1tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. 2tn Or “from heaven” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”). 3tn On this term BDAG 2 s.v. ἄβυσσος 2 states, “netherworld, abyss, esp. the abode of the dead Ro 10:7 (Ps 106:26) and of demons Lk 8:31; dungeon where the devil is kept Rv 20:3; abode of the θηρίον, the Antichrist 11:7; 17:8; of ᾿Αβαδδών (q.v.), the angel of the underworld 9:11…φρέαρ τῆς ἀ. 9:1f; capable of being sealed 9:1; 20:1, 3.” 4tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 5tn Grk “the shaft,” but since this would be somewhat redundant in English, the pronoun “it” is used here. 6tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 7tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. 8tn See BDAG 352 s.v. ἐξουσία 2, “potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power.” 9tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 10tn The dative indirect object (αὐταῖς, autais) was converted into the subject (“they”) as this more closely approximates English usage. The following ἵ῞να (Jina) is taken as substantival, introducing a direct object clause. In this case, because it is reported speech, the ἵνα is similar to the declarative ὅτι (Joti). 11tn Grk “men”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used in a generic sense here of both men and women. 12tn The article τῶν (twn) has been translated as a possessive pronoun here (ExSyn 215). 13tn Grk “It was not permitted to them”; the referent (the locusts) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 14tn The word “permission” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. 15tn The two ἵνα (Jina) clauses of 9:5 are understood to be functioning as epexegetical or complementary clauses related to ἐδόθη (edoqh). 16tn On this term BDAG 168 s.v. βασανισμός states, “1. infliction of severe suffering or pain associated with torture or torment, tormenting, torture Rv 9:5b. – 2. the severe pain experienced through torture, torment vs. 5a; 14:11; 18:10, 15; (w. πένθος) vs. 7.” 17tn The pronoun “them” is not in the Greek text but is picked up from the previous clause. 18tn Grk “like the torture,” but this is redundant in contemporary English. 19tn Grk “a man”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used here in an individualized sense without being limited to the male gender. 20tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 21tn Grk “men”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used in a generic sense here of both men and women. 22tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context. 23tn The phrase “not be able to” was used in the translation to emphasize the strong negation (οὐ μή, ou mh) in the Greek text. 24tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of the description of the locusts, which is somewhat parenthetical in the narrative. 25tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 26tn The translation attempts to bring out the double uncertainty in this clause in the Greek text, involving both the form (ὡς στέφανοι, Jw" stefanoi, “like crowns”) and the material (ὅμοιοι χρυσῷ, {omoioi crusw, “similar to gold”). 27tn Or “human faces.” The Greek term ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpos) is often used in a generic sense, referring to both men and women. However, because “women’s hair” in the next clause suggests a possible gender distinction here, “men’s” was retained. 28tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 29tn Or perhaps, “scales like iron breastplates” (RSV, NRSV) although the Greek term θώραξ (qwrax) would have to shift its meaning within the clause, and elsewhere in biblical usage (e.g., Eph 6:14; 1 Thess 5:8) it normally means “breastplate.” See also L&N 8.38. 30tn In the Greek text there is a shift to the present tense here; the previous verbs translated “had” are imperfects. 31tn See BDAG 352 s.v. ἐξουσία 2, “potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power.” 32sn Both the Hebrew Abaddon and the Greek Apollyon mean “Destroyer.” 33tn Grk “behold.” Here ἰδού (idou) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in the context. 34tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. 35tc ‡ Several key mss (Ì47 א1 A 0207 1611 2053 2344 pc lat syh co) lack the word τεσσάρων (tessarwn, “four”) before κεράτων (keratwn, “horns”). The word seems to have been added by scribes because a “horned” altar (described in the OT [Exod 30:2, 10]) could have only four “horns” or projections at the corners. NA27 includes the word in brackets, indicating doubts as to its authenticity. 36tn Grk “having.” 37tn On λῦσον (luson) BDAG 606-7 s.v. λύω 2 states, “set free, loose, untie – a. lit. a pers., animal, or thing that is bound or tied…Angels that are bound Rv 9:14f.” 38tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. 