1tc The content of 1 Sam 17–18, which includes the David and Goliath story, differs considerably in the LXX as compared to the MT, suggesting that this story circulated in ancient times in more than one form. The LXX for chs. 17–18 is much shorter than the MT, lacking almost half of the material (39 of a total of 88 verses). Many scholars (e.g., McCarter, Klein) think that the shorter text of the LXX is preferable to the MT, which in their view has been expanded by incorporation of later material. Other scholars (e.g., Wellhausen, Driver) conclude that the shorter Greek text (or the Hebrew text that underlies it) reflects an attempt to harmonize certain alleged inconsistencies that appear in the longer version of the story. Given the translation characteristics of the LXX elsewhere in this section, it does not seem likely that these differences are due to deliberate omission of these verses on the part of the translator. It seems more likely that the Greek translator has faithfully rendered here a Hebrew text that itself was much shorter than the MT in these chapters. Whether or not the shorter text represented by the LXX is to be preferred over the MT in 1 Sam 17–18 is a matter over which textual scholars are divided. For a helpful discussion of the major textual issues in this unit see D. Barthélemy, D. W. Gooding, J. Lust, and E. Tov, The Story of David and Goliath (OBO). Overall it seems preferable to stay with the MT, at least for the most part. However, the major textual differences between the LXX and the MT will be mentioned in the notes that accompany the translation so that the reader may be alert to the major problem passages.

2tn Heb “camps.”

3tn Heb “the men of Israel” (so KJV, NASB); NAB, NIV, NRSV “the Israelites.”

4tn Heb “to meet.”

5tn Heb “Israel.”

6tn Heb “the man of the space between the two [armies].” See v. 23.

7tc Heb “his height was six cubits and a span” (cf. KJV, NASB, NRSV). A cubit was approximately eighteen inches, a span nine inches. So, according to the Hebrew tradition, Goliath was about nine feet, nine inches tall (cf. NIV, CEV, NLT “over nine feet”; NCV “nine feet, four inches”; TEV “nearly 3 metres”). However, some Greek witnesses, Josephus, and a manuscript of 1 Samuel from Qumran read “four cubits and a span” here, that is, about six feet, nine inches (cf. NAB “six and a half feet”). This seems more reasonable; it is likely that Goliath’s height was exaggerated as the story was retold. See P. K. McCarter, I Samuel (AB), 286, 291.

8sn Although the exact weight of Goliath’s defensive body armor is difficult to estimate in terms of modern equivalency, it was obviously quite heavy. Driver, following Kennedy, suggests a modern equivalent of about 220 pounds (100 kg); see S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel, 139. Klein, taking the shekel to be equal to .403 ounces, arrives at a somewhat smaller weight of about 126 pounds (57 kg); see R. W. Klein, 1 Samuel (WBC), 175. But by any estimate it is clear that Goliath presented himself as a formidable foe indeed.

9sn Or “greaves.” These were coverings (probably lined for comfort) that extended from about the knee to the ankle, affording protection for the shins of a warrior.

10tn The translation follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew mss in reading “wood,” rather than the “arrow” (the reading of the Kethib).

11sn That is, about fifteen or sixteen pounds.

12tn Heb “he”; the referent (Goliath) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

13tn The Hebrew text adds “and said to them.”

14tc The translation follows the ancient versions in reading “choose,” (from the root בחר, bkhr), rather than the MT. The verb in MT (ברה, brh) elsewhere means “to eat food”; the sense of “to choose,” required here by the context, is not attested for this root. The MT apparently reflects an early scribal error.

15tn Following the imperative, the prefixed verbal form (either an imperfect or jussive) with the prefixed conjunction indicates purpose/result here.

16tn Following the imperative, the cohortative verbal form indicates purpose/result here.

17tn Heb “all Israel.”

18tc Some mss of the LXX lack vv. 12-31.

19map For location see Map5-B1; Map7-E2; Map8-E2; Map10-B4.

20tc The translation follows the Lucianic recension of the LXX and the Syriac Peshitta in reading “in years,” rather than MT “among men.”

21tn Heb “his.”

22tn Heb “was going and returning.”

23tn Heb “run.”

24tn Heb “officer of the thousand.”

25tn Heb “and your brothers, observe with respect to welfare.”

26tn Heb “and their pledge take.” This probably refers to some type of confirmation that the goods arrived safely. See R. W. Klein, 1 Samuel (WBC), 177. Cf. NIV “bring back some assurance”; NCV “some proof to show me they are all right”; NLT “bring me back a letter from them.”

27tn Heb “all the men of Israel.”

28tn Heb “to a guard”; KJV, NASB, NRSV “with a keeper”; NIV “with a shepherd.” Since in contemporary English “guard” sounds like someone at a military installation or a prison, the present translation uses “to someone else who would watch over it.”

29tn Or “entrenchment.”

30tn Heb “the guard of the equipment.”

31tn Heb “according to these words.”

32tn Or “fled.”

33tn Heb “he is coming up.”

34tn Heb “and turns aside humiliation from upon Israel.”

35tn Heb “people.”

36tn Heb “according to this word, saying.”

37tn Heb “his”; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

38tn Heb “the anger of Eliab became hot.”

39tn Heb “the wickedness of your heart.”

40tn Heb “Is it not [just] a word?”

41tn Heb “and spoke according to this word.”

42tn Heb “the people.”

43tn Heb “he took him.”

44tn Heb “Let not the heart of a man fall upon him.” The LXX reads “my lord,” instead of “a man.”

45tc The LXX includes here the following words not found in the MT: “Should I not go and smite him, and remove today reproach from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised one?”

46tn Or “Go, and may the Lord be with you” (so NASB, NCV, NRSV).

47tn Heb “he had not tested.”

48tn This Hebrew word occurs only here and its exact meaning is not entirely clear. It refers to a receptacle of some sort and apparently was a common part of a shepherd’s equipment. Here it serves as a depository for the stones that David will use in his sling.

49tc Most LXX mss lack v. 41.

50sn Sticks is a pejorative reference to David’s staff (v. 40); the same Hebrew word (מַקֵּל, maqqel) is used for both.

51tc Many medieval Hebrew mss have “the earth” here, instead of the MT’s “the field.”

52tc Most LXX mss lack the second half of v. 48.

53tc Most LXX mss lack v. 50.

54tn Verse 50 is a summary statement; v. 51 gives a more detailed account of how David killed the Philistine.

55tn Heb “his”; the referent (Goliath) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

56tc Most LXX mss lack the words “drew it from its sheath.”

57tn Heb “arose and cried out.”

58tc Most of the LXX ms tradition has here “Gath.”

59map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4.

60tn Heb “his”; the referent (Goliath) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

61tc Most LXX mss lack 17:55–18:5.

62map For location see Map5-B1; Map7-E2; Map8-E2; Map10-B4.