2tnHeb “the sons of Ammon.” Ammon was located to the east of Israel.
3tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates being aware of or taking notice of something and has been translated here with a verb (so also throughout the chapter).
4tnHeb “Look I am about to give you for a possession to.”
5tnHeb “sