bible littéralement.

Probablement, un meilleur terme que sens “littéral” serait sens “littéraire”. Le sens littéraire est une interprétation qui “…reflète le type de littérature employé, le contexte, l’arrière-plan historique, la grammaire, (et) le sens des mots” 1 - c’est-à-dire une interprétation qui est basée sur une méthode “d’interprétation grammaticao-contextuel-théologique”. Ou bien nous devrions dire que l’interprétation littérale est “une interprétation qui ne spiritualise pas ou n’allégorise pas” 2 ce que l’auteur n’a pas voulu spirituaiser ou allégoriser – c’est-à-dire le sens “normal” ou “plein”.

L’interprétation littérale, signifie donc, interpréter la Bible selon son sens littéral/littéraire – c’est-à-dire, comme vous auriez interprété tout travail littéraire, “selon les règles normales de grammaire, du discours, de la syntaxe et du contexte.” L’interprétation littérale n’exclue donc pas l’utilisation des types ou des illustrations; ni les genres littéraires basés sur les symboles imaginaires et illustratvies (ex. l’apocalpse). L’interpétation littérale n’exclue pas l’interprétation normale basée sur une lecture naturelle du texte (sens premier, plein). Comme un de mes amis qui est pasteur a l’habitude de le dire: “Lorsque le sens plein est conforme au sens commun, alors tout autre sens est un non-sens.”

L’interprétation littéral se tient en contraste par rapport aux autres méthodes d’interprétation telles que l’allégorisation, la spiritualisation, la moralization, et la typologie. En d’autres termes, derrière le dispositif littéraire, l’imagerie, les genres et le style que l’auteur biblique a pu employé, se cache une idée ou un concept littéral. C’est ce que nous recherchons lorsque nous lisons la Bible.

Même si la Bible est un livre unique du fait qu’elle est inspirée par la Saint Esprit, cela ne change pas le fait qu’elle est écrite avec des mots du langage humain normal, et avec une construction grammaticale normale. Pour ce faire, notre compréhension de la Bible est basée sur les mêmes règles que nous appliquons pour comprendre tout autre œuvre littétaire. L’interprétation littérale ne signifie pas que nous adhérons au littéralisme “tissé” qui met le texte biblique dans un prêt-à-porter qui pourrait le rendre inintelligible.

C’est pourquoi l’approche “grammatico-contextuel-théologique” est si vitalement importante. En essayant d’interpréter le texte littéralement, vous avez besoin d’être capable d’identifier: (a) les différents composants grammaticaux du texte; (b) son accent théologique; (c) son contexte; et (d) son genre et ses dispositifs littéraires. Tous ces aspects influencent la comprehension et le l’interprétation.

Pour ce faire, dans le but d’interpréter correctement le Bible, nous devons analyser et comprendre...

1. la grammaire – les différentes structures syntaxiques (propositions et phrases) et les mots employés – leur types et parties du discours (ex. nom, verbe, etc.), forme (ex. cas; temps), et sens.

2. La théologie. Que dit l’auteur au sujet de Dieu (ses desseins, son caractère, sa nature, ses plans, etc.) et au sujet de notre relation avec Dieu?

3. Le contexte – historique, politique, economique, social, et culturel.

4. Les genres et dispositifs littéraires – le style d’écriture et les figures de style.

Toute cette analyse influence notre compréhension des idées (vérité, théologie) que l’auteur initial avait l’intention de communiquer et est partie prenante de l’interprétation littérale.

B. Interpréter le Genre Littéraire et les Formules

Evidemment, le genre littéraire a une grande influence sur la manière dont nous interprétons tout document, dont la Bible n’est pas la moindre, étant donné qu’elle contient plusieurs genres différents. Le genre littéraire se réfère au style d’écriture du passage tel que la prose, la poésie, l’épître, le proverbe, l’apocalypse, l’évangile (avec la parabole comme sous catégorie), la narration historique, la narration prophétique, etc.

Le genre littéraire affecte la manière dont nous interprétons le passage. S’il est écrit dans un langage apocalyptique, par exemple, avec des images sauvages et hallucinatoires, et des descriptions de scènes eschatologiques, c’est à cette lumière que l’on doit l’interpréter.

Toutefois, l’identification du genre ne rend pas l’interprétation évidente. Par exemple, le genre littéraire ne règle pas la question de l’historicité. Le livre de Jonas en est un cas. Parce qu’une partie de Jonas est écrite comme une narration historique, mais une autre partie (le chapitre 2) est écrite sous forme poétique. Les érudits sont divisés sur la question de savoir si c’est un compte rendu historique ou simplement un portrait allégorique de l’expérience de Jonas avec le chapitre poétique comme une prière reflétant la reconnaissance. Bien sûr, pour les incroyants qui ne croient pas aux miracles, le chapitre poétique leur donne une excuse pour jeter l’aspect historique de tout le livre par-dessus bord.

En plus du genre littéraire, nous devons être conscients de tout formule littéraire que l’auteur pourrait utiliser, telles que les figures de styles comme la métaphore, la comparaison, et l’hyperbole. Lorsque ces formules sont utilisées, elles affectent la manière dont nous interprétons et comprenons le texte.

C. Un Sens Unique, Plusieurs Applications

Notez ce principe, s’il vous plaît: “Un sens unique; plusieurs applications.” Nous croyons que chaque passage de l’Ecriture a un seul sens, non pas plusieurs sens, si on le lit et l’interprète comme écrit et voulu par l’auteur. Il ne signifie pas une chose pour vous et une autre chose pour moi. Chaque passage de l’Ecriture a un seul et unique sens. Nous pouvons avoir beaucoup d’options d’interprétation simplement à cause des limitations de la traduction et la communication écrite, mais il y a un seul et unique sens voulu par l’auteur. Cependant; chaque Ecriture peut avoir plusieurs applications. A partir du seul et unique sens d’un passage de l’Ecriture, nous pouvons tirer plusieurs applications qui influencent notre conduit, langage, nos relations, etc.

Mais notez cette qualification: A cause de la nature progressive de la révélation scripturaire, un sens plus profound et plus étendu qui n’a pas été évident pour les auteurs et les auditoires humains initiaux, pourrait nous être évident. Cela ne change pas le sens initial, mais l’étend.

Nous devons toujours nous rappeler que même s’il ya plusieurs auteurs humains de la Bible, il n’y a qu’un seul Auteur Divin. Ainsi, ce qui peut n’avoir pas été évident pour l’auteur humain ou qui n’a pas été son intention, était évident et voulu par l’Auteur Divin. Mais nous devons avoir des fondements bibliques pour attribuer au Saint Esprit le sens plus complet, plus étentdu et plus clair que ce dont les auteurs humains ont pu être conscients. (Pour plus de detail là-dessus, voir l’Edition de l’hivers 2020 de ce journal).

D. L’impact de la Culture sur Notre Compréhension

Certains érudits bibliques et prédicateurs essayent de moderniser la Bible en l’interprétant à la lumière du sens des mots et des standards culturels contemporains. Effectivement, il s’agit de réinterpréter la Bible pour qu’elle signifie ce qu’ils veulent qu’elle signifie aujourd’hui. Mais la Bible n’a pas été écrite aujourd’hui, et ses enseignements non plus ne peuvent être changes pour s’accorder avec l’éthique et les pratique contemporaines.

Toutefois, nous devons admettre que la Bible contient beaucoup de pratiques anciennes qui nous sont étrangères (c’est peu dire) et qui n’ont aucun sens pour nontre culture. Ainsi, notre défi est d’une part, de ne pas interpréter la Bible pour la rendre pertinente à la culture d’aujourd’hui, mais, d’autre part à distinguer entre les principes universels de la Bible (qui sont applicables à tous les peoples de toutes les cultures dans tous les âges) et ses anciennes pratiques (qui étaient limitées à cette ancienne culture).

Premièrement, qu’entendons-nous par “culture”? La culture de toute organization est essentiellement la manière dont les choses sont faites ou les attitudes expimées qui sont construites avec le temps. Cet environnement peut avoir été développé à cause de décisions prises dans le passé, de personnes qui ont été influentes, des crises qui sont arrivées, une histoire qui s’est produite, des situations expériementées, des principes qui ont été adoptés, etc. C’est vraiment la personalité et le caractère de l’organisation exprimés en valeurs, priorités, style de leadership, ce pour quoi elle tient, comment elle réagit, pourquoi elle existe, en quoi elle croit, etc.

Les familles ont leurs cultures. C’est là que vous apprenez vos toutes premières coonvictions et peut être les plus ptofondement enracinées concernant la vie, le comportement, vos valeurs, priorités, votre vision du monde, vos relations (ex. vos parents et frères et soeurs). Votre gouvernement a sa culture; votre église a sa culture; votre lieu de travail a sa culture. Tout ce conditionnement culturel affecte la manière dont nous lisons, interprétons et mettons en pratique la Bible.

1. La Culture Ancienne

L’un des défis de l’interprétation biblique est de déterminer les pratiques qui sont applicables uniquement à une ancienne socéié et qui lui est réfléchissant (c’est-à-dire culturel) et quelles pratiques sont applicables à tous les âges (cest-à-dire, transculturel)

La question principale est: “Comment appliquons-nous l’Ecriture?” De tous les commandements et les pratiques que nous lisons dans la Bible, lesquels sont encore applicables aujourd’hui et doivent être mis en pratique par nous? Et devraient-ils être appliqués comme ils l’étaient dans l’ancienne culture ou d’une certaine forme modifiée?

Quelques Exemples de l’A.T.

(a) La dîme – les dîmes agricoles (Lev. 27:30-33); les dîmes pour les lévites et le travail des prêtres dans le tabernacle (Nom. 18:21ss.); la dîmes agricole annuelle et de la prêtrise (Deut. 14:22ss.); les dîmes pour les lévites, les étrangers, les orphélins sans pères, les veuves (Deut. 26:12 15).

(b) Viol – ex. Deut. 22:28-29. Cette exigence est-elle valide aujourd’hui de sorte que quelqu’un viole une fille, tout ce qu’il a à faire c’est de payer au père 50 shékels d’argent pour l’épouser?

(c) L’homosexualité – ex. Lev. 18:22. Ce commandement de l’A.T contre l’homosexualité, est-ce un commandement auquel nous devons adhérer aujourd’hui?

(d) La bastialité – ex. Lev. 18:23. Est-ce normal aujourd’hui que quelqu’un ait des rapports sexuels avec des animaux?

(e) Vêtements aux matières melangées – ex. Lev. 19:19. Sommes-nous contraints aujourd’hui de porter des vêtements aux matières melangées comme la laine et le lin?

(f) La loi du Sabbat – ex. Ex. 20:9-10. Devons-nous littérallement “ne faire aucun travail” le jour du Sabbat? S’il en est ainsi, quelle est la définition du “travail”? Quel jour est le Sabbat pour nous? Qu’a voulu dire Jésus quand il a dit: “Le Sabbat a été fait pour l’homme et non l’homme pour le Sabbat” (Mk. 2:27)?

(g) la Circoncision – ex. Gen. 17:10. La circoncision est-elle une pratique religieuse pour nous?

(h) Les tatouages – ex. Lev. 19:28. Sommes-nous astreints à la prohibitions des marques de tatouages sur le corps, de sortes à devoir y obéir aujourd’hui?

(i) Styles d’habillement – e.g. Deut. 22:5, “Un femme ne poretera pas un habillement d’homme, et un homme ne mettra point de vêtement de femme.” De quel habillement parle-t-on? Qui est astreint à cela, pourquoi et comment?

Quelques Exemples du N.T

(a) Le voilement de la tête pour les femmes et non pour les hommes (1 Cor. 11:1-16). Les femmes doivent-elles se voiler la tête aujourd’hui pendant l’adoration, ou y a-t-il ici un ordre qui serait exprimé différemment de manière plus appropriée dans un autre culture? En d’autres termes, le voilement de la tête était-il simplement une expression culturelle à cette époque d’un principe constant qui serait mieux exprimé différemment aujourd’hui?

(b) Le silence des femmes dans l’église (1 Tim. 2:11-15; 1 Cor. 14:34). L’instruction de Paul selon laquelle les femmes devraient garder le “silence” dans l’église était-elle culturelle ou transculturelle. Est-ce une instruction adressée spécifiquement et uniquement à des femmes d’une certaine église (ex. Ephèse) pour arrêter leurs chamalleries et leurs perturbations des cultes de l’église? Ou bien est-ce une pratique des femmes de tous les âges? Si le silence lui-même est le réflet de la manière dont l’ancien monde pratiquait un certain principe, quel est le principe qu’il démontre et comment nous devrions pratiquer ce principe dans notre culture?

(c) La soumission des épouses à leurs maris (Eph. 5:22). Comment devons-nous appliquer l’intruction de Pierre selon laquelle les épouses doivent se soumettre à leurs maris “comme Sara, qui obéissait à Abraham et qui l’appelait son Seigneur” (1 Pet. 3:5-6)?

(d) Prier les main levées (1 Tim. 2:8). L’injonction de Paul était-elle culturelle ou transculturelle?

(e) L’évangélisation (Lk. 10:4). Devons-nous littéralement “ne porter ni bourse, ni sac, ni souliers et ne saluer personne en chemin”? Ou bien Jésus déclare un principe qui doit être exprimé d’une manière appropriée dans notre culture?

(f) Se saluer avec un saint baiser (1 Cor. 16:20). Devons-nous nous saluer de cette manière aujourd’hui? Si tel est le cas, à quoi ressemblerait le baiser de deux hommes pour le monde? Et que dire d’un homme embrassant une femme qui n’est pas sont épouse? Que dire de deux femmes qui s’embrasseraient?

(g) Boir du vin (1 Tim. 5:23). L’instruction de Paul à Timothée selon laquelle il devrait prendre “un peu de vin pour ses fréquentes indispositions” est-elle une exigence pour nous? Est-ce là un traitment médical standard? Ou est-ce là une instruction pour timothée seulement.

(h) L’onction avec de l’huile (Jac 5:14; Mk. 6:13). Oindre les malades avce de l’huile est-il une pratique exigée de nous? Si tel est cas, quel en est le but et le sens? Est-ce une pratique médicale ou religieuse?

(i) Vendre vos possessions pour le donner aux pauvres (Lk. 12:33). Comment appliquons-nous cette instruction de Jésus?

(j) Les cheveux longs sont une disgrâce pour l’homme (1 Cor. 11:14). Quelle est la définition de longs chéveux? Comment pratiquons-nous cela aujourd’hui?

Conclusions

Ces aspects de l’enseignement biblique qui réflètent des pratiues culturelles anciennes doivent être examiner pour déterminer:

1. Quels principes inchangeables sont derrière eux? Notez bien: Qaund nous préparons un message, l’une des premières choses que nous cherchons sont les vérités éternelles, ses principes inchangeables. Ce sont là, les points principaux de notre sermon.

2. Comment est ce prinicipe à mettre en pratique aujourd’hui? Puisque le Bible a été écrite par des hommes du passé dans le langage, l’imagerie et la culture d’alors (pour des gens spécifiquess pour régler des situation spécifiques à un moment spécifique), il y a évidemment un accent culturel. Notre tâche est de déterminer si la Bible enseigne que la pratique culturelle est la norme pour tous les âges, ou si le prinicipe sous-jascent est une prtaique pour tous les âges.

2. Notre Culture Contemporaine

Non seulement nous devons être capables d’identifier l’influence de l’ancienne culture sur les auteurs bibliques, mais nous devons également être capables d’identifier notre propre conditionnement culturel en lisant la Bible. Nous devons reconnaître que nous lisons et interprétons avec des yeux et une compréhension conditionnés par notre propre culture. C’est pourquoi, les gens d’autres cultures que la nôtre lisent souvent des parties de la Bible avec une vision du monde et une compréhension différente de la nôtre.

