1tn Heb “the animal,” but as a collective plural, and so throughout this chapter. 2tn Heb “every divider of hoof and cleaver of the cleft of hooves”; KJV, ASV “parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted.” 3tn Heb “bringer up of the cud” (a few of the ancient versions include the conjunction “and,” but it does not appear in the MT). The following verses make it clear that both dividing the hoof and chewing the cud were required; one of these conditions would not be enough to make the animal suitable for eating without the other. 4tn Heb “this,” but as a collective plural (see the following context). 5sn Regarding “clean” versus “unclean,” see the note on Lev 10:10. 6tn Heb “because a chewer of the cud it is” (see also vv. 5 and 6). 7tn Heb “and hoof there is not dividing” (see also vv. 5 and 6). 8sn A small animal generally understood to be Hyrax syriacus; KJV, ASV, NIV “coney”; NKJV “rock hyrax.” 9tn See the note on Lev 11:3. 10tn The meaning and basic rendering of this clause is quite certain, but the verb for “chewing” the cud here is not the same as the preceding verses, where the expression is “to bring up the cud” (see the note on v. 3 above). It appears to be a cognate verb for the noun “cud” (גֵּרָה, gerah) and could mean either “to drag up” (i.e., from the Hebrew Qal of גָרָר [garar] meaning “to drag,” referring to the dragging the cud up and down between the stomach and mouth of the ruminant animal; so J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:647, 653) or “to chew” (i.e., from the Hebrew Niphal [or Qal B] of גָרָר used in a reciprocal sense; so J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 149, and compare BDB 176 s.v. גָרַר, “to chew,” with HALOT 204 s.v. גרר qal.B, “to ruminate”). 11sn The regulations against touching the carcasses of dead unclean animals (contrast the restriction against eating their flesh) is treated in more detail in Lev 11:24-28 (cf. also vv. 29-40). For the time being, this chapter continues to develop the issue of what can and cannot be eaten. 12tn Heb “all which have fin and scale” (see also vv. 10 and 12). 13tn Heb “in the water, in the seas and in the streams” (see also vv. 10 and 12). 14tn For zoological remarks on the following list of birds see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:662-64; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 159-60. 15tn Heb “and the buzzard to its kind” (see also vv. 16 and 19 for the same expression “of any kind”). 16tn Heb “every crow to its kind.” Many English versions (e.g., KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) render this as “raven.” 17tn Literally, “the daughter of the wasteland.” Various proposals for the species of bird referred to here include “owl” (KJV), “horned owl” (NIV, NCV), and “ostrich” (ASV, NAB, NASB, NRSV, NLT). 18tn Heb “the one walking on four” (cf. vv. 21-23 and 27-28). 19tn Heb “which to it are lower legs from above to its feet” (reading the Qere “to it” rather than the Kethib “not”). 20tn For entomological remarks on the following list of insects see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:665-66; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 160-61. 21tn Heb “and to these.” 22tn Heb “to all” (cf. the note on v. 24). This and the following verses develop more fully the categories of uncleanness set forth in principle in vv. 24-25. 23tn Heb “divides hoof and cleft it does not cleave”; KJV “divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted”; NLT “divided but unsplit hooves.” 24tn See the note on Lev 11:3. 25sn Compare the regulations in Lev 11:2-8. 26tn Heb “the one walking on four.” Compare Lev 11:20-23. 27tn For zoological analyses of the list of creatures in vv. 29-30, see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:671-72; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 161-62. 28tn Heb “And all which it shall fall on it from them.” 29tn Heb “in water it shall be brought.” 30tn Heb “And any earthenware vessel which shall fall from them into its midst.” 31tn Heb “all which is in its midst.” 32tn Heb “which water comes on it.” 33tn Heb “any drink which may be drunk”; NASB “any liquid which may be drunk”; NLT “any beverage that is in such an unclean container.” 34tn This half of the verse assumes that the unclean carcass has fallen into the food or drink (cf. v. 33 and also vv. 35-38). 35tn Heb “be unclean.” 36tn Heb “a spring and a cistern collection of water”; NAB, NIV “for collecting water.” 37tn Heb “And if there falls from their carcass on any seed of sowing which shall be sown.” 38tn This word for “animal” refers to land animal quadrupeds, not just any beast that dwells on the land (cf. 11:2). 39tn Heb “which is food for you” or “which is for you to eat.” 40tn Heb “goes” (KJV, ASV “goeth”); NIV “moves about”; NLT “slither along.” The same Hebrew term is translated “walks” in the following clause. 41tn Heb “until all multiplying of legs.” 42tn Heb “by any of the swarming things that swarm.” 43tn Heb “to be to you for a God.” 44sn The Hebrew term translated “law” (תוֹרָה, torah) introduces here a summary or colophon for all of Lev 11. Similar summaries are found in Lev 7:37-38; 13:59; 14:54-57; and 15:32-33. 45tn Heb “for all the creatures.”