39tn The Greek article τήν (thn) has been translated with demonstrative force here. 40tn The Greek term καί (kai) has not been translated here and before the following term “month” since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more. 41tn Grk “so that they might kill,” but the English infinitive is an equivalent construction to indicate purpose here. 42tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 43tn Grk “twenty thousand of ten thousands.” 44tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of the description of the horses and riders, which is somewhat parenthetical in the narrative. 45tn Grk “and those seated on them.” 46tn Grk “the vision”; the Greek article has been translated as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215). 47tn L&N 79.31 states, “‘fiery red’ (probably with a tinge of yellow or orange).” 48tn On this term BDAG 1022 s.v. ὑακίνθινος states, “hyacinth-colored, i.e. dark blue (dark red?) w. πύρινος Rv 9:17.” 49tn On this term BDAG 446 s.v. θειώδης states, “sulphurous Rv 9:17.” 50sn The colors of the riders’ breastplates parallel the three plagues of fire, smoke, and sulfur in v. 18. 51tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. 52tn Traditionally, “brimstone.” 53tn The phrase ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ τοῦ καπνοῦ καὶ τοῦ θείου τοῦ ἐκπορευομένου ἐκ τῶν στομάτων αὐτῶν (“by the fire, the smoke, and the sulfur that came out of their mouths”) is taken as epexegetical (explanatory) to the phrase τῶν τριῶν πληγῶν τούτων (“these three plagues”). 54tn See BDAG 352 s.v. ἐξουσία 2, “potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power.” 55tn Grk “is.” 56tn The word “made” is not in the Greek text but is implied. 57tn The Greek conjunction καί (kai) has not been translated here or before the following materials in this list, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more. 58tn Grk “and.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation, with “furthermore” used to indicate a continuation of the preceding. 59tn On the term φαρμακεία (farmakeia, “magic spells”) see L&N 53.100: “the use of magic, often involving drugs and the casting of spells upon people – ‘to practice magic, to cast spells upon, to engage in sorcery, magic, sorcery.’ φαρμακεία: ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ‘with your magic spells you deceived all the peoples (of the world)’ Re 18:23.”
1tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
2tn Or “from heaven” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).
3tn On this term BDAG 2 s.v. ἄβυσσος 2 states, “netherworld, abyss, esp. the abode of the dead Ro 10:7 (Ps 106:26) and of demons Lk 8:31; dungeon where the devil is kept Rv 20:3; abode of the θηρίον, the Antichrist 11:7; 17:8; of ᾿Αβαδδών (q.v.), the angel of the underworld 9:11…φρέαρ τῆς ἀ. 9:1f; capable of being sealed 9:1; 20:1, 3.”
4tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
5tn Grk “the shaft,” but since this would be somewhat redundant in English, the pronoun “it” is used here.
6tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
7tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
8tn See BDAG 352 s.v. ἐξουσία 2, “potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power.”
9tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
10tn The dative indirect object (αὐταῖς, autais) was converted into the subject (“they”) as this more closely approximates English usage. The following ἵ῞να (Jina) is taken as substantival, introducing a direct object clause. In this case, because it is reported speech, the ἵνα is similar to the declarative ὅτι (Joti).
11tn Grk “men”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used in a generic sense here of both men and women.
12tn The article τῶν (twn) has been translated as a possessive pronoun here (ExSyn 215).
13tn Grk “It was not permitted to them”; the referent (the locusts) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
14tn The word “permission” is not in the Greek text, but is implied.
15tn The two ἵνα (Jina) clauses of 9:5 are understood to be functioning as epexegetical or complementary clauses related to ἐδόθη (edoqh).
16tn On this term BDAG 168 s.v. βασανισμός states, “1. infliction of severe suffering or pain associated with torture or torment, tormenting, torture Rv 9:5b. – 2. the severe pain experienced through torture, torment vs. 5a; 14:11; 18:10, 15; (w. πένθος) vs. 7.”
17tn The pronoun “them” is not in the Greek text but is picked up from the previous clause.
18tn Grk “like the torture,” but this is redundant in contemporary English.
19tn Grk “a man”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used here in an individualized sense without being limited to the male gender.
20tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
21tn Grk “men”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used in a generic sense here of both men and women.
22tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
23tn The phrase “not be able to” was used in the translation to emphasize the strong negation (οὐ μή, ou mh) in the Greek text.
24tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of the description of the locusts, which is somewhat parenthetical in the narrative.
25tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
26tn The translation attempts to bring out the double uncertainty in this clause in the Greek text, involving both the form (ὡς στέφανοι, Jw" stefanoi, “like crowns”) and the material (ὅμοιοι χρυσῷ, {omoioi crusw, “similar to gold”).
27tn Or “human faces.” The Greek term ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpos) is often used in a generic sense, referring to both men and women. However, because “women’s hair” in the next clause suggests a possible gender distinction here, “men’s” was retained.
28tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
29tn Or perhaps, “scales like iron breastplates” (RSV, NRSV) although the Greek term θώραξ (qwrax) would have to shift its meaning within the clause, and elsewhere in biblical usage (e.g., Eph 6:14; 1 Thess 5:8) it normally means “breastplate.” See also L&N 8.38.
30tn In the Greek text there is a shift to the present tense here; the previous verbs translated “had” are imperfects.
31tn See BDAG 352 s.v. ἐξουσία 2, “potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power.”
32sn Both the Hebrew Abaddon and the Greek Apollyon mean “Destroyer.”
33tn Grk “behold.” Here ἰδού (idou) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in the context.
34tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
35tc ‡ Several key mss (Ì47 א1 A 0207 1611 2053 2344 pc lat syh co) lack the word τεσσάρων (tessarwn, “four”) before κεράτων (keratwn, “horns”). The word seems to have been added by scribes because a “horned” altar (described in the OT [Exod 30:2, 10]) could have only four “horns” or projections at the corners. NA27 includes the word in brackets, indicating doubts as to its authenticity.
36tn Grk “having.”
37tn On λῦσον (luson) BDAG 606-7 s.v. λύω 2 states, “set free, loose, untie – a. lit. a pers., animal, or thing that is bound or tied…Angels that are bound Rv 9:14f.”
38tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
39tn The Greek article τήν (thn) has been translated with demonstrative force here.
40tn The Greek term καί (kai) has not been translated here and before the following term “month” since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
41tn Grk “so that they might kill,” but the English infinitive is an equivalent construction to indicate purpose here.
42tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
43tn Grk “twenty thousand of ten thousands.”
44tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of the description of the horses and riders, which is somewhat parenthetical in the narrative.
45tn Grk “and those seated on them.”
46tn Grk “the vision”; the Greek article has been translated as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215).
47tn L&N 79.31 states, “‘fiery red’ (probably with a tinge of yellow or orange).”
48tn On this term BDAG 1022 s.v. ὑακίνθινος states, “hyacinth-colored, i.e. dark blue (dark red?) w. πύρινος Rv 9:17.”
49tn On this term BDAG 446 s.v. θειώδης states, “sulphurous Rv 9:17.”
50sn The colors of the riders’ breastplates parallel the three plagues of fire, smoke, and sulfur in v. 18.
51tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
52tn Traditionally, “brimstone.”
53tn The phrase ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ τοῦ καπνοῦ καὶ τοῦ θείου τοῦ ἐκπορευομένου ἐκ τῶν στομάτων αὐτῶν (“by the fire, the smoke, and the sulfur that came out of their mouths”) is taken as epexegetical (explanatory) to the phrase τῶν τριῶν πληγῶν τούτων (“these three plagues”).
54tn See BDAG 352 s.v. ἐξουσία 2, “potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power.”
55tn Grk “is.”
56tn The word “made” is not in the Greek text but is implied.
57tn The Greek conjunction καί (kai) has not been translated here or before the following materials in this list, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
58tn Grk “and.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation, with “furthermore” used to indicate a continuation of the preceding.
59tn On the term φαρμακεία (farmakeia, “magic spells”) see L&N 53.100: “the use of magic, often involving drugs and the casting of spells upon people – ‘to practice magic, to cast spells upon, to engage in sorcery, magic, sorcery.’ φαρμακεία: ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ‘with your magic spells you deceived all the peoples (of the world)’ Re 18:23.”