Certains facteurs contemporains qui influencent sérieusement notre compréhension du texte ancient comprennent: (a) les methodes contemporaines de communication (ex. Le téléphone, le courriel, les journaux, etc.); le voyage (ex. Les avions); le style de vie (ex. L’individualisme et le matérialisme); l’habillement; la vision du monde.

En étudiant la Bible en préparation d’un enseignement ou d’une prédication, nous devons chercher à lire comme un lecteur non biaisé (même si cela n’est probablement pas totalement possible). C’est pourquoi, nous devons nous discipliner dans “l’exégèse” (amener ce qui est là à la lumière), pas “l’éiségèse” (lire en la Bible ce qui n’y est pas. C’est pourquoi, nous devons suivre un certain nombre de principes basiques d’interprétation, que j’essaie d’expliquer dans cette série intitulée “Renforcer l’Interprétation Biblique: Comment lire et comprendre la Bible”. Je vais continuer cette série dans la prochaine édition de ce journal.

II. Les Limites de la Liberté Chrétienne

1 Corinthiens 6:12-20

Par: le Dr. Stephen F. Olford

C’est la suite d’une série que nous avons publié dernièrement dans lédition de l’hivers 2019 de ce journal.

Introduction

Le troisième désordre spécifique dans l’église de Corinthe était celui de l’impureté. Le problème est soulevé par l’enseignement populaire concernant le corps humain. Les Grecs méprisaient toujours le corps. Il y avait un dicton populaire selon lequel: “le corps est la tombe.” L’élément important de la personnalité humaine est l’âme et l’esprit, tandis que le corps n’était vraiment important.

De cette façon de réfléchir résultent deux formes de comportement. La première était un ascétisme rigoureux dans lequel tout est faite pour assujétir et humilier les désires et les instincts du corps. La deuxième, qui était si prévalent dans la ville de Corinthe, était l’utilisation du corps comme moyen de satisfaction des appétits et des envies le plus possible. Cette philosophie de la vie était renforcée par une interprétation erronée de la doctrine de la liberté Chrétienne que Paul a prêchée. La conséquence est que, la licence et l’immoralité de la ville de Corinthe avait fait des incursions dans la vie de l’église. En gardant cela à l’esprit, Paul traite de la doctrine du corps du croyant.

A. La Liberté du Corps du Croyant

“Tout m’est permis, mais tout ne m’est pas utile.” (1 Corinthiens 6:12, 13). Paul introduit le sujet de la liberté du corps du croyant en citant deux proverbes ou slogans qui exigent notre attention très accentuée. C’est parfaitement vrai que le Chrétien est “appélé à la liberté;” mais il est également vrai que nous ne devons pas utiliser cette liberté comme une occasion pour la chaire” (Galates 5:13). La liberté chrétienne n’est pas le désir de faire ce nous voulons, mais plutôt le pouvoir de faire ce que nous devons faire. Ainsi, Paul nous dit deux choses concernant la liberté chrétienne:

1) La Liberté Chrétienne est Divinement Gardée. “Tout m’est permis, mais tout ne m’est pas utile. Tout m’est permis, mais je ne me laisserai asservir par quoi que ce soit” (1 Corinthiens 6:12). Ce que Paul dit ici, c’est que parce que nous ne sommes plus sous la loi mais sous la grâce, nous sommes des hommes et des femmes libres, mais une telle liberté ne justifie en aucune manière l’anarchie, “car toute uniquité est un péché…” (1 Jean 5:17). Pour ce faire, même si le Chrétien est libre d’utiliser son corps, il doit respecter deux principes gardiens.

La première est que même si toutes choses sont permises, toutes ne sont pas oportunes. Le mot “opportun” signifie “ce qui est utile aux autres.” Nous pouvons voir quel contrôle cela impose à notre comportement de Chrétien, parce qu’il est clair que si tout ce que nous faisons avec et par notre corps est utile aux autres, nous ne devons jamais être coupables de prostituer notre liberté Chrétienne.

Le deuxième principe est simplement aussi fort. Paul déclare, “tout m’est permis, mais je ne me laisserai asservir par quoique ce soit” (1 Corinthiens 6:12). Si le premier principe nous relie aux autres, le second nous concerne nous-mêmes. Tout ce que nous faisons qui a tendance à nous asservir n’est pas de la liberté, mais de la servitude. Nous abusons de notre liberté, si en l’utilisant, nous dimunions le fruit de la maîtrise de soi.

Nous entendons beaucoup parler “d’amour libre” de nos jours, mais si seulement les gens qui parlent ainsi savaient de quoi il s’agissait, ils se rendraient compte qu’ils sont esclaves de ce dont ils revendiquent comme liberté. Prenez garde que votre liberté ne devienne de la servitude. Ainsi, nous voyons que la vraie liberté Chrétienne est divinement gardée, mais notez en plus:

2) La Liberté Chrétienne est Divinement Guidée. “Les aliments sont pour le ventre et le ventre pour les aliments; et Dieu détruira l’un comme l’autre. Mais le corps n’est pas pour l’impudicité. Il est pour le Seigneur, et le Seigneur pour le corps” (1 Corinthiens 6:13). Voici un second slogan que Paul utilise pour illustrer sa doctrine de la liberté Chrétienne. Les gens argumentent que puisque les aliments sont pour le ventre et le ventre pour les aliments, de la même manière toute autre faim doit est être satisfaite. Mais, il y a une erreur grave dans cette façon de raisonner. En effet, comme le Bishop Lightfoot l’a dit: “c’est une grande confusion morale.” A la lumière de la sainte loi de Dieu, nous pouvons certainement accepter que les aliments sont essentiels au ventre, mais qui d’entre nous oserais étendre cette déclaration pour ajouter que la fornication est essentiellement pour le corps? Ainsi donc, Paul nous montre qu’autant que la nourriture est pour le ventre, Dieu les détruira tous les deux; parce qu’ils subsistent seulement durant notre vie terrestre.

Mais pour ce qui est du corps du croyant, il en est autrement. Notre corps est conçu pour le Seigneur aussi bien dans le temps présent que dans l’éternité. Comme nous le voyons présentement, il est le véhicule de l’expression divine actuellement, et un jour, il sera revêtu de l’immortalité. Il sera Son instrument de gloire et de service à travers les âges de l’éternité.

Par conséquent, soutenir que tout ce qui se manifeste comme faim doit être satisfait, n’est ni logique, ni biblique. Il est vrai que la nourriture est pour le ventre, mais le corps est pour le Seigneur, et pour cela, il n’est pour aucune forme d’immoralité ou d’impureté. Ainsi, nous concluons que tandis que la liberté du corps du croyant est une bénédiction dont il faut jouir, il faut ajouter que cette liberté est à la foi gardée et guidée. A partir de cet aspect du sujet, Paul procède maintenant à une discussion que nous pouvons appeler:

B. La Sainteté du Corps du coryant

“Et Dieu qui a ressuscité le Seigneur, nous ressuscitera aussi par sa puissance. Ne savez-vous pas que vos corps sont des membres de Christ? … Ne savez-vous pas que vos corps sont le temple du Saint-Esprit qui est en vous, que vous avez reçu de Dieu, et que vous ne vous appartenez point à vous-mêmes?” (1 Corinthiens 6:14, 15, 19). Avec une grande perspicacité, Paul confronte ses lecteurs avec la doctrine de la santeté du corps du croyant. En effet, il exprime son étonnement qu’ils ne soient pas conscients de cette vérité. Ainsi, il demande encore et encore, comme il l’a fait dans les deux chapitres précédents: “Ne savez-vous pas?” (v. 15); “Ne savez-vous pas?” (v. 16); “Ne savez-vous pas?” (v. 19). Oui, le corps du croyant a été sanctifié une fois et pour toujours par:

1) Dieu le Père. “Et Dieu qui a ressuscité le Seigneur, nous ressuscitera aussi par Sa puissance” (1 Corinthiens 6:14). Le Père qui a fait le ventre, va le détruire; mais le Père qui a fait le corps le ressuscitera. La destinée du corps est éternelle. Souvenons-nous que “… Dieu…nous a fait” et non pas nous-mêmes … (Psaumes 100:3). Le Psalmiste nous rappele enore que nous sommes “…une créature merveilleuse” (Psaumes 139:14). Avec toutes les inventions scientifiques autour de nous, rien n’a encore été produit qui puisse être comparer à la merveille que représente le corsp humain. Et Paul nous dit que Celui qui nous a créé, va nous ressusciter. Dans une autre passage, il nous rappelle que “Notre cité à nous, est dans les cieux, d’où nous attendons aussi comme Sauveur le Seigneur Jésus Christ, qui transformera le corps de notre humiliation, en le rendant semblable au corps de Sa gloire …” (Philippiens 3:20, 21). C’est là la destinée suprême de ton corps et du mien, et à la lumière de cela, nous ne pouvons pas, nous n’osons pas prostituer son usage. Dieu a sanctifié notre corps pour toujours par la création, et un jour par la résurrection. Ce qui est plus important, nos corps sont sanctifié par:

2) Dieu le Fils. “Ne savez-vous pas que vos corps sont des membres de Christ? Prendrai-je le donc les membres de Christ pour en faire les membres d’une prostitué? Loin de là!” (1 Corinthiens 6:15). Dans un premier temps nous n’avons pas été “rachetés par des choses périssables,” tells “de l’argent ou de l’or...” (1 Pierre 1:18, 19). En d’autres mots, nous avons été “rachetés et on a payé le prix pour nous” (Bonne vitesse). À la luière de cela, Christ a daigné s’identifier à nous. C’est là toute la signification du verset 15. Littéralement on peut lire: “Ne savez-vous pas que vos corps sont des branches de Christ?” Notre pensée est Sa pensée; nos yeux sont Ses yeux; nos lèvres sont Ses lèvres; nos mains sont ses mains; nos pieds sont ses pieds; nos corps sont vraiment les membres du Seigneur Ressuscité.

Plutard, Paul développe ce thème Glorieux dans le 12ème chapitre, mais il introduit le sujet ici pour montrer l’incompatibilité et l’immoralité du croyant qui utilise les membres de Christ pour un but tout autre que celui voulu par Dieu. En réalité, l’emploi de nos membres pour des pratiques non saintes est décrit dans l’original comme un rapport sexuel illicite, ou un “viol.” Ainsi l’apôtre s’exclame, “…Ne savez-vous pas que celui qui s’attache à une prostitué est un seul corps avec elle? Car il est dit, ‘les deux deviendront une seule chair.’’” (1 Corinthiens 6:16). Comme W.E. Vine l’a souligné, “amener un homme et une femme dans une relation si proche et si puissante pour former un personnalité complexe sur le plan inférieur.

C’est donc cela l’argument que Paul utilise pour souligner la sainteté absolue du corps du croyant. Mais en troisième position, notez que le corps du croyant est sanctifié, non seulement par Dieu le Père et Dieu le Fils, mais aussi par:

3) Dieu le Saint Esprit. “Ne savez-vous pas que votre corps est le temple du Saint Esprit, qui est en vous, que vous avez reçu de Dieu et que vous ne vous appartenez pas à vous même?” (1 Corinthiens 6:19). Les Corinthiens on dû comprendre plus promptement ce que Paul a voulu dire par cette déclaration. Il y avait des temples pour chaque déité païen à Corinthe. Beaucoup de ces temples étaient associés à des praiques immorales; mais dans ce contexte précis, Paul introduit un nouveau concept de la vie. Il dit: “Ne savez-vous pas que votre corps st le temple du Saint Esprit?” En Grec, l’accent est mis sur le mot “Saint.” Le temple de Dieu où Il demeure par le Saint Esprit, n’est pas seulement l’église en tant que corporation, mais ton corps et le mien individuellement. Donc, bien que vous pensez que votre corps vous appartient, en réalité, il ne vous appartient pas: il appartient à Dieu. Apprécier correctement cette vérité étonnante révolutionnera notre manière de vivre. En réalité, cela donne une dignité à l’ensemble de la vie tel que rien d’autre ne le peut. Où que nous allions et quoique nous fassions, nous sommes les porteurs du Saint Esprit. Cela nessecite l’évacuation de toute conduite qui n’est pas appropriée au royaume de Dieu. Certainement, la fornication serait impensable. Mais le principe impliqué a une application bien plus large. Rien qui pourrait être de travers dans le temple de Dieu pourrait nous empêcher de devenir de enfant de Dieu.

C. La Pureté du Corps du Croyant

“Fuyez l’impudicité. Quelque autre péché qu’un homme commette, ce péché est hors de son corps, mais celui qui se livre à l’impudicité pèche contre son propre corps …Car vous avez été racheté à un grand prix. Glorifiez donc Dieu dans votre corps et dans votre esprit qui appartiennent à Dieu” (1 Corinthiens 6:18, 20). Les deux exhortations opératoires dans ces verset sont “fuyez l’impudicité” et “glorifiez Dieu.” L’une est négative et l’autre positive. Ainsi, pour maintenir la pureté du corps du croyant, il doit y avoir:

1) Un Evitement Total du Péché. “Fuyez l’impudicité…” (1 Corinthiens 6:18). Le verbe à l’impératif présent indique une action habituelle. Littéralement on pourrait lire: “Faites de ‘fuire’ votre habitude.” C’est la seule manière de traiter le péché. Quand la tentation vient se présenter, vous ne devez pas vous arrêter pour débatre, argumenter ou même permettre aux pensée impures de prendre racine dans votre esprit. En temps d’atttaque satanique, le mot qui vaille est “fuir.” L’une des illustrations les plus belles vivantes se trouve dans le vie de Joseph. Vous vous souviendrez que dans la cour de Potiphar, lorsque la maîtresse de la maison a essayé de le séduire pour qu’il pèche, il s’est exclamé: “…comment ferais-je un aussi grand mal et péchérais-je contre Dieu?” (Genèse 39:9), et instantanément, il a pris le fuite et est sorti de la maison (v. 12).

Pour renforcer son point de vue, Paul ajoute que contrairement aux autres péchés, l’immoralité est un péché contre le corps. “Quelque péché qu’un homme commette, ce péché est hors de son corps, mais celui qui se livre à l’impudicité pèche contre son propre corps …” (1 Corinthiens 6:18). La raison en est que l’immoralité de ce genre est une offense contre la personnalité d’un homme ou d’une femme. De plus, ce péché particulier dévie le corps de son but divin. Ainsi Paul dit, “Fuyez l’impudicité:” et à un autre endroit il dit: “n’ayez pas soin de la chair pour en satisfaire les désirs (Romains 13:14). Cela veut simplement dire, “N’y pensez pas” et ne faites pas des calculs pour faire du péché une possibilité, ni même une réalité.”

C’est un exhortation négative. L’exhortation positive implique:

2) Une allégeance totale à Dieu. “…glorifiez Dieu dans votre corps …” (1 Corinthiens 6:20). Notez que ce commandement est lié immédiatement avec le sacrifice de Jésus Christ qui rachète. Paul dit: “…vous avez été racheté à un grand prix; pour cela, glorifiez Dieu dans vos corps …” (v. 20). Glorifier Christ dans nos corps est non seulement une obligation, mais aussi une gratitude et une dévotion à Celui qui a donné Sa vie, pour que, ayant été libérés de la servitude de satan, nous manifestions par notre corps mortel toute la gloire du Père, du Fils et du Saint Esprit en nous. La gloire éclatante de son caratère, et si nos corps sont complètement possédés et controlés par la gloire Dieu habite en nous, là il y a une pureté qui sera vue et sentie. C’est ce que le Psalmiste appelle “la beauté de sa sainteté.” Dans leur chute, Adam et Eve n’étaient pas couverts de cette gloire, mais ils l’ont perdu quand ils ont changé l’objet de leur confiance de Dieu pour le fixer sur eux-même. L’ayant perdu, ils ont su pour la première fois qu’ils étaient nus. Comme c’est merveilleux de savoir que même dans ces corps déchus qui sont les nôtres, Jésus Christ peut être magnifiés jour après jour, que ce soit par la vie ou par la mort (Philippiens 1:20). C’est cette pureté qui convainc le monde pécheur et qui convainc l’âme à la recherche de la vérité. C’est une pureté qui donne la preuve que nous sommes avec Christ et que nous apprenons de Lui.

Conclusion:

C’est là donc que se trouve la doctrine biblique du corps du croyant. Il y a une liberté du corps qui est divinement gardée et guidée. Il y a une sainteté du corps qui est consacrée par la le Père, le Fils et le Saint Esprit, et par conséquent, il y a une pureté du corps, qui est caractérisée par un évitement total du péché et une totale allégeance à Dieu. Personne ne peut voir une vie vraiment pure sans savoir que cet homme ou cette femme est consacré(e) à Dieu.

La seule manière dont nous pouvons conclure notre étude sur ce sujet c’est de nous rappeler cette grande parole de l’apôtre, qui l’a écrite au croyants à Rome: “Je vous exhorte donc, frères, par les compassions de Dieu, à offrir vos corps comme un sacrifice vivant, saint, agréable à Dieu, ce qui sera de votre part un culte raisonnable” (Romains 12:1).

III. Plan du Message

Pour écouter la version audio de ces message, cliquez sur ces liens: Link 1 - Rév. 2:12-13; Link 2 - Rév. 2:14-15; Link 3 - Rév. 2:16; Link 4 - Rév. 2:17

Titre: Lettres au Sept Eglise: Pergam – Perséverant mais Compromettant

Thème: Tenir bon pour la vérité dans une culture de la compromission

Point #1: Christ commande la fidélité (13)

Point #2: Christ comdamne la compromission (14-15)

Point #3: Christ commande la repentance (16)

Point #4: Christ apporte une promesse (17)


1 Duvall and Hays, Grasping God’s Word, 187.

2 Charles Ryrie, The Essentials of Dispensationalism” (Israel My Glory, May/June 2007), 29.

Related Topics: Pastors

Jurnalul Electronic Al Păstorilor, Rom Ed 35, Editia de primăvară 2020

A ministry of…

Author: Dr. Roger Pascoe, President,
Email: [email protected]

I. Consolidarea interpretării biblice
„Cum să citim și să înțelegem Biblia” (Partea a 2-a)

Introducere

Deși interpretarea biblică („hermeneutica”) este un subiect vast și uneori poate fi destul de complicat, este deosebit de important pentru noi să îl studiem pentru a putea predica Cuvântul în mod corect și clar și pentru a putea transmite ceea ce el spune și înseamnă, precum și modul în care se aplică la viețile noastre.

Studiind Scriptura, întâlnim adesea expresii, fraze și texte greu de înțeles și de interpretat pentru a afla ce a vrut să transmită autorul inspirat. Tocmai pentru aceste situații avem nevoie de reguli și principii care ne ajută să înțelegem un text cât mai bine cu putință, ținând cont de faptul că noi trăim într-o altă epocă, într-o cultură total diferită și vorbim o cu totul altă limbă.

În prima parte a capitolului „Cum să citim și să înțelegem Biblia” (vezi Ediția de iarnă, 2020, a acestui jurnal), am discutat despre:

1. Trei sarcini de bază în procesul de interpretare biblică:

(a) Determină sensul exact al textului (exegeză);

(b) Aplică principii corecte de interpretare a textului (hermeneutică);

(c) Fă legătura între textul antic, limba, cultura și destinatarii de atunci și limba, cultura și ascultătorii din zilele noastre.

2. Două întrebări hermeneutice importante:

(a) Autorii inspirați ai Vechiului Testament au înțeles pe deplin lucrurile despre care scriau?

(b) Autorii inspirați ai Noului Testament au înțeles pe deplin lucrurile despre care scriau?

Acum, în partea a doua a acestui capitol, continuăm să privim la alte aspecte importante ale interpretării biblice.

A. Interpretarea literală

Unii spun că nu poți interpreta Biblia literal pentru că (1) Biblia folosește figuri de stil (metafore, hiperbole etc.) și (2) pentru că Biblia folosește limbaj poetic, precum și alte genuri literare care nu pot fi interpretate literal (ex. genul apocaliptic). Aceasta este o încercare de a diminua adevărul Bibliei. Noi, de fapt, interpretăm Biblia folosind aceleași principii pe care le folosim și în cazul altor texte literare.

Ce înseamnă „literal”? Dacă „literal” înseamnă o traducere rigidă cuvânt cu cuvânt, ce nu ține cont de limbajul figurat sau metaforic, atunci „nu”, nu interpretăm Biblia în mod literal. Însă dacă interpretarea „literală” înseamnă că luăm Biblia în serios; că noi credem că tot ceea ce ea afirmă este adevărat și că relatările sale sunt precise; că citim și interpretăm Biblia conform cu sensul său propriu și direct și cu intenția autorilor inspirați (ținând cont de stilul lor literar, de procedeele stilistice, genul literar folosit, gramatică, sensul cuvintelor în momentul scrierii, precum și de contextul istoric, economic, social, geografic și politic la momentul scrierii), atunci „da”, citim și interpretăm Biblia în mod literal.

Poate că ar fi mai bine să spunem sensul „literar” decât sensul „literal”. Sensul literar este o interpretare care „… reflectă tipul de literatură folosit, contextul, gramatica, contextul istoric și sensul cuvintelor” 1 – adică se bazează pe metoda de interpretare „gramatical-contextual-teologică”. Sau, am putea spune că sensul literar este o „interpretare care nu spiritualizează sau alegorizează” 2 ceea ce autorul nu a vrut să fie spiritualizat sau alegorizat – adică sensul „propriu”.

Interpretarea literală, prin urmare, înseamnă să interpretăm Biblia conform cu sensul său literal / literar – adică așa cum interpretăm orice scriere literară, „conform cu regulile obișnuite de gramatică, de vorbire, sintaxă și context.” 3 Interpretarea literală nu exclude, așadar, folosirea figurilor de stil sau a ilustrațiilor, nici a genurilor literare bazate pe imaginar sau pe simboluri ilustrative (ex. genul apocaliptic). Interpretarea literală nu exclude interpretarea obișnuită bazată pe o citire naturală (normală, simplă) a textului. Un prieten de-al meu, pastor, spunea: „Când sensul propriu are sens, atunci orice alt sens este nonsens.”

Interpretarea literală se află în opoziție față de alte metode de interpretare, cum ar fi alegorizarea, spiritualizarea, moralizarea și interpretarea pe baza tipologiilor. Sau, cu alte cuvinte, în spatele mijloacelor literare, a imaginilor, genurilor literare și a stilului folosit de autorul biblic se află o idee sau un concept. Și asta căutăm noi atunci când citim Biblia.

Deși Biblia este o carte unică, pentru că este inspirată de Duhul Sfânt, aceasta nu schimbă faptul că ea este folosește cuvinte din limbajul uman obișnuit și structuri gramaticale obișnuite. Prin urmare, felul în care o înțelegem se bazează pe aceleași reguli pe care le aplicăm atunci când citim și interpretăm orice altă piesă literară. Interpretarea literală nu înseamnă că aderăm la o literalitate „de lemn”, care pune textul biblic într-o cămașă de forță, ce ar putea să-l facă neinteligibil.

De aceea este atât de importantă metoda de studiere „gramatical-contextual-teologică”. Atunci când încerci să interpretezi textul în mod literal, trebuie să poți identifica: (a) diferitele componente gramaticale ale textului; (b) ideea sa teologică; (c) contextul său; și (d) genul său literar și procedeele stilistice folosite. Toate aceste aspecte au un impact asupra înțelegerii și interpretării textului. 

Așadar, pentru a interpreta Biblia în mod corect, trebuie să analizăm și să înțelegem...

1. Gramatica – diferite structuri sintactice (propoziții și fraze) și cuvinte folosite – tipul lor și partea de vorbire (ex. substantiv, verb etc.), forma (ex. cazul; timpul verbal) și înțelesul lor.

2. Teologia. Ce spune autorul despre Dumnezeu (scopurile, caracterul, natura, planurile Lui etc.) și despre relația noastră cu Dumnezeu?

3. Contextul – istoric, politic, economic, social și cultural.

4. Genul literar și procedeele stilistice – stilul scrierii și figurile de stil.

Toată această analiză are un impact asupra modului în care înțelegem ideile (adevărul, teologia) pe care autorul inspirat a vrut să le transmită și este parte integrantă a procesului de interpretare literară.

B.  Cum interpretăm anumite genuri literare și procedee stilistice

Fără îndoială, interpretarea oricărei scrieri este puternic influențată de genul său literar și tot așa este și cu Biblia, care conține multe genuri literare diferite. Genul literar se referă la stilul în care este scris un text, și poate fi proză, poezie, proverb, gen epistolar, apocaliptic, evanghelie (care are pilda ca subcategorie), narațiune istorică, profetică etc.

Un text este interpretat în funcție de genul său literar. Dacă este scris, de exemplu, în limbaj apocaliptic, cu tot felul de imagini grozave, aproape halucinante și cu descrieri de scene escatologice, atunci textul trebuie interpretat în lumina aceasta.

Însă dacă identificăm genul literar al unui text, aceasta nu înseamnă că interpretarea devine evidentă. De exemplu, genul literar nu rezolvă problema istoricității. Cartea lui Iona este un exemplu grăitor. Cartea lui Iona este parțial o narațiune istorică, însă capitolul 2 este scris sub formă de poezie; din această cauză, părerile teologilor au fost împărțite, unii considerând că este o narațiune istorică, pe când alții au considerat că este doar o descriere alegorică a experienței lui Iona, capitolul poetic fiind rugăciunea de mulțumire a lui Iona. Bineînțeles, pentru necredincioșii care nu cred în miracole, capitolul poetic este o scuză pentru a arunca peste bord întreaga relatare istorică a cărții.

Pe lângă genurile literare, trebuie să recunoaștem procedeele stilistice folosite de autor, cum ar fi figurile de stil (metafora, comparația, hiperbola). Când sunt folosite, aceste procedee stilistice influențează modul în care interpretăm și înțelegem textul.

C.  Un singur sens; mai multe aplicații

Vă rog să vă notați acest principiu: „Un singur sens; mai multe aplicații.” Credem că orice text din Scriptură are un singur sens, nu mai multe, atunci când este citit și interpretat așa cum a fost scris și intenționat de autor. Un text nu poate însemna ceva pentru tine și altceva pentru mine. Ce e scris, e scris. Orice text din Scriptură are un singur înțeles pentru totdeauna. Poate că există mai multe opțiuni de interpretare din cauza limitărilor ce apar în procesul de traducere și comunicare în scris, însă există un singur sens pe care autorul textului a vrut să îl transmită. Orice text din Scriptură poate să aibă, însă, mai multe aplicații. Din acel sens unic al textului biblic putem deriva mai multe aplicații, care au impact asupra comportamentului nostru, asupra vorbirii, asupra relațiilor noastre etc.

Să mai observăm un lucru: Datorită naturii progresive a revelației biblice, noi putem descoperi sensuri extinse și mai profunde ale textului, care nu au fost cunoscute de autorii inspirați și nici de destinatarii lor inițiali. Aceasta nu schimbă sensul original, ci îl dezvoltă.

Trebuie să ținem minte că, deși Biblia are mai mulți autori umani, totuși există un singur Autor Divin. Prin urmare, lucrurile care nu au fost cunoscute sau intenționate de autorul uman, au fost cunoscute și intenționate de Autorul Divin. Însă trebuie să avem o bază biblică atunci când atribuim Duhului Sfânt o semnificație extinsă, mai clară și mai profundă decât cea cunoscută de autorii umani. (Pentru mai multe informații, vezi Ediția de iarnă, 2020, a acestui jurnal.)

D. Impactul culturii asupra înțelegerii noastre

Unii teologi și predicatori încearcă să modernizeze Biblia, interpretând-o în lumina semnificației contemporane a cuvintelor și a standardelor culturale contemporane. Astfel ei reinterpretează, practic, Biblia și îi conferă semnificația pe care ei vor să o aibă astăzi. Însă Biblia nu a fost scrisă în zilele noastre, iar învățăturile ei nu trebuie schimbate pentru a se potrivi cu etica și practicile contemporane.

Totuși, trebuie să recunoaștem că Biblia conține multe practici antice care sunt ciudate pentru noi (ca să nu spunem mai mult) și care nu au nici un sens în cultura noastră. Așadar, provocarea pentru noi este, pe de o parte, să nu interpretăm Biblia astfel încât să fie relevantă în cultura noastră, ci, pe de altă parte, să facem diferența dintre principiile universale ale Bibliei (care se aplică tuturor oamenilor din toate timpurile și din toate vremurile) și practicile sale antice (care se limitează la cultura antică respectivă).

Totuși, la ce ne referim atunci când folosim termenul „cultură”? Cultura oricărei societăți este, esențialmente, modul în care se fac lucrurile și se exprimă atitudinile în respectiva societate, mod care s-a dezvoltat în timp. Mediul acesta poate că s-a dezvoltat în modul respectiv datorită unor decizii luate în trecut, datorită unor oameni cu influență, datorită unor crize sau unor situații care au avut loc, datorită felului în care a decurs istoria sa, datorită principiilor adoptate etc. Personalitatea și caracterul societății sunt exprimate prin valorile, prioritățile, activitățile sale, prin ceea ce agreează sau nu agreează, prin stilul de conducere, prin ceea ce susține, prin felul în care reacționează, prin rațiunea existenței sale, prin ceea ce crede etc.

Familiile au o cultură proprie. Acolo dobândim cele mai timpurii și poate cele mai adânc înrădăcinate convingeri despre viață și comportament, despre valori, priorități, relații (ex. relația cu părinții și cu frații), concepția despre lume și viață. Guvernul are o cultură; biserica ta are o cultură; locul tău de muncă are o cultură. Toată această condiționare culturală afectează modul în care citim, interpretăm și aplicăm Biblia.

1.  Cultura antică

Una dintre provocările pe care le întâmpinăm în interpretarea Scripturii este să înțelegem ce practici reflectă doar societatea antică (i.e. practici culturale) și se aplică doar la aceasta și care se aplică în toate vremurile (i.e. practici transculturale).

Întrebarea prioritară este: „Cum aplicăm Scriptura?” Din toate poruncile și practicile pe care le citim în Biblie, care se aplică și astăzi și pe care ar trebui să le practicăm și noi? Iar acestea ar trebui practicate ca în cultura antică sau într-o formă modificată?

Câteva exemple din VT

(a) Zeciuiala – zeciuielile agricole (Lev. 27:30-33); zeciuielile pentru leviți și pentru munca preoțească de la cort (Num. 18:21 și urm.); zeciuiala agricolă și preoțească anuală (Deut. 14:22 și urm.); zeciuielile pentru levit, pentru străin, orfan și văduvă (Deut. 26:12 15).

(b) Violul – ex. Deut. 22:28-29. Reglementarea aceasta este valabilă și astăzi? Adică, dacă cineva violează o fată, trebuie doar ca violatorul să îi plătească tatălui fetei 50 șecheli de argint și să se căsătorească cu ea?

(c) Homosexualitatea – ex. Lev. 18:22. Această poruncă din VT împotriva homosexualității trebuie respectată și astăzi?

(d)  Zoofilia – ex. Lev. 18:23. În zilele noastre este imoral ca un om să aibă relații sexuale cu animale?

(e)  Hainele din materiale diferite – ex. Lev. 19:19. Este obligatoriu și pentru noi astăzi să nu purtăm haine confecționate din materiale diferite, cum ar fi din lână și in?

(f)  Legea sabatului – ex. Ex. 20:9-10. Literalmente trebuie „să nu facem nicio lucrare” în ziua de sabat? Dacă da, care este definiția termenului „lucrare”? Care zi este sabatul pentru noi? Ce a vrut să spună Isus atunci când a zis: „Sabatul a fost făcut pentru om, nu omul pentru Sabat” (Mc. 2:27)?