1tn Heb “the animal,” but as a collective plural, and so throughout this chapter.
2tn Heb “every divider of hoof and cleaver of the cleft of hooves”; KJV, ASV “parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted.”
3tn Heb “bringer up of the cud” (a few of the ancient versions include the conjunction “and,” but it does not appear in the MT). The following verses make it clear that both dividing the hoof and chewing the cud were required; one of these conditions would not be enough to make the animal suitable for eating without the other.
4tn Heb “this,” but as a collective plural (see the following context).
5sn Regarding “clean” versus “unclean,” see the note on Lev 10:10.
6tn Heb “because a chewer of the cud it is” (see also vv. 5 and 6).
7tn Heb “and hoof there is not dividing” (see also vv. 5 and 6).
8sn A small animal generally understood to be Hyrax syriacus; KJV, ASV, NIV “coney”; NKJV “rock hyrax.”
9tn See the note on Lev 11:3.
10tn The meaning and basic rendering of this clause is quite certain, but the verb for “chewing” the cud here is not the same as the preceding verses, where the expression is “to bring up the cud” (see the note on v. 3 above). It appears to be a cognate verb for the noun “cud” (גֵּרָה, gerah) and could mean either “to drag up” (i.e., from the Hebrew Qal of גָרָר [garar] meaning “to drag,” referring to the dragging the cud up and down between the stomach and mouth of the ruminant animal; so J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:647, 653) or “to chew” (i.e., from the Hebrew Niphal [or Qal B] of גָרָר used in a reciprocal sense; so J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 149, and compare BDB 176 s.v. גָרַר, “to chew,” with HALOT 204 s.v. גרר qal.B, “to ruminate”).
11sn The regulations against touching the carcasses of dead unclean animals (contrast the restriction against eating their flesh) is treated in more detail in Lev 11:24-28 (cf. also vv. 29-40). For the time being, this chapter continues to develop the issue of what can and cannot be eaten.
12tn Heb “all which have fin and scale” (see also vv. 10 and 12).
13tn Heb “in the water, in the seas and in the streams” (see also vv. 10 and 12).
14tn For zoological remarks on the following list of birds see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:662-64; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 159-60.
15tn Heb “and the buzzard to its kind” (see also vv. 16 and 19 for the same expression “of any kind”).
16tn Heb “every crow to its kind.” Many English versions (e.g., KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) render this as “raven.”
17tn Literally, “the daughter of the wasteland.” Various proposals for the species of bird referred to here include “owl” (KJV), “horned owl” (NIV, NCV), and “ostrich” (ASV, NAB, NASB, NRSV, NLT).
18tn Heb “the one walking on four” (cf. vv. 21-23 and 27-28).
19tn Heb “which to it are lower legs from above to its feet” (reading the Qere “to it” rather than the Kethib “not”).
20tn For entomological remarks on the following list of insects see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:665-66; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 160-61.
21tn Heb “and to these.”
22tn Heb “to all” (cf. the note on v. 24). This and the following verses develop more fully the categories of uncleanness set forth in principle in vv. 24-25.
23tn Heb “divides hoof and cleft it does not cleave”; KJV “divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted”; NLT “divided but unsplit hooves.”
24tn See the note on Lev 11:3.
25sn Compare the regulations in Lev 11:2-8.
26tn Heb “the one walking on four.” Compare Lev 11:20-23.
27tn For zoological analyses of the list of creatures in vv. 29-30, see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:671-72; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 161-62.
28tn Heb “And all which it shall fall on it from them.”
29tn Heb “in water it shall be brought.”
30tn Heb “And any earthenware vessel which shall fall from them into its midst.”
31tn Heb “all which is in its midst.”
32tn Heb “which water comes on it.”
33tn Heb “any drink which may be drunk”; NASB “any liquid which may be drunk”; NLT “any beverage that is in such an unclean container.”
34tn This half of the verse assumes that the unclean carcass has fallen into the food or drink (cf. v. 33 and also vv. 35-38).
35tn Heb “be unclean.”
36tn Heb “a spring and a cistern collection of water”; NAB, NIV “for collecting water.”
37tn Heb “And if there falls from their carcass on any seed of sowing which shall be sown.”
38tn This word for “animal” refers to land animal quadrupeds, not just any beast that dwells on the land (cf. 11:2).
39tn Heb “which is food for you” or “which is for you to eat.”
40tn Heb “goes” (KJV, ASV “goeth”); NIV “moves about”; NLT “slither along.” The same Hebrew term is translated “walks” in the following clause.
41tn Heb “until all multiplying of legs.”
42tn Heb “by any of the swarming things that swarm.”
43tn Heb “to be to you for a God.”
44sn The Hebrew term translated “law” (תוֹרָה, torah) introduces here a summary or colophon for all of Lev 11. Similar summaries are found in Lev 7:37-38; 13:59; 14:54-57; and 15:32-33.
45tn Heb “for all the creatures.”