1tn Heb “set your face toward.”

2tn Heb “the sons of Ammon.” Ammon was located to the east of Israel.

3tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates being aware of or taking notice of something and has been translated here with a verb (so also throughout the chapter).

4tn Heb “Look I am about to give you for a possession to.”

5tn Heb “sons.”

6tn Heb “the sons of Ammon.”

7tn Heb “with all your scorn in (the) soul.”

8tc The translation here follows the marginal reading (Qere) of the Hebrew text. The consonantal text (Kethib) is meaningless.

9sn Moab was located immediately south of Ammon.

10tn Heb “shoulder.”

11tn Heb “from the cities.” The verb “eliminating” has been added in the translation to reflect the privative use of the preposition (see BDB 583 s.v. מִן 7.b).

12tn Heb “from its cities, from its end.”

13tn Heb “I will give it for a possession.”

14tn Heb “the sons of Ammon” (twice in this verse).

15tn Heb “the sons.”

16sn Edom was located south of Moab.

17tn Heb “and they have become guilty, becoming guilty.” The infinitive absolute following the finite verb makes the statement emphatic and draws attention to the degree of guilt incurred by Edom due to its actions.

18tn Heb “and they have taken vengeance.”

19sn Edom apparently in some way assisted in the destruction of Jerusalem in 587/6 b.c. (Ps 137:7; Lam 5:21, 23; Joel 3:19; Obadiah).

20tn Heb “and I will cut off from her man and beast.”

21tn Heb “fall.”

22tn Heb “know.”

23sn The Philistines inhabited the coastal plain by the Mediterranean Sea, west of Judah.

24tn Heb “have acted with vengeance and taken vengeance with vengeance.” The repetition emphasizes the degree of vengeance which they exhibited, presumably toward Judah.

25tn Heb “with scorn in (the) soul.”

26tn The object is not specified in the Hebrew text, but has been clarified as “Judah” in the translation.

27tn Heb “to destroy (with) perpetual hostility.” Joel 3:4-8 also speaks of the Philistines taking advantage of the fall of Judah.

28tn In Hebrew the verb “and I will cut off” sounds like its object, “the Cherethites,” and draws attention to the statement.

29sn This is a name for the Philistines, many of whom migrated to Palestine from Crete.

30tn Heb “with acts of punishment of anger.”