(g)  Circumcizia – ex. Gen. 17:10. Circumcizia este o practică religioasă care ni se cere și nouă astăzi?

(h)  Tatuajele – ex. Lev. 19:28. Trebuie să respectăm și noi interdicția împotriva tatuajelor pe corp?

(i)  Stiluri de îmbrăcăminte – ex. Deut. 22:5: „Femeia să nu se îmbrace cu haine bărbătești, iar bărbatul să nu se îmbrace cu îmbrăcăminte femeiască.” La ce îmbrăcăminte se referă? Pentru cine este obligatorie această poruncă, de ce și în ce fel?

Câteva exemple din N.T.

(a)  Acoperirea capului la femei și descoperirea capului la bărbați (1 Cor. 11:1-16). În zilele noastre, femeile trebuie să își acopere literalmente capul la închinare sau este un principiu aici care ar fi mai bine exprimat într-un alt mod în cultura noastră? Cu alte cuvinte, acoperirea capului era doar o expresie culturală din vremea aceea a unui principiu care astăzi ar fi mai bine exprimat într-un alt mod?

(b)  Tăcerea femeilor în biserică (1 Tim. 2:11-15; 1 Cor. 14:34). Învățătura lui Pavel cu privire la „tăcerea” femeilor în biserică este un principiu cultural sau transcultural?  Este o învățătură specifică și se referă numai la femeile dintr-o anumită biserică (ex. biserica din Efes) pentru a opri pălăvrăgeala lor prin care deranjau serviciile bisericii? Sau este o practică ce se aplică tuturor femeilor din toate timpurile? Dacă tăcerea în sine este o reflecție a modului în care se practica un anumit principiu în lumea antică, care este principiul acela și cum ar trebui să-l aplicăm în cultura noastră?

(c) Supunerea soțiilor față de soții lor (Ef. 5:22). Cum trebuie să aplicăm învățătura lui Petru, conform căreia soțiile trebuie să se supună soților lor „precum Sara, care l-a ascultat pe Avraam și l-a numit domn” (1 Pet. 3:5-6)?

(d) Rugăciunea cu mâinile ridicate (1 Tim. 2:8). Porunca lui Pavel este culturală sau transculturală?

(e) Evanghelism  (Lc. 10:4). Trebuie literalmente „să nu luați cu voi nici pungă cu bani, nici traistă, nici sandale, și să nu salutați pe nimeni pe drum”? Sau Isus afirmă un principiu care trebuie exprimat în mod adecvat în cultura noastră?

(f) Salutarea cu o sărutare sfântă (1 Cor. 16:20). Trebuie să ne salutăm așa astăzi? Dacă da, cum ar privi lumea doi bărbați care se sărută?  Sau un bărbat sărutând o femeie care nu este soția lui? Sau două femei care se sărută?

(g) A bea vin (1 Tim. 5:23). Învățătura lui Pavel pentru Timotei: „…folosește și puțin vin, din pricina stomacului tău și a deselor tale îmbolnăviri” este o cerință și pentru noi?  Este un tratament medical standard? Sau este o învățătură ce se adresează doar lui Timotei?

(h)  Ungerea cu untdelemn (Iacov 5:14; Mc. 6:13). Ni se cere să practicăm și noi ungerea bolnavilor cu untdelemn? Dacă da, care este scopul și semnificația acestei practici? Este o practică medicală sau religioasă?

(i)  A vinde averile și a da banii săracilor (Lc. 12:33). Cum aplicăm astăzi învățătura lui Isus?

(j)  Părul lung la bărbat este o rușine (1 Cor. 11:14). Care este definiția părului lung? Cum practicăm astăzi lucrul acesta?

Concluzii

Acele aspecte ale învățăturilor biblice care reflectă practici culturale antice trebuie analizate pentru a determina:

1. Ce principiu neschimbător se află în spatele lor? Nu uita: Atunci când pregătim o predică, printre primele lucruri pe care le căutăm sunt adevărurile universale, principiile neschimbătoare. Acestea sunt punctele principale ale predicii.

2. Cum trebuie practicat acel principiu astăzi? Întreaga Biblie a fost scrisă de oameni din trecut, care au folosit limbajul, imaginile și cultura din zilele lor (adresându-se anumitor oameni și tratând anumite situații dintr-un moment anume), prin urmare elementul cultural este, cu siguranță, foarte puternic. Sarcina noastră este să aflăm dacă Biblia spune că acea practică culturală în sine este norma pentru toate vremurile sau dacă principiul din spatele practicii respective este, de fapt, norma pentru toate vremurile.

2. Cultura noastră contemporană

Pe lângă faptul că trebuie să identificăm impactul culturii antice asupra autorilor biblici, trebuie să identificăm și condiționarea noastră culturală atunci când citim Biblia. Trebuie să recunoaștem că, atunci când o citim și o interpretăm, înțelegerea noastră este condiționată de cultura în care trăim. De aceea oamenii din alte culturi adesea citesc părți din Biblie având o înțelegere diferită de a noastră.

Câțiva factori contemporani care influențează în mare măsură modul în care înțelegem textele antice sunt următorii: (a) metodele contemporane de comunicare (ex. telefon, e-mail, ziare etc.); (b) călătoritul (ex. avioane); (c) stilul de viață (ex. individualism și materialism); (d) îmbrăcămintea; (e) concepția despre lume și viață.

Atunci când studiem Biblia, pregătindu-ne să predicăm sau să dăm învățătură, trebuie să căutăm să o citim ca un cititor imparțial (deși probabil nu este posibil pe de-a-ntregul). De aceea, trebuie să ne disciplinăm în procesul de „exegeză” (prin care aducem la suprafață ceea ce se află în text), și nu în cel de „eisegeză” (prin care citim în text ceva ce nu există acolo). Acesta este motivul pentru care trebuie să urmăm anumite principii de bază în interpretare, pe care încerc să le explic în această serie de articole reunite sub titlul „Consolidarea interpretării biblice: Cum să citim și să înțelegem Biblia”. Seria va continua în următoarea ediție a acestui jurnal.

II. Limitele libertății creștine

1 Corinteni 6:12-20

De: Dr. Stephen F. Olford

Aceasta este o continuare a seriei întrerupte în ediția de iarnă, 2019, a acestui jurnal.

Introducere

Cea de-a treia neorânduială specifică bisericii din Corint era necurăția. Această problemă a luat naștere din învățătura larg răspândită pe atunci cu privire la trupul omenesc. Grecii întotdeauna au disprețuit trupul. Aveau chiar un proverb care spunea: „Trupul este un mormânt.” Elementele importante ale personalității umane erau sufletul și spiritul, în timp ce trupul nu avea nicio importanță.

Acest mod de gândire a dus la două tipuri de comportament. Primul tip a fost un ascetism foarte strict, care urmărea supunerea și umilirea dorințelor și instinctelor trupești. Cel de-al doilea tip de comportament, larg răspândit în orașul Corint, era folosirea trupului ca mijloc de satisfacere a tuturor poftelor sale la maxim. Această filozofie de viață era întărită de o interpretare greșită a învățăturii creștine cu privire la libertatea creștinului, predicată de Pavel. Ca urmare, imoralitatea orașului Corint pătrunsese și în viața bisericii. Cu aceste lucruri în minte, Pavel se adresează bisericii pe tema învățăturii despre trupul credinciosului.

A. Libertatea credinciosului cu privire la trupul său

„Toate lucrurile îmi sunt îngăduite, dar nu toate sunt de folos” (1 Corinteni 6:12, 13).  Pavel introduce subiectul libertății trupului credinciosului, citând două proverbe sau slogane, care ne solicită o atenție sporită. Este perfect adevărat faptul că creștinul este „chemat la slobozenie”, însă la fel de adevărat este faptul că nu trebuie să folosiți această libertate ca „o pricină ca să trăiți pentru firea pământească” (Galateni 5:13). Libertatea creștină nu este dorința de a face ceea ce vrem, ci mai degrabă puterea de a face ceea ce trebuie. Așa că Pavel ne spune două lucruri despre libertatea creștină:

1) Libertatea creștină este păzită în mod divin. „Toate lucrurile îmi sunt îngăduite, dar nu toate sunt de folos; toate lucrurile îmi sunt îngăduite, dar nimic nu trebuie să pună stăpânire pe mine” (1 Corinteni 6:12).  Ceea ce spune Pavel aici este că, deoarece nu mai suntem sub lege, ci sub har, suntem oameni liberi, dar că această libertate nu justifică în niciun fel nelegiuirea, căci „orice nelegiuire este păcat…” (1 Ioan 5:17).  Așadar, deși creștinul este liber să își folosească trupul, totuși trebuie să respecte două principii călăuzitoare.

Primul principiu este că, deși toate lucrurile sunt îngăduite, nu toate sunt de folos, iar sensul expresiei „de folos” este „a fi de ajutor altor oameni”. Ne putem da imediat seama ce restricție impune acest lucru asupra comportamentului creștin, căci este evident că, dacă tot ce facem cu și prin trupurile noastre este pentru a-i ajuta pe alții, nu ne vom face vinovați niciodată de pângărirea libertății creștine.

Cel de-al doilea principiu este la fel de puternic.  Pavel spune: „… toate lucrurile îmi sunt îngăduite, dar nimic nu trebuie să pună stăpânire pe mine.” (1 Corinteni 6:12).  Dacă primul principiu are de-a face cu ceilalți, cel de-al doilea are de-a face cu noi înșine. Tot ceea ce facem și are tendința de a pune stăpânire pe noi nu este libertate, ci sclavie. Facem abuz de libertatea noastră dacă, atunci când facem uz de ea, ne diminuăm rodul spiritual al înfrânării.

Auzim astăzi adesea vorbindu-se despre „dragostea liberă”, însă dacă oamenii care vorbesc despre asta ar înțelege cum stau cu adevărat lucrurile, și-ar da seama că sunt sclavii acelor lucruri pe care susțin că au libertatea să le facă. Ai grijă ca libertatea ta să nu devină sclavie! Așadar, vedem că adevărata libertate creștină este păzită în mod divin, însă observăm mai departe că…

2) Libertatea creștină este călăuzită în mod divin. „Mâncărurile sunt pentru pântece și pântecele este pentru mâncăruri. Și Dumnezeu va nimici și pe unul, și pe celelalte. Dar trupul nu este pentru curvie: el este pentru Domnul și Domnul este pentru trup.” (1 Corinteni 6:13).  Aici apare cel de-al doilea slogan folosit de Pavel pentru a ilustra învățătura despre libertatea creștină. Oamenii spun că dacă mâncarea este pentru stomac și stomacul pentru mâncare, orice altă foame trebuie astâmpărată în același fel. Însă există o eroare gravă în această argumentare. Într-adevăr, după cum spune episcopul Lightfoot: „Este o confuzie morală crasă.”  În lumina legii sfinte a lui Dumnezeu, cu siguranță putem accepta faptul că mâncarea este esențială pentru stomac, însă cine ar îndrăzni să extindă această afirmație și să spună că adulterul este esențial pentru trup? De fapt, Pavel ne arată că, în ce privește stomacul și mâncarea, Dumnezeu le va distruge pe ambele; căci ele vor exista numai în timpul vieții noastre pământești.

Însă în ce privește trupul unui credincios, lucrurile stau altfel. Trupul nostru este al Domnului, atât aici, cât și în eternitate. După cum vedem în prezent, trupul este acum un mijloc al exprimării divine și, într-o zi, îmbrăcat în imortalitate, va fi instrumentul Său de glorie și slujire de-a lungul veacurilor veșniciei.

Așadar, a susține că toate poftele sunt egale și trebuie satisfăcute după bunul plac nu este nici logic, nici biblic. Este adevărat că mâncarea este pentru stomac, însă trupul este pentru Domnul și, prin urmare, nu este pentru nicio formă de imoralitate sau necurăție. Astfel, ajungem la concluzia că libertatea credinciosului cu privire la trupul său este o binecuvântare de care ne bucurăm; de asemenea, trebuie să mai spunem că această libertate este atât păzită, cât și călăuzită în mod divin. De la acest aspect al subiectului, Pavel merge apoi mai departe și vorbește despre ceea ce am putea numi:

B. Sacralitatea trupului credinciosului

„Și Dumnezeu, care a înviat pe Domnul, ne va învia și pe noi cu puterea Sa. Nu știți că trupurile voastre sunt mădulare ale lui Hristos? Nu știți că trupul vostru este Templul Duhului Sfânt care locuiește în voi și pe care L-ați primit de la Dumnezeu? Și că voi nu sunteți ai voștri?” (1 Corinteni 6:14, 15, 19).  Cu o gândire pătrunzătoare, Pavel își confruntă cititorii cu învățătura despre sacralitatea trupului credinciosului.  Într-adevăr, își exprimă uimirea că ei nu cunoșteau acest adevăr.  Așa că el întreabă mereu, așa cum a făcut de-a lungul ultimelor două capitole:  „Nu știți?” (v. 15); „Nu știți?” (v. 16); „Nu știți?” (v. 19).  Da, trupul credinciosului a fost sfințit o dată pentru totdeauna de:

1) Dumnezeu Tatăl. „Și Dumnezeu, care a înviat pe Domnul, ne va învia și pe noi cu puterea Sa” (1 Corinteni 6:14).  Tatăl, Cel care a făcut stomacul, îl va și distruge; însă Tatăl, care a făcut trupul, îl va învia.  Destinul trupului este veșnic.  Să ne amintim că „… Dumnezeu… ne-a făcut, ai Lui suntem…” (Psalmul 100:3).  Psalmistul ne amintește mai departe că suntem „…o făptură așa de minunată” (Psalmul 139:14).  Cu toate invențiile științifice din zilele noastre, încă nu a fost făcut nimic care să se poată compara cu minunea trupului omenesc.  Și Pavel ne spune că Cel care ne-a făcut ne va și învia.  Într-un alt loc el ne amintește că „… cetățenia noastră este în ceruri, de unde și așteptăm ca Mântuitor pe Domnul Isus Hristos. El va schimba trupul stării noastre smerite și-l va face asemenea trupului slavei Sale…” (Filipeni 3:20, 21).  Acesta este destinul suprem al trupului meu și al trupului tău și, știind lucrul acesta, nu putem, nu îndrăznim să pângărim modul în care îl folosim.  Dumnezeu a sfințit trupurile noastre prin creație pentru totdeauna, și într-o zi le va sfinți prin înviere.  Mai mult, trupurile noastre sunt sfințite de:

2) Dumnezeu Fiul. „Nu știți că trupurile voastre sunt mădulare ale lui Hristos? Voi lua eu mădularele lui Hristos și voi face din ele mădulare ale unei curve? Nicidecum!” (1 Corinteni 6:15).  În primul rând, „nu cu lucruri pieritoare, cu argint sau cu aur, ați fost răscumpărați … ci cu sângele scump al lui Hristos …” (1 Petru 1:18, 19).  Cu alte cuvinte, am fost cumpărați cu un preț, sau cum spune un comentator: am fost „cumpărați și plătiți” (Goodspeed).  Pentru aceasta, Hristos a binevoit să se identifice cu noi.  Aceasta este semnificația versetului 15.  Versetul spune literalmente: „Nu știți că trupurile voastre sunt mădulare ale lui Hristos?”  Mintea noastră este mintea Lui; ochii noștri sunt ochii Lui; buzele noastre sunt buzele Lui; mâinile noastre sunt mâinile Lui; picioarele noastre sunt picioarele Lui; trupurile noastre sunt mădularele Capului nostru Înviat.

Pavel dezvoltă mai târziu această temă minunată în capitolul 12, însă o introduce aici pentru a arăta incompatibilitatea totală și imoralitatea unui credincios care folosește mădularele lui Hristos pentru orice alt scop decât cel pentru care Dumnezeu le-a făcut. De fapt, folosirea mădularelor noastre pentru lucruri păcătoase este descrisă în original ca relație sexuală ilicită sau „viol”. Așadar, apostolul exclamă: „… Nu știți că cine se lipește de o curvă este un singur trup cu ea? Căci este zis: «Cei doi se vor face un singur trup.»” (1 Corinteni 6:16).  „Adulterul,” după cum arată W. E. Vine, „aduce bărbatul și femeia într-o relație atât de apropiată și puternică încât aceștia formează o persoană complexă la un nivel inferior.”

Acesta este, așadar, argumentul pe care Pavel îl folosește pentru a sublinia sacralitatea trupului credinciosului. Însă, în al treilea rând, să observăm că trupul credinciosului nu este sfințit numai de Dumnezeu Tatăl și Dumnezeu Fiul, ci și de:

3) Dumnezeu Duhul Sfânt. „Nu știți că trupul vostru este Templul Duhului Sfânt care locuiește în voi și pe care L-ați primit de la Dumnezeu? Și că voi nu sunteți ai voștri?” (1 Corinteni 6:19).  Corintenii au înțeles imediat la ce se referea Pavel când a făcut această afirmație. În Corint existau altare pentru fiecare zeitate păgână. Mare parte a închinării în aceste temple era asociată cu practici imorale; însă, chiar în acest context, Pavel introduce un nou concept de viață. El spune: „Nu știți că trupul vostru este Templul Duhului Sfânt?”  În greacă, accentul cade pe cuvântul „Sfânt”. Templul lui Dumnezeu, în care El locuiește prin Duhul Sfânt, nu este doar biserica, ci și trupul tău și trupul meu. Deci, chiar dacă spui că trupul tău este al tău, de fapt nu este chiar al tău, ci Îi aparține lui Dumnezeu. Dacă prețuim acest adevăr remarcabil la adevărata sa valoare, el ne va revoluționa modul de viață. Într-adevăr, lucrul acesta conferă demnitate vieții în totalitatea sa, așa cum nimic n-o poate face. Oriunde mergem și orice facem, noi suntem purtătorii Duhului Sfânt. Aceasta necesită eliminarea oricărui comportament care nu este potrivit pentru Împărăția lui Dumnezeu. Cu siguranță, adulterul este de neconceput. Însă principiul acesta are o aplicabilitate mult mai largă. Orice este nepotrivit în templul lui Dumnezeu devine nepotrivit pentru copilul lui Dumnezeu.

C. Puritatea trupului credinciosului

„Fugiți de curvie! Orice alt păcat pe care-l face omul este un păcat săvârșit afară din trup, dar cine curveşte păcătuiește împotriva trupului său. … Căci ați fost cumpărați cu un preț. Proslăviți dar pe Dumnezeu în trupul și în duhul vostru, care sunt ale lui Dumnezeu” (1 Corinteni 6:18, 20).  Cele două îndemnuri importante din aceste versete sunt: „fugiți de curvie” și „proslăviți pe Dumnezeu.”  Unul este negativ, iar celălalt este pozitiv.  Așadar, pentru a păstra puritatea trupului credinciosului trebuie să existe: 

1) Evitarea totală a păcatului. „Fugiți de curvie…” (1 Corinteni 6:18).  Verbul la imperativ prezent indică o acțiune repetată, constantă. Ar trebui să sune cam așa: „Faceți-vă un obicei din a fugi!” Acesta este singurul mod în care trebuie să tratăm păcatul. Când vine ispita, nu trebuie să te oprești să dezbați, să argumentezi sau să permiți gândurilor necurate să zăbovească în mintea ta. În momentul acela, când te afli sub atacul satanic, ceea ce trebuie să faci este „să fugi”. Una din cele mai frumoase și mai vii ilustrări a acestui adevăr o vedem în viața lui Iosif. Vă amintiți că, pe când se afla în casa lui Potifar, stăpâna casei a căutat să îl seducă și să îl facă să păcătuiască, însă Iosif a exclamat: „… Cum aș putea să fac eu un rău atât de mare și să păcătuiesc împotriva lui Dumnezeu?” (Genesa 39:9) și a fugit din casă chiar în clipa aceea (v. 12).

Pentru a-și întări argumentul, Pavel mai spune că, spre deosebire de alte păcate, imoralitatea este un păcat împotriva trupului.  „Orice alt păcat pe care-l face omul este un păcat săvârșit afară din trup, dar cine curveşte păcătuiește împotriva trupului său…” (1 Corinteni 6:18).  Motivul este că acest tip de imoralitate este o ofensă împotriva persoanei însăși. Mai mult, acest păcat îndepărtează trupul de scopul și destinul său divin. Așa că Pavel spune: „Fugiți de curvie;” și în altă parte: „… nu purtați grijă de firea pământească, pentru ca să-i treziți poftele” (Romani 13:14), care nu înseamnă altceva decât „nu vă îngrijiți și nu luați măsuri pentru a face păcatul posibil sau chiar real.”

Acesta este îndemnul negativ.  Cel pozitiv implică:

2) Supunere totală față de Dumnezeu. „… proslăviți dar pe Dumnezeu în trupul vostru …” (1 Corinteni 6:20).  Observați că această poruncă este strâns legată de jertfa răscumpărătoare a lui Isus Hristos.  Pavel spune: „… ați fost cumpărați cu un preț. Proslăviți dar pe Dumnezeu în trupul vostru…” (v. 20).  A-L glorifica pe Dumnezeu în trupurile noastre nu este o chestiune doar de obligație, ci și de recunoștință și devotament față de Cel care Și-a dat viața, pentru ca, fiind eliberați din robia lui Satan, să putem arăta prin trupurile noastre muritoare toată gloria Tatălui, a Fiului și a Duhului care locuiesc în noi. Gloria este strălucirea caracterului și, când trupurile noastre sunt pe deplin în posesia și sub controlul lui Dumnezeu care locuiește în noi, există o puritate care poate fi atât văzută, cât și simțită.  Este ceea ce psalmistul numește „podoabe sfinte.”  Înainte de căderea în păcat, Adam și Eva erau acoperiți cu gloria aceasta, însă au pierdut-o când nu s-au mai încrezut în Dumnezeu, ci în ei înșiși. După ce au pierdut-o, au cunoscut pentru prima dată că erau goi.  Ce minunat este să știm că și în trupurile noastre supuse slăbiciunii, Isus Hristos poate fi glorificat zi de zi, fie prin viața sau prin moartea noastră (Filipeni 1:20).  Aceasta este puritatea care condamnă lumea păcătoasă și convinge sufletul care caută. Este o puritate care dovedește că am fost cu Isus și am învățat de la El.

Concluzie:

Aceasta este, așadar, învățătura biblică despre trupul credinciosului. Există o libertate a credinciosului cu privire la trupul său, care este păzită și călăuzită în mod divin. Există o sacralitate a trupului, care este dată de Tatăl, Fiul și Duhul Sfânt și, ca urmare, există puritatea trupului, caracterizată de o evitare completă a păcatului și o supunere totală față de Dumnezeu. Oricine va vedea un om trăind o viață curată cu adevărat va ști că acel om este vândut lui Dumnezeu.

Singurul mod în care putem încheia studiul pe această temă este să ne amintim cuvintele apostolului, pe care le-a scris credincioșilor din Roma: „Vă îndemn dar, fraților, pentru îndurarea lui Dumnezeu, să aduceți trupurile voastre ca o jertfă vie, sfântă, plăcută lui Dumnezeu; aceasta va fi din partea voastră o slujbă duhovnicească” (Romani 12:1).

III. Schițe de predici

Pentru versiunea audio a acestor predici în limba engleză, dați click pe link-urile următoare:Link 1 - Rev. 2:12-13; Link 2 - Rev. 2:14-15; Link 3 - Rev. 2:16; Link 4 - Rev. 2:17

Titlu: Scrisori către cele șapte biserici: Pergam – Perseverență și compromis

Subiect: Apărarea adevărului într-o cultură a compromisului

Punctul #1: Hristos laudă credincioșia (13)

Punctul #2: Hristos condamnă compromisul (14-15)

Punctul #3: Hristos poruncește pocăință (16)

Punctul #4: Hristos face o promisiune (17)


1 Duvall și Hays, Grasping God’s Word [Cum să înțelegem Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu], 187.

2 Charles Ryrie, “The Essentials of Dispensationalism [Principiile dispensaționalismului]” (Israel My Glory, May/June 2007), 29.

3 R. C. Sproul, Knowing Scripture [Cunoașterea Scripturii], 48-49.

Related Topics: Pastors

Журнал для пасторов Net, Rus Ed 35, весеннее издание 2020

Служение Библейского Проповедования…

Автор: Проф. Роджер Паскоу, Президент,
Email: [email protected]

I. Усиление библейского толкования
«Как читать и понимать Библию» (Часть 2)

Введение

Хотя тема библейского толкования («герменевтика») обширна и временами может быть несколько сложной, для нас жизненно важно изучить ее, чтобы быть точными и понятными проповедниками Слова, которые добросовестно заявляют, что оно говорит и что означает, и как его применять в нашей жизни.

Так часто, когда мы изучаем Священное Писание, мы сталкиваемся с фразами, предложениями и отрывками, которые трудно понять и толковать относительно того, что первоначальный автор намеревался передать. Именно для этих ситуаций нам нужны толковательные руководящие принципы и принципы, которые помогут нам лучше понять отрывок, который мы можем, учитывая, что мы живем в совершенно другой эпохе и культуре и говорим на совершенно другом языке.

В 1 части издания “Как читать и понимать Библию” (см. зимнее издание журнала 2020), мы обсуждали:

1. Три основных задачи библейского толкования:

a) Определить четкое значение отрывка (экзегезис);

б) Применить нужные принципы толкования к отрывку Писания (герменевтика);

в) Соединить древний текст, язык, культуру и аудиторию нашего времени и наш язык и культуру.

2. Два важных герменевтических вопроса:

а) Осознавали ли авторы Ветхого Завета, о чем писали?

б) Осознавали ли авторы Нового Завета, о чем писали?

Теперь, в этой 2-й части той же темы, мы продолжаем исследовать некоторые другие важные аспекты библейского толкования.

А. Буквальное толкование

Некоторые люди говорят, что вы не можете воспринимать Библию буквально, потому что 1) библия использует переносный смысл (метафора, гипербола и т. д.), и 2) потому что библия использует поэтический язык и другие литературные жанры, которые не могут быть истолкованы буквально ( например, апокалипсис). Это действительно попытка умалить истину Библии. Фактически мы толкуем Библию, используя те же принципы, что и для любой другой литературы.

Что мы подразумеваем под «буквальным»? Если под «буквальным» вы подразумеваете дословный перевод, который не учитывает образный или метафорический язык, то «нет» мы не интерпретируем библию буквально. Но если под «буквальным» вы подразумеваете, что мы принимаем библию за чистую монету; что мы верим, что библия истинна во всем, что она утверждает, и точна во всем, что она записывает; что мы читаем и толкуем библию в соответствии с ее простым, естественным значением и намерениями ее авторов (принимая во внимание их литературный стиль, литературные приемы, литературный жанр, грамматику, значение слов в то время, когда она была написана, и исторический, экономический, социальный, географический и политический контекст, в котором она была написана), тогда «да» мы читаем и толкуем библию буквально.

Вероятно, лучшим термином, чем «буквальное» значение, является «литературное» значение. Литературное значение - это толкование, которое «… отражает тип используемой литературы, контекст, исторический фон, грамматику и значения слов»1, т. е. тот тип, который основан на «грамматически-контекстуально-богословском» методе толкования. Или мы могли бы сказать, что литературное значение - это «толкование, которое не одухотворяет и не делает аллегорий», что автор не намерен одухотворять или делать аллегории2 - то есть либо «нормальное», либо «простое» значение.

Таким образом, буквальное толкование означает толкование библии в соответствии с ее буквальным / литературным смыслом - то есть, как вы толкуете любую литературу, «в соответствии с обычными правилами грамматики, речи, синтаксиса и контекста»3. Таким образом, буквальное толкование не исключает использование типов или иллюстраций; ни литературные жанры, основанные на мнимых или иллюстративных символах (например, апокалиптические). Буквальное толкование не исключает нормального толкования, основанного на естественном (номинальном, простом) прочтении текста. Как говорил мой друг-пастор: «Когда здравый смысл имеет здравый смысл, тогда любой другой смысл - это ерунда».

Буквальное толкование отличается от других толковательных методов, таких как аллегоризация, одухотворение, морализирование и типологизация. Или, другими словами, за литературными приемами, образами, жанрами и стилем, которые мог использовать библейский автор, лежит буквальная идея или концепция. Вот этого мы и ищем, когда читаем библию.

Хотя библия является уникальной книгой в том смысле, что она вдохновлена Святым Духом, она не меняет того факта, что она написана словами обычного человеческого языка и с обычной грамматической конструкцией. Поэтому наше понимание этого основано на тех же правилах, которые мы применили бы к чтению и пониманию любой другой литературы. Буквальное толкование не означает, что мы придерживаемся «деревянного» буквализма, который помещает библейский текст в прямоугольную форму, что может сделать его неразборчивым.

Вот почему так важен «грамматико-контекстуально-богословский» подход к изучению текста. Пытаясь истолковывать текст буквально, вы должны быть в состоянии определить: а) различные грамматические компоненты текста; б) его богословскую направленность; в) его контекст; и г) его литературный жанр и приемы. Все эти аспекты влияют на понимание и толкование.

Поэтому, чтобы правильно истолковать Библию, нам нужно проанализировать и понять ...

1. Грамматику - различные синтаксические структуры (простые предложения и сложные предложения) и используемые слова - их тип и часть речи (например, существительное, глагол и т. д.), Форма (например, падеж; время) и значение.

2. Богословие. Что автор говорит о Боге (его целях, его характере, его природе, его планах и т. д.) и о наших отношениях с Богом?

3. Контекст - исторический, политический, экономический, социальный и культурный.

4. Литературный жанр и приемы - стиль написания и переносный смысл значения слов.

Весь этот анализ влияет на наше понимание идей (истины, богословия), которые первоначальный автор намеревался передать, и является неотъемлемой частью буквального толкования.

Б. Толкование некоторых литературных жанров и приемов

Очевидно, литературный жанр оказывает большое влияние на то, как мы толкуем любой документ, не последним из которых является библия, поскольку он содержит так много разных жанров. Литературный жанр относится к стилю написания отрывка, например, прозе, поэзии, пословице, посланию, апокалипсису, евангелию (с притчей в качестве подкатегории), историческому повествованию, пророческому и т. д.

Литературный жанр влияет на то, как мы толкуем отрывок. Если он написано на апокалиптическом языке, например, со всевозможными дикими, почти галлюцинаторными изображениями и описаниями эсхатологических сцен, то тогда его нужно толковать соответственно.

Однако, определение литературного жанра не обязательно толкует очевидное. Например, литературный жанр не решает проблему историчности содержания текста. Книга Ионы является тому примером. Поскольку часть Ионы написана в историческом повествовании, а другая часть (глава 2) написана в поэтической форме, ученые разделились во мнении, предназначена ли книга для исторического описания или просто для аллегорического изображения опыта Ионы, а также поэтическая глава, которая отражает молитву благодарения Ионы. Конечно, для неверующих, которые не верят в чудеса, поэтическая глава дает им повод не брать в счет историческое повествование всей книги.

В дополнение к литературным жанрам мы должны знать о любых литературных приемах, которые может использовать автор, таких как переносный смысл значения слов, таких, как метафора, сравнение и гипербола. Эти приемы, когда они используются, влияют на то, как мы толкуем и понимаем текст.

В. Одно значение. Многообразные применения

Пожалуйста, обратите внимание на этот принцип: «Одно значение; много применений». Мы считаем, что каждый отрывок из Писания имеет только одно значение, а не множественные значения, когда оно читается и толкуется, как написанное, и как задуманное автором. Это не значит одно - для тебя, а другое - для меня. То, что написано, написано. Любое отдельное Писание имеет только одно значение. У нас может быть много вариантов толкования только из-за ограничений перевода и письменного общения, но есть только одно значение, как задумано первоначальным автором. Однако, у каждого Писания может быть много применений. Исходя из единственного значения отрывка из Писания, мы можем извлечь несколько применений, которые влияют на наше поведение, речь, отношения и т. д.

Но обратите внимание на это уточнение: из-за прогрессивного характера библейского откровения может стать очевидным дальнейшее, более глубокое, расширенное значение, которое не было очевидно для первоначальных авторов и людей того времени. Это не меняет первоначального значения, но расширяет его.

Нам всегда нужно помнить, что, хотя существует множество авторов Библии, существует только один Божественный Автор. Следовательно, то, что, возможно, не было очевидно или предназначено человеческим автором, было очевидно и предназначено Божественным Автором. Но у нас должны быть библейские основания приписывать Святому Духу более полное, расширенное, более ясное значение, чем, возможно, знали человеческие авторы. (Подробнее об этом читайте в. зимнем издании 2020 года в этом журнале).

Г. Влияние культуры на наше понимание

Некоторые библейские теологи и проповедники пытаются осовременить Библию, интерпретируя ее в свете современного значения слов и современных культурных стандартов. Это, по сути, переосмысливает Библию, чтобы означать то, что они хотят, чтобы это означало сегодня. Но Библия не была написана сегодня, и ее учения не должны быть изменены, чтобы соответствовать современной этике и практике.

Тем не менее, мы должны признать, что Библия содержит много древних практик, которые свойственны нам (если не сказать больше) и ничего не значат в нашей культуре. Таким образом, наша задача, с одной стороны, состоит не в том, чтобы толковать Библию, как имеющую отношение к современной культуре, а, с другой стороны, в том, чтобы различать универсальные принципы Библии (которые применимы ко всем людям, во всех культурах, во всех эпохах). и его древние практики (которые были ограничены этой древней культурой).

Во-первых, что мы подразумеваем под «культурой»? Культура любой организации - это, по сути, то, как все делается в ней, или выраженные взгляды, которые сложились со временем. Эта среда, возможно, развивалась благодаря решениям, принятым в прошлом; людям, которые были влиятельными; кризисам, которые могли произойти; истории, которая произошла; ситуациям, которые были испытаны; принципам, которые были приняты и т.д. Это действительно личность и характер организации, выраженной в ее ценностях, приоритетах, симпатиях и антипатиях, деятельности, стиле руководства, о том, что она обозначает, как она реагирует, почему она существует, во что она верит и т. д.

Семьи имеют свою культуру. Именно здесь вы узнаете свои самые ранние и, возможно, самые глубокие убеждения о жизни и поведении, ваши ценности, приоритеты, ваше мировоззрение, ваши отношения (например, с вашими родителями, и братьями, и сестрами). У вашего правительства есть культура; в вашей церкви есть культура; Ваше место работы имеет культуру. Все эти культурные условия влияют на то, как вы читаете, толкуете и применяете Библию.

1. Древняя культура

Одна из проблем библейского толкования состоит в том, чтобы определить, какие практики применимы и отражают только древнее общество (т.е. культурное) и какие практики применимы ко всем возрастам (то есть межкультурным).

Главный вопрос: «Как мы применяем Писание?» Из всех заповедей и практик, которые мы читаем в Библии, какие из них все еще применимы к нам сегодня и должны ли мы их выполнять? И должны ли они практиковаться так же, как в древней культуре или в какой-то измененной форме?

Некоторые примеры из В.З.

a) десятина – десятая часть от урожая (Лев. 27:30-33); десятина для левитов и их священнослужителей в скинии (Чис. 18: 21 и далее); ежегодная сельскохозяйственная и священническая десятина (Втор. 14: 22 и далее); десятина для левита, незнакомца, сироты и вдовы (Втор. 26:12-15).

б) изнасилование – н-р, Втор. 22: 28-29. Действительно ли это требование на сегодняшний день таково, что если кто-то изнасилует девушку, все, что ему нужно сделать, это заплатить ее отцу 50 шекелей серебра и жениться на ней?

в) гомосексуализм – н-р, Левит 18:22. Это В.З. запрет против гомосексуализма, тот, которого мы должны придерживаться сегодня?

г) скотоложство – н-р, Лев. 18:23. Разве сегодня не аморально иметь сексуальные отношения с животными?

д) смешанные ткани одежды – н-р, Лев. 19:19. Обязательно ли для нас сегодня не носить одежду из смешанных тканей, таких как шерстяные и льняные?

е) закон субботы – н-р, Исх. 20:9-10. Должны ли мы в буквальном смысле «не делать никакой работы» в субботу? Если да, то каково определение «работа»? Какой день для нас суббота? Что имел в виду Иисус, когда сказал, что «суббота создана для человека, а не человек для субботы» (Мк. 2:27)?

ж) обрезание – н-р, Быт. 17:10. Является ли обрезание обязательной религиозной практикой для нас?

з) татуировки – н-р, Лев. 19:28. Должен ли соблюдаться запрет на нанесение татуировок на теле?

и) стиль в одежде – н-р, Втор. 22:5, “Женщина не должна носить мужскую одежду, а мужчина не должен носить женскую одежду». К какой одежде это относится? С чем это связано, почему и как это понять?

Некоторые примеры из Н.З.

a) Головные уборы для женщин, а не для мужчин (1 Кор. 11: 1-16). Должны ли женщины сегодня буквально скрывать свои головы в поклонении, или здесь есть принцип, который будет более подходящим образом выражен в нашей культуре по-другому? Другими словами, были ли головные повязки просто культурным выражением того времени и постоянным принципом, который сегодня будет лучше выражен по-другому?

б) Молчание женщин в церкви (1 Тим. 2:11-15; 1 Кор. 14:34). Было ли наставление Павла о том, что женщины «молчат» в церкви, было ли культурным или межкультурным наставлением? Является ли это указанием специальным и только для женщин определенной церкви (например, Ефеса), чтобы они прекратили свои ссоры и беспорядки в церковных службах? Или это практика для всех женщин всех времен? Если само молчание является отражением того, как древний мир практиковал определенный принцип, то какой принцип он демонстрирует и как мы должны применять этот принцип в нашей культуре?

в) Подчинение жен своим мужьям (Еф. 5:22). Как нам применять наставления Петра о том, что жены должны подчиняться своим мужьям «как Сарра повиновалась Аврааму, называя его господином» (1 Пет. 3: 5-6)?

г) Молиться ли с поднятыми руками (1 Тим. 2: 8). Предписание Павла культурно или межкультурно?

д) Евангелизация (Лк. 10: 4). Должны ли мы буквально «не ,брать ни мешка, ни сумы, ни обуви и никого на дороге не приветствовать»? Или Иисус утверждает принцип, который должен быть выражен соответствующим образом в нашей культуре?

е) Приветствовать друг друга святым целованием (1 Кор. 16:20). Должны ли мы приветствовать друг друга сегодня? Если так, то как бы поцелуи выглядели в мире? Как насчет мужчины, целующего женщину, которая не является его женой? Как насчет двух женщин, целующих друг друга?

ж) Пить вино (1 Тим. 5:23). Требуется ли от Павла наставление Тимофею «употреблять немного вина ради желудка и частых твоих недугов»? Это стандартное лекарственное лечение? Или это инструкция только для Тимофея?

з) Помазание елеем (Иакова 5:14; Мк 6:13). Является ли помазание больных людей маслом необходимостью для нас? Если так, каково его назначение и значение? Это медицинская практика или религиозная?

и) Продажа вашего имущества, чтобы отдать его бедным (Лк. 12:33). Как мы применяем наставления Иисуса сегодня?

к) Длинные волосы для мужчины - это позор (1 Кор. 11:14). Какое определение для длинных волос? Как мы практикуем это сегодня?

Вывод:

Те аспекты библейского учения, которые отражают древние культурные обычаи, должны быть изучены, чтобы нам определить:

1. Какой неизменный принцип лежит за ними? Примечание: когда мы готовим проповеди, одной из первых вещей, которые мы ищем, являются неизменные истины, их неизменные принципы. Это основные пункты нашей проповеди.

2. Как этот принцип должен практиковаться сегодня? Поскольку вся Библия была написана древними людьми на языке, образах и культуре того времени (для конкретных людей, которые могли бы обратиться к конкретным ситуациям в определенное время), очевидно, в этом есть сильный культурный элемент. Наша задача состоит в том, чтобы определить, учит ли Библия тому, что сама культурная практика является нормой для всех возрастов, или же принцип, лежащий в основе этой практики, является нормой для всех возрастов.

2. Наша современная культура

Нам нужно не только уметь определять влияние древней культуры на библейских авторов, но и уметь определять нашу собственную культурную обусловленность, когда мы читаем Библию. Нам нужно признать, что мы читаем и толкуем ее глазами и пониманием, которые обусловлены нашей собственной культурой. Вот почему люди из других культур, кроме нашей, часто читают части Библии с другим мировоззрением и пониманием, чем у нас.

Некоторые современные факторы, которые в значительной степени влияют на наше понимание древнего текста, включают: а) современные методы общения (например, телефон, электронная почта, газеты и т. д.); путешествия (например, самолеты); образ жизни (например, индивидуальность и материализм); одежда; мировоззрение.

Поскольку мы изучаем Библию в процессе подготовки к обучению и проповеди, мы должны стремиться читать ее, как беспристрастные читатели (хотя это, вероятно, не совсем возможно). Вот почему мы должны дисциплинировать себя в «экзегезисе» (учитывая то, что там есть), а не в «эйзегезисе» (читая в нем то, чего там нет). Вот почему мы должны следовать определенным базовым принципам толкования, которые я пытаюсь объяснить в этой серии «Усиление библейского толкования: как читать и понимать Библию». Я продолжу эту тему в следующем издании этого журнала.

II. Ограничения Христианской Свободы

1 Коринфянам 6:12-20

Проф. Стивен Олфорд

Это продолжение темы, которую мы в последний раз публиковали в зимнем издании этого журнала.

Вступление

Третьим специфическим беспорядком в церкви в Коринфе было нечистота. Проблема возникла из популярного учения о человеческом теле. Греки всегда презирали тело. Поговорка гласила: «Тело - могила». Важным элементом человеческой личности была душа и дух, тогда как тело на самом деле не имело значения.

Такое мышление привело к двум формам поведения. Первой был самый строгий аскетизм, в котором все было сделано, чтобы подчинить и унизить желания и инстинкты тела. Вторым, который был так распространен в городе Коринфе, было использование тела, как средства удовлетворения его аппетитов и вожделений в полной мере. Эта философия жизни была усилена неправильным толкованием учения о христианской свободе, которое проповедовал Павел. Как следствие, распущенность и аморальность города Коринфа вторглись также и в жизнь церкви. Имея это в виду, Павел обращается к учению о теле верующего.

А. Свобода в теле верующего

«Для меня все законно, но все бесполезно. (1 Коринфянам 6:12, 13). Павел вводит тему свободы тела верующего, цитируя две пословицы или лозунги, которые требуют нашего самого пристального внимания. Совершенно верно, что христианин «призван к свободе», но также верно и то, что мы не должны использовать эту свободу «как возможность для плоти» (Галатам 5:13). Христианская свобода - это не желание делать то, что мы хотим, а сила делать то, что мы должны. Итак, Павел говорит нам две вещи о христианской свободе:

1) Христианская свобода охраняется Богом. «Для меня все законно, но все бесполезно. Все законно для меня, но я не буду подчинен какой-либо власти » (1 Коринфянам 6:12). Павел говорит здесь о том, что, поскольку мы больше не находимся под законом, но под благодатью, мы свободные мужчины и женщины, но такая свобода никоим образом не оправдывает беззаконие, ибо всякая неправедность является грехом... » (1-е Иоанна 5:17). Поэтому, хотя христианин может свободно использовать свое тело, он должен уважать и следовать двум принципам защиты.

Во-первых, все вещи законны, но не все целесообразны. Слово «целесообразно» означает «то, что полезно другим людям». Мы можем сразу увидеть, какую проверку это накладывает на наше христианское поведение, поскольку очевидно, что, если все, что мы делаем с нашими телами и через них, делается для помощи другим, мы никогда не будем виновны в “проституировании” нашей христианской свободы.

Второй принцип так же силен. Павел говорит: «Все мне позволительно, но ничто не должно обладать мною» (1 Коринфянам 6:12). Если первый принцип относится к другим, второй касается нас. Все, что мы делаем, чтобы порабощать себя, - это не свобода, а рабство. Мы злоупотребляем своей свободой, если при ее использовании мы уменьшаем наши плоды воздержания и самоконтроля.

Сегодня мы много слышим о «свободной любви», но если бы люди, говорящие таким образом, только знали об этом, они бы поняли, что являются рабами тех самых вещей, которые, по их утверждению, имеют право делать. Остерегайтесь, чтобы свобода не стала рабством. Итак, мы видим, что истинная христианская свобода охраняется Богом, но обратите внимание на следующее:

2) Христианская Свобода направлена Богом. «Пища для чрева и чрево для пищи, но Бог уничтожит и то, и другое. Тело же не для блуда, а для Господа, и Господь - для тела » (1 Коринфянам 6:13). Вот второй лозунг, который Павел использует для иллюстрации своей доктрины христианской свободы. Люди утверждают, что, поскольку пища предназначена для желудка, а желудок для еды, любой другой голод должен быть одинаково удовлетворен. Но в таких рассуждениях есть серьезная ошибка. Действительно, как говорит епископ Лайтфут: «Это грубая моральная путаница». В свете Божьего святого закона мы, безусловно, можем принять тот факт, что пища необходима для желудка, но кто из нас осмелится расширить это утверждение и добавить, что блуд по существу для тела? Фактически, Павел показывает нам, что в отношении пищи и желудка Бог уничтожит и то и другое; ибо они существуют только в течение нашей земной жизни.

А вот с телом верующего все обстоит иначе. Наше тело предназначено для Господа, как во времени, так и в вечности. Как мы видим сейчас, теперь это средство для Его божественного выражения, и однажды, облаченный в бессмертие, он станет Его орудием славы и служения на протяжении веков вечности.

