The Historical Background to Judaism from the Babylonian Exile to Roman Occupation: Understanding the Complexity of Judaism in Jesus’ Time

The Sources for Understanding Jewish History and Second Temple Judaism

The Old Testament (LXX)

The Apocrypha

The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.

The Dead Sea Scrolls, e.g., 4Q175

Josephus, Antiquities,

Josephus, Wars of the Jews, Against Apion, The Life of Flavius Josephus

Philo of Alexandria

Midrashim.

Midrash Rabbah,

Mishnah.

Talmud.

The Historical Backdrop to Second Temple Judaism and the Life of Jesus

Homer’s Illiad

The Septuagint (LXX)

The Letter of Aristeas 47-51; 307-311

1 Maccabees 1:14-15

2 Maccabees 4:10-17

Sirach 50:1-21

2 Maccabees 5:15-26

1 Maccabees 1:25-28

Livy, History of Rome XLV. 12

1 Maccabees 1:41-64

1 Maccabees 4:36-61

2 Maccabees 10:1-8

1 Maccabees 13:41

1 Maccabees 14:41

Josephus, Antiquities 13.299

Josephus, Antiquities 13.288-298

Josephus, Jewish Wars 1.65

Josephus, Antiquities 13.372-73

Josephus, Antiquities 14.401

Josephus, Antiquities 14.430

Josephus, Antiquities 14.4-7

Josephus, Antiquities14.8-13

Josephus, Antiquities 14.19-21

Josephus, Antiquities 14.41-46

Josephus, Antiquities 14.48-53

Josephus, Antiquities 14.72

Psalms of Solomon 2:1-21

Josephus, Antiquities 14.77

Josephus, Antiquities 14.73

Josephus, Antiquities 14. 82-83, 101-103

Josephus, Antiquities 14.140-55

Psalms of Solomon 2:22-35

Dio Cassius 42.5

Josephus, Antiquities 14.158-184

Josephus, Antiquities 14.281

Josephus, Antiquities 14.301-313

Josephus, Antiquities 14.326

Josephus, Antiquities 14.365-366

Josephus, Antiquities 14.366

Josephus, Antiquities 14.369

Josephus, Antiquities 14.377-385

Josephus, Antiquities 14.477-491

Josephus, Antiquities 15.8

Josephus, Antiquities 14.491

Josephus, Jewish Wars 1.240-241

Josephus, Antiquities 15.55

Josephus, Antiquities 15.62-63

Josephus, Antiquities 15.75-76

Josephus, Antiquities 15.161

Josephus, Antiquities 15.189-93

Josephus, Antiquities 15.331-341

Josephus, Jewish Wars 1.414

Josephus, Antiquities 16.136-41

Josephus, Antiquities 15.267-268

Josephus, Antiquities 17.314

Josephus, Antiquities 17.317-318

Josephus, Antiquities 17.342-344

Josephus, Antiquities 18.28

Josephus, Antiquities 17.354; 18.1-10

Josephus, Antiquities 18.26, 35

Josephus, Antiquities 18.55

Josephus, Antiquities 18.57-59

Philo, Embassy to Gaius 38 299-305

Josephus, Antiquities 18.85-89