Поэтому утверждать, что все голодные равны и должны быть удовлетворены по желанию, не является ни логичным, ни библейским. Это правда, что пища предназначена для желудка, а тело - для Господа, и поэтому не для какой-либо аморальности или нечистоты. Таким образом, мы приходим к выводу, что, хотя свобода тела верующего является благословением, которым нужно пользоваться, следует добавить, что эта свобода охраняется и направляется Богом. От этого аспекта темы Павел теперь продолжает обсуждать то, что мы можем назвать:

Б. Святость тела верующего

«И Бог воскресил Господа и также воскресит нас Своей силой. Разве вы не знаете, что ваши тела являются членами Христа? ... Или вы не знаете, что ваше тело - это храм Святого Духа, который в вас, которого вы имеете от Бога, а вы не свои? » (1 Коринфянам 6:14, 15, 19). С проницательным пониманием Павел сталкивает своих читателей с доктриной о святости тела верующего. Действительно, он выражает удивление, что они не знали об этой истине. Поэтому он спрашивает снова и снова, как он делал в течение этих двух последних глав. "Разве ты не знаешь?" (ст. 15); "Разве ты не знаешь?" (ст. 16); "Разве ты не знаешь?" (ст. 19). Да, тело верующего было освящено раз и навсегда:

1) Богом Отцом. «И Бог воскресил Господа и также воскресит нас силой Своей» (1 Коринфянам 6:14). Отец, который создал желудок, разрушит его; но Отец, который создал тело, собирается воскресить его. Судьба тела вечна. Давайте вспомним, что «… Бог создал нас, а не мы самих себя» (Псалом 100: 3). Псалмист далее напоминает нам, что мы «... дивно сотворены» (Псалом 138: 14). Со всеми научными разработками и изобретениями, которые нас окружают, еще не было произведено ничего, что могло бы сравниться с чудом человеческого тела. И Павел говорит нам, что Тот, Кто сотворил нас, воскресит нас. В другом месте он напоминает нам, что «… наше гражданство на небесах; откуда и мы ожидаем Спасителя, Господа Иисуса Христа, который преобразит наше уничиженное тело, чтобы оно будет сообразно Его славному телу… » (Филиппийцам 3:20, 21). Это - высшая судьба вашего тела и моего, и в свете этого мы не можем, мы не осмеливаемся, “проституировать” его использование. Бог навсегда освятил наши тела сотворением и однажды воскресением. Более того, наши тела освящены:

2) Богом Сыном. «Разве вы не знаете, что ваши тела являются членами Христа? Должен ли я взять члены Христа и сделать их членами блудницы? Конечно, нет! (1 Коринфянам 6:15). Во-первых, мы были «искуплены не тленными вещами, такими как серебро и золото… но драгоценной кровью Христа…» (1 Петра 1:18, 19). Другими словами, нас купили по высокой цене, или, как сказал один комментатор: «Мы были куплены и выкуплены» В свете этого Христос соизволил отождествить Себя с нами. В этом весь смысл стиха 15. Буквально слова гласили: «Разве вы не знаете, что ваши тела являются членами Христа?» Наш разум - это Его разум; наши глаза - это Его глаза; наши губы - это Его губы; наши руки - Его руки; наши ноги - Его ноги; наши тела - это члены нашего Воскресшего Главы.

Позже Павел развивает эту славную тему в 12-й главе, но он вводит эту тему здесь, чтобы показать полную несовместимость и аморальность верующего, использующего члены Христа для любой другой цели, кроме той, которую задумал Бог. Фактически, использование наших членов для нечестивых действий в оригинале описывается, как незаконный половой акт или «изнасилование». Итак, восклицает апостол: «… Разве ты не знаешь, что тот, кто присоединяется к блуднице, является одним телом с ней? Ибо «двое, - говорит Он, - станут одной плотью» (1 Коринфянам 6:16). «Блуд», как указывает В. Э. Вайн, «приводит мужчину и женщину к таким близким и сильным отношениям, что формирует сложную личность на более низком уровне.

Это аргумент, который Павел использует, чтобы подчеркнуть абсолютную святость тела верующего. Но, в-третьих, обратите внимание, что тело верующего освящается не только Богом Отцом и Богом Сыном, но и:

3) Божьим Духом. «Или вы не знаете, что ваше тело - это храм Святого Духа, который в вас, которого вы имеете от Бога, и вы не свои?» (1 Коринфянам 6:19). Коринфянам легко понять, что Павел имел в виду под этим утверждением. В Коринфе были святыни для каждого языческого божества. Большая часть поклонения в этих храмах была связана с аморальными практиками; но именно в этом контексте Павел вводит новую концепцию. Он говорит: «Разве вы не знаете, что ваше тело - это храм Святого Духа?» В греческом языке упор делается на слово «Святой». Храм Бога, в котором Он живет Духом Святым, - это не только церковь в целом, но и ваше тело, и мое отдельно. Поэтому, хотя вы и называете свое тело своим собственным, оно на самом деле - не ваше собственное, оно принадлежит Богу. Чтобы правильно оценить эту удивительную истину, мы должны бы изменить наш образ жизни. Действительно, это дает достоинство всей жизни, что ничто иное не может сделать. Куда бы мы ни шли, и что бы мы ни делали, мы являемся носителями Святого Духа. Это требует исключить всякое поведение, которое не соответствует Царству Божьему. Конечно, блуд был бы немыслим тогда. Но этот принцип имеет гораздо более широкое применение. Ничто из того, что было бы неправильным в Божьем храме, не становится Божьим ребенком.

В. Чистота тела верующего

«Беги от сексуальной безнравственности. Каждый грех, совершаемый человеком, находится за пределами тела, но тот, кто совершает сексуальную безнравственность, грешит против своего собственного тела… Потому что вы были куплены дорогой ценой, поэтому прославляйте Бога в вашем теле и в вашем духе, которые принадлежат Богу » (1 Коринфянам 6:18, 20). В этих стихах есть два оперативных наставления: «избегай сексуальной безнравственности» и «прославляй Бога». Один отрицательный, а другой положительный. Поэтому для поддержания чистоты тела верующего должны быть:

1) Полный побег от греха. «Избегайте сексуальной безнравственности…» (1 Коринфянам 6:18). Существующий повелительный глагол указывает на привычное действие. Буквально он должен звучать так: «Привыкни всегда убегать от греха». Это - единственный способ разобраться с грехом. Когда приходит искушение, вы не должны останавливаться, чтобы поспорить, и порассуждать, или даже позволить нечистым мыслям задерживаться в вашем уме. В этот момент сатанинской атаки важно одно слово - «убегай». Одна из самых ярких и красивых иллюстраций видна в жизни Иосифа. Вы помните, что когда в доме Потифара его жена стремилась соблазнить его к греху Иосиф воскликнул: «… как же тогда я могу совершить это великое злодеяние и согрешить против Бога?» (Бытие 39: 9), и тотчас же он убежал из дома (ст. 12).

В подтверждение своей точки зрения Павел добавляет, что, в отличие от других грехов, безнравственность является грехом против тела. «Каждый грех, совершаемый человеком, находится вне тела, но тот, кто совершает сексуальную безнравственность, грешит против своего собственного тела…» (1 Коринфянам 6:18). Причина этого заключается в том, что такого рода аморальность является оскорблением мужчины или самой женщины. Кроме того, этот конкретный грех отчуждает тело от его божественного предназначения и судьбы. Поэтому Павел говорит: “Избегайте сексуальной безнравственности”. и в другом месте: … попечение о плоти не превращайте в похоти» (Римлянам 13:14), что просто означает «не задумывайся» и не делай никаких расчетливых мер, чтобы сделать грех возможным и актуальным”.

Это - отрицательный призыв. Положительный включает в себя:

2. Полная верность Богу. «... прославляй Бога в своем теле ...» (1 Кор. 6:20). Обратите внимание, что эта заповедь неукоснительно связана с искупительной жертвой Иисуса Христа. Павел говорит: «… вы были куплены дорогой ценой; посему прославляйте Бога в своем теле ... » (ст. 20). Прославление Бога в наших телах - это не только обязанность, но и благодарность и преданность Тому, Кто положил Свою жизнь, что, теперь освободившись от рабства сатаны, мы можем проявить через свою смертную плоть всю славу пребывающего в нас Отца, Сына и Святого Духа. Слава - это превосходящий характер, и когда наши тела полностью контролируются внутри Богом, мы видим и ощущаем чистоту и святость. Это то, что псалмопевец называет «красотой святости». В своем падшем состоянии Адам и Ева были покрыты этой славой, но они потеряли ее, когда сместили свой центр доверия с Бога на себя. Потеряв его, они впервые узнали, что они голые. Как замечательно знать, что даже в этих наших падших телах Иисус Христос может возноситься день за днем, будь то жизнью или смертью (Филиппийцам 1:20). Это чистота, которая обличает грешный мир, и в то же время убеждает ищущую душу. Это чистота, которая свидетельствует о том, что мы были с Иисусом и узнали о Нем.

Вывод:

Вот такова библейская доктрина о теле верующего. Есть свобода тела, которое божественно охраняется и направляется. Есть святость тела, которая освящается Отцом, Сыном и Святым Духом, и в результате чистота тела, которая характеризуется полным побегом от греха и полным доверием Богу. Никто не может увидеть по-настоящему чистую жизнь, не зная, что такой мужчина или женщина полностью посвятили себя Богу.

Единственный способ, которым мы можем завершить наше исследование на эту тему, - это напомнить себе о великих словах апостола, которые он написал верующим в Риме: «Поэтому я, умоляю вас, братия, милосердием Божьим, представьте тела ваши в жертву живую, святую, благоугодную Богу для разумного служения вашего» (Римлянам 12: 1).

III. План проповеди

Чтобы прослушать аудиоверсию этих проповедей на английском языке, нажмите на следующие ссылки: Link 1 - Откр. 2:12-13; Link 2 - Откр. 2:14-15; Link 3 - Откр. 2:16; Link 4 - Откр. 2:17

Название: Письма семи церквям: Пергамская церковь - держится, но идет на компромисс

Тема: Отстаивание истины в культуре компромисса.

Пункт № 1: Христос одобряет верность (стих 13)

Пункт № 2: Христос осуждает компромисс (стихи 14-15)

Пункт № 3: Христос повелевает покаянию (стих 16)

Пункт № 4: Христос дает обещание (стих 17)


1 Дюваль и Хэйс, “Ухватываясь за Божье Слово”, с. 187.

2 Дюваль и Хэйс, “Ухватываясь за Божье Слово”, с. 187.

3 Р.С. Спраул, “Зная Писания” с. 48-49.

Related Topics: Pastors

16. The Vials Of The Wrath Of God

Article contributed by www.walvoord.com

The Command to Pour out the Vials (16:1)

16:1 And I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven angels, Go your ways, and pour out the vials of the wrath of God upon the earth.

The seven angels to whom were given the seven plagues symbolized in the seven vials are now commanded to pour out their divine judgment upon the earth. The voice is undoubtedly the voice of God which is described as coming out of the Temple and as being a “great” voice (Gr., megale„s), a word which occurs frequently in this chapter. The word great is mentioned again in connection with the great voice (v. 17), great heat (v. 9), the great river Euphrates (v. 12), that great day of God Almighty (v. 14), a great earthquake, “so mighty an earthquake, and so great” (v. 18), the great city (v. 19), great Babylon (v. 19), a great hail (v. 21), and the “exceeding great” plague (v. 21). As J. B. Smith expresses it, “This is the great chapter of the Bible.”270

The seven vials thus introduced and itemized in this chapter have often been compared to the seven seals and to the seven trumpets, especially the latter. One form of interpretation has been to view the vials as merely an enlargement on the trumpet judgments corresponding numerically to them. There is undoubtedly much similarity between the trumpet judgments and the judgments inflicted by the pouring out of the vials of the wrath of God. In both the trumpets and the vials, the first in the series deals with the earth, the second with the sea, the third with rivers and fountains of water, the fourth with the sun, the fifth with darkness, the sixth with the Euphrates River, and the seventh with lightnings, thunders, and a great earthquake. The principle is often overlooked, however, that similarities do not prove identity. A careful study of the seven vials as compared to the seven trumpets will reveal numerous differences. The first four trumpet judgments deal only with one-third of the earth, while the vial judgments seem to be universal in their application and greater in intensity. The position is therefore taken in this exposition that the vial judgments are subsequent to the trumpet judgments and proceed out of and constitute the seventh trumpet. The judgments described in the trumpet pronouncements and the vial pronouncements fall in rapid succession like trip-hammer blows, and they all will be consummated within a short period of time toward the close of the great tribulation. The vial judgments, the climax of God’s divine dealings with a blasphemous earth, lead up to the second coming of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.

Alford in commenting on the phrase “the seven last plagues” writes, “There can then be no doubt here, not only that the series reaches on to the time of the end, but that the whole of it is to be placed close to the same time.”271

The First Vial (16:2)

16:2 And the first went, and poured out his vial upon the earth; and there fell a noisome and grievous sore upon the men which had the mark of the beast, and upon them which worshipped his image.

With the pouring out of the first vial, a terrible judgment falls upon men who have the mark of the beast. There is a notable contrast between the first vial and the first trumpet, in that the first trumpet (8:7) burns up a third part of the trees and all the green grass. Here the judgment is specifically upon men and is directed to a particular group of men, namely, the beast worshipers who have received the mark of the beast. The judgment is described as a sore or ulcer (Gr., helkos) which is bad (Gr., kakos) and evil or malignant (Gr., pone„ros). The judgment is in the form of a physical affliction of unusual severity bringing widespread suffering. Smith notes that helkos used here to describe the sore is the word selected by the translators of the Old Testament into Greek (the LXX) for the boils inflicted on the Egyptians in Exodus 9:9-11.272

Confirmation that the vial judgments occur late in the great tribulation is given in the record that the first vial judgment falls on those who are worshipers of the beast’s image. This image apparently is established in the early part of the great tribulation, the last half of the seven-year period preceding the second coming (13:14-17). Almost everyone seems to comply with the demand that all men worship the beast and receive his mark. The vial judgment, therefore, follows this edict. The only ones who escape the judgment are those who have refused to obey the edict of the beast, the few individuals who trust in Christ in those evil days. From 13:8 it would appear that only a small fraction of the earth’s population resists the blandishments of the beast. The warning given in 14:9-11 is now reinforced in a preliminary judgment which anticipates the ultimate doom of the beast worshipers.

The Second Vial (16:3)

16:3 And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it became as the blood of a dead man: and every living soul died in the sea.

The second vial is poured out upon the sea with the result that the sea becomes as blood (literally “it became blood as of a dead man”), and every living soul in the sea dies. As in the second trumpet in 8:8, the analogy seems to be to the first of the ten plagues in Egypt (Exodus 7:20-25) which killed all the fish in the Nile River and made the water unfit to drink. In all these cases it is possible that the sea does not become literally human blood but that it corresponds to it in appearance and loathsomeness.273 The area of the judgment is similar to that of the second trumpet where one-third of the sea is turned to blood and one-third of the creatures of the sea die. Here the judgment is universal. The reference to the sea may be limited to the Mediterranean, but the same word would be used if the judgment extended to all large bodies of water. In the latter event, a major portion of the earth would be involved in the judgment as most of the earth is covered with water.

The Third Vial (16:4-7)

16:4-7 And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers and fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Lord, which art, and wast, and shalt be, because thou hast judged thus. For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy. And I heard another out of the altar say, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are thy judgments.

The third in the series of judgments extends the turning of water into blood to rivers and fountains, apparently with the same devastating effect, though the results of the judgment are not mentioned. Though some have taken rivers and fountains to be symbolic, there is no reason for not taking this in the literal sense as the sea in the second vial and the men in the first vial. The physical affliction stems from spiritual apostasy.

At this point John hears one described as “the angel of the waters” deliver a justification of God for this judgment. The angel is apparently a holy angel who has some jurisdiction over water. There is a remarkable variety of ministries assigned to angels as recorded in Revelation. The angel declares that because men have shed the blood of saints and prophets, God is righteous in judging them in kind in that they are given blood to drink. Even as the saints are worthy of rest and reward, so the wicked are worthy of divine chastening and judgment. The bloodletting during the great tribulation, as saints are slaughtered by the thousands, is without parallel in the history of the race. Christ Himself declares it will be a time of trouble without precedent (Matt. 24:21). The multitude of martyrs in heaven is revealed in chapter 7. The eternal God, the One which is, and was, and shall be (v. 5), though awaiting the proper time, is inexorable in His judgment of those who persecuted the saints.

The statement of the angel of the waters is confirmed by another voice out of the altar, another angel who declares that God, who is almighty, true, and righteous, manifests these attributes in His divine judgments. The phrase “another out of in verse 7, though omitted in some manuscripts, is obviously the meaning of the verse, as the utterance must come from a being rather than from the altar itself. Combining the judgment of the second and third vials, it appears that all water is turned into blood, constituting a universal testimony to all men that God will avenge his martyred saints.

The Fourth Vial (16:8-9)

16:8-9 And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory.

Like the fourth trumpet, the fourth vial is a judgment which affects the starry heaven, specifically the sun. In the fourth trumpet the judgment extends to a third part of the sun, moon, and stars, resulting in the darkening of a third part of the day and of the night. By contrast, the fourth vial relates only to the sun and increases rather than decreases the sun’s intensity with the result that men are scorched with fire. The divine judgment thus inflicted, apparently upon the entire earth, does not bring men to repentance but only increases their blasphemy, even though they recognize that the plague comes from the God whom they reject. The expression “and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire” is rendered, according to the best manuscripts, “and it was given to him [the sun] to scorch the men with fire.” The use of the article with “men” seems to refer the judgment to the same class as in verses 2, 5, and 6. The article is also used in connection with the men mentioned in verse 9 (literally “the men”). The implication is that saints in this period who are true believers in the Lord Jesus Christ will not suffer from this plague, and possibly creatures other than men may also escape. The wishful thinking of some that men would repent if they only knew the power and righteous judgment of God is shattered by frequent mention in this chapter of the hardness of the human heart in the face of the most stringent and evident divine discipline (cf. w. 11, 21).

The Fifth Vial (16:10-11)

16:10-11 And the fifth angel poured out his vial upon the seat of the beast; and his kingdom was full of darkness; and they gnawed their tongues for pain, And blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds.

The fifth judgment resulting from the pouring out of the fifth vial is directed to the throne of the beast and his subjects. The result of the judgment is darkness, pain, and the accumulated effect of the preceding judgment when sores were inflicted as in the first vial. The noun clause “the seat of the beast” is more accurately “the throne of the beast” (Gr., thronos). The beast is probably the first beast of Revelation 13. As in the fifth trumpet and in the ninth plague of Egypt (Exodus 10:21-23), there is darkness over the earth, but this is only part of the divine judgment. As in both trumpet and vial judgments, there is also pain and torment. The wicked in their suffering are declared to gnaw their tongues for pain, a description of severe agony. The sores inflicted in the first vial were, in this judgment, aggravated and increased. Again, we have the sad note that they blasphemed God as the author of these judgments and did not repent of their deeds. Though they are declared once more in verse 21 to have blasphemed God, this is the last reference to their failure to repent (cf. 2:21; 9:20-21; 16:9). The Scriptures plainly refute the notion that wicked men will quickly repent when faced with catastrophic warnings of judgment. When confronted with the righteous judgment of God, their blasphemy is deepened and their evil purpose is accentuated.

The Sixth Vial (16:12-16)

16:12-16 And the sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the kings of the east might be prepared. And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty. Behold, I come as a thief. Blessed is he that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame. And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon.

The sixth vial has occasioned more comment on the part of expositors than any of the preceding vials, and numerous interpretations have been offered. As the sixth vial is poured out, its particular objective is the great Euphrates River. As the result of judgment, the water of the river is dried up and the way of the kings of the East is thereby prepared. The most natural explanation is the best, namely, that this is the judgment which actually dries up the great Euphrates River, thereby preparing for an invasion from the East.

The river Euphrates here called “the great” is one of the prominent rivers of the world and forms the eastern boundary of the ancient Roman Empire as well as the prophesied eastern boundary of the land which God promised to the seed of Abraham (Gen. 15:18; Deut. 1:7; 11:24; Joshua 1:4). In Genesis 15:18, Deuteronomy 1:7, and Joshua 1:4, it is called “the great river Euphrates” as it is here. These references seem to establish unmistakably the geographic usage in this passage. In Isaiah 11:15 and Zechariah 10:11 there is a similar prediction of the drying up of the Euphrates River, though the name of the river is not mentioned.

Alford interprets the passage in this way:

In order to understand what we have read, we must carefully bear in mind the context. From what follows under this same vial, we learn that the kings of the whole earth are about to be gathered together to the great battle against God, in which He shall be victorious, and they shall utterly perish. The time is now come for this gathering: and by the drying up of the Euphrates, the way of those kings who are to come to it from the East is made ready. This is the only understanding of these words which will suit the context, or the requirements of this series of prophecies. For to suppose the conversion of Eastern nations, or the gathering together of Christian princes, to be meant, or to regard the words as relating to any auspicious event, is to introduce a totally incongruous feature into the series of vials, which confessedly represents the “seven last plagues.274

The purpose of the drying up of the Euphrates is indicated as a preparation for “the way of the kings of the east.” Through the centuries, commentators particularly of the postmillennial and the historical schools have guessed at the identity of the kings of the East, and as many as fifty different interpretations have been advanced.275 The very number of these interpretations is their refutation. The passage is best understood as referring to the kings of the East, literally, of the “sunrising,” referring to Oriental rulers who will descend upon the Middle East in connection with the final world conflict described a few verses later. The reasons seem to be weak for taking this prediction in other than its literal meaning. The rising power of parts of the Orient in our day in countries such as Japan, China, India, as well as lesser nations, makes such an invasion a reasonable prediction.

In verses 13-16 John has an additional vision introduced by the phrase “and I saw” which is parenthetical in nature but a commentary upon the sixth vial and somehow related to it. In his vision he sees three unclean spirits like frogs in appearance coming out of the mouth of the dragon and out of the mouth of the beast and out of the mouth of the false prophet. The source of these unclean spirits is the world ruler specified as the beast, his associate the beast who is the false prophet, and the dragon himself which is Satan (cf. 12:9; 13:1-8,11-18). There is no need for speculation as to the identity of the three unclean spirits, as too many commentators have done, attempting to link these spirits to some contemporary personage. They are specified in verse 14 as spirits of demons (Gr., daimonio„n) and should be so interpreted. These wicked spirits are declared to work miracles (cf. 13:12-15) and are commissioned to gather the kings of the entire earth to the battle described as “the battle of that great day of God Almighty.” As such, they are the emissaries of the unholy trinity of verse 13, namely, the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet, a counterfeit of the true triune God.

While many commentators have agreed that this is the prelude for the great battle climaxing in the second coming of Christ, some have been confused as to the details. The battle (Gr., polemos) is probably better translated “war” in contrast to mache„, which is properly a battle or fighting (cf. James 4:1 where both words are used). What is in view here is something more than a military engagement. It is rather a major war. The evidence, however, seems to point to the conclusion that this is a climax of a series of military events described in Daniel 11:40-45, where the reference to the “tidings out of the east” (Dan. 11:44) may have this invasion in view.

The major problem is how a war is possible when there is a world government under the control of Satan and the beast. Some have interpreted this as a gathering of forces in anticipation of the second coming of Christ. More probably, it reflects a conflict among the nations themselves in the latter portion of the great tribulation as the world empire so hastily put together begins to disintegrate. The armies of the world contending for honors on the battlefield at the very time of the second coming of Christ do all turn, however, and combine their efforts against Christ and His army from heaven when the glory of the second coming appears in the heavens. It will be the final challenge to divine sovereignty and power as the military might of the world of that day will be engaged in fighting on the very day that Christ returns (cf. Zech. 14:1-3). It is significant that the battle itself bears the name of “that great day of God Almighty.” In the battle the omnipotence of God will be fully demonstrated. The phrase “unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world” is best rendered according to the Greek text “unto the kings of the whole inhabited earth” (Gr., oikoumene„).

The utterance of verse 15 is apparently a direct quotation from God Himself, though the text does not indicate it specifically. The pronouncement is made, “Behold, I come as a thief.” The expression is used of a sudden, unexpected coming which will result in judgment or loss on the part of the person overtaken. In Matthew 24:43 and Luke 12:39 the second coming of Christ is compared to the coming of a thief who will overtake those who do not watch. A similar warning is given to the church in Sardis (Rev. 3:3). In 2 Peter 3:10 and in 1 Thessalonians 5:2, 4 the day of the Lord is said to come as a thief. The unifying factor in all these passages is that the coming in view results in loss for those who are not ready.

The contrast between those who are overtaken by the Lord at His coming and those who are prepared by faith in Christ is expressed in the beatitude “Blessed is he that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame.” (For previous beatitudes, see 1:3 and 14:13.) The symbolism of preservation of garments is not entirely clear from the passage. Some have construed this symbolism as the garments of salvation, but more probably the righteousness of the saints is symbolized, as expressed in their life and testimony (cf. 19:8). The saints will thus be protected from spiritual nakedness at the coming of the Lord. The saints in view here are evidently those still on earth who have been able to escape martyrdom even though remaining true to their Lord. It is probable that the beast will not be able to enforce his edict of death on those who are located in the outer reaches of his empire, and that he will not find all those who are in hiding (cf. Matt. 24:16).

The conclusion of the combined action of the sixth vial and the enticement of the demons is that the armies of the earth are gathered in the Middle East in a place described as Armageddon. Though the armies are lured by the demons under the direction of Satan, they nevertheless fulfill the Word of God. It is probable that the “he” of verse 16 refers to God Himself.

There has been considerable discussion concerning the meaning of the term “Armageddon,” taken by some to mean “Mount of Slaughter.” Geographically, it relates to the Mount of Megiddo located adjacent to the plain of Megiddo to the west and the large plain of Esdraelon to the northeast. Megiddo is the Hebrew word corresponding to the Greek word Armageddon. This area was the scene of many of the great battles of the Old Testament such as that of Barak and the Canaanites in Judges 4 and the victory of Gideon over the Midianites in Judges 7. Here also occurred the deaths of Saul and Josiah. The area, though it is a large one, is not sufficient for the armies of all the world, though the valley of Esdraelon is fourteen miles wide and twenty miles long. What this Scripture seems to indicate is that this area is the central point for the military conflict which ensues. Actually the armies are deployed over a 200-mile area up and down from this central location (cf. 14:20). At the time of the second coming, some of the armies are in Jerusalem itself (Zech. 14:1-3).

The difficulty of the historical interpretation of the book of Revelation is illustrated in the identification of Armageddon with World War I. Alexander Hardie, for instance, stated, “The last Great War of 1914-1918 which convulsed and disgraced humanity, was doubtless the predicted Armageddon.”276 History alone has proved countless theories of the historical school to be in error. In view of the fact that the second coming which brings this battle to a climax is still future, it is far better to regard this entire conflict as relating to the latter stages of the great tribulation.

The relationship between the drying up of the Euphrates and the battle that follows has sometimes been connected with the sixth trumpet in 9:13-21. In the sixth trumpet an army of 200 million men is loosed to slay a third part of men (9:15). This army is related to the Euphrates River even as the army of the kings of the East. Probably the best explanation is that the seven vials follow very rapidly after the trumpets and that the events such as a great invasion are pictured in their early stages in the sixth trumpet with a statement of their ultimate purpose that is actually realized in the sixth vial. The time sequence here may be in terms of days rather than months or years.

The Seventh Vial (16:17-21)

16:17-21 And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and there came a great voice out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, It is done. And there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings; and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earthquake, and so great. And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath. And every island fled away, and the mountains were not found. And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great.

The vial of the seventh angel is declared to be poured out into the air and the resulting action is catastrophic. It is accompanied by a great voice out of the Temple in heaven and from the throne stating in emphatic terms, “It is done!” In the Greek, the statement is one word, gegonen, in the perfect tense, indicating action accomplished. It is the final act of God preceding the second coming of Christ.

There has been speculation as to why this vial should be poured into the air, inasmuch as Satan as the prince of the power of the air has already been cast down from heaven. The fact that Satan has been cast out of the third heaven, however, does not mean that he still does not have great power in the atmospheric heavens which are here in view. It is also clear in our modern day that the control of the air as well as space has become increasingly important in military matters. Undoubtedly air and space travel will increase rather than decrease as the end of the age comes upon the world. Some have compared this prophecy to Ezekiel 38:9, 16 where the host from the north is said to “ascend and come like a storm” and “like a cloud to cover the land.” While this may imply an air attack, it is perhaps reading too much into the passage to assume this. In any event the seventh vial, which is poured out in the air, has its principal resulting action on the earth as the verses which follow indicate. The solemn accompaniment of the affirmation “It is done” by the great voice from the Temple in heaven and from the throne is a most ominous introduction to this final judgment.

As in the case of the final seal and the seventh trumpet (8:5; 11:19) the final vial is introduced by the sound of voices, thunderings, lightnings, and a great earthquake. The earthquake is declared to be greater than any previous earthquake. The earth literally convulses as the times of the Gentiles come to an end. The voices, thunders, and lightnings are the prelude to the earthquake which is the express judgment from God.

Verse 19 declares that “the great city” is split into “three parts” and that the other cities of the Gentile world fall. It is a picture of awesome destruction. The question has been raised as to the reference to the great city, inasmuch as Babylon is specifically mentioned later in the verse. Some have taken both references to indicate Babylon, others have identified the first great city of the verse as Jerusalem. In 11:8 Jerusalem is referred to as “the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified.” It is also clear that great topographical changes will take place around Jerusalem in connection with the judgments at the end of the age (cf. Zech. 14:4). There is therefore some justification for considering Jerusalem as a possible interpretation. There does not, however, seem to be any clear evidence that Jerusalem is destroyed with the judgments which overtake the earth at the end of the great tribulation. Babylon, however, according to Scripture, is destined to be completely destroyed. Whether this refers to Rome which is spiritual Babylon or, as some have understood it, to a rebuilt city of Babylon on the Euphrates, it is clear in any case that Babylon is the special object of the judgment of God, expressed graphically in the statement “to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath.” Here the word for “wrath” is orge„, a strong word often related to thymos which refers to divine anger.277 This is the final judgment of this wicked city. The fact that the judgment is an earthquake seems to indicate that a literal city is in view, either Rome or rebuilt Babylon, and that the judgment results in its physical destruction. The time is just prior to the second coming of Christ.

Not only does every city of the world come under terrible judgment as a result of the great earthquake which leaves all monuments of men’s ingenuity in shambles, but the Scriptures also indicate great changes in the topography of the entire world. The sweeping statement is made in verse 20 that every island is affected and mountains disappear. The fierceness of the wrath of God in verse 19, literally the anger of His wrath, is manifested in the entire physical earth. The movement of the islands and mountains mentioned in 6:14 as stemming from the sixth seal is here carried to a more violent conclusion with apparently the entire earth radically changing its appearance. Such a judgment undoubtedly causes great loss of life and disruption of such world organization as may have remained up to this time. There does not seem to be any good reason for taking this verse in other than its literal meaning, coming as it does at the climax of the great tribulation when many other Scriptures indicate changes in topography including an entirely new appearance of the holy land itself.

In addition to mentioning the great earthquake which is the primary means of divine judgment in the seventh vial, verse 21 records a great hail with every stone about the weight of a talent. Though the talent in different periods of history varied in weight, the reference here seems to be to the talent weighing about 100 pounds and representing all that a man could normally carry. Such a hail from heaven falling upon men would have a devastating effect and would destroy much that was still left standing by the earthquake. It is a judgment compared to that of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah but here extending over the entire earth. Although the judgment and its demonstration of the power and sovereignty of God are great, men are still unrepentant, and verse 21 concludes with the sad statement that “men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great.” Chronologically the next event is that prophesied in 19:11 where Christ Himself descends from heaven to take over His kingdom on earth.

Though from the contemporary point of view all the details of these dramatic judgments are not immediately understood, the unmistakable impression of the Scriptures is that the whole world is being brought to the bar of justice before Christ as King of kings and Lord of lords. There is no escape from divine judgment except for those who avail themselves of the grace of God in that day by faith in Jesus Christ. The utter perversity of human nature, which will reject the sovereignty of God in the face of such overwhelming evidence, confirms that even the lake of fire will not produce repentance on the part of those who have hardened their hearts against the grace of God.

270 A Revelation of Jesus Christ, p. 228.

271 Henry Alford, The Greek New Testament, IV, 696.

272 Smith, p. 229.

273 Cf. Alford, IV, 697-98.

274 Ibid., IV, 700.

275 This conclusion is based on a survey of 100 commentaries on the book of Revelation.

276 A Study of the Book of Revelation, p. v.

277 Cf. discussion of 14:8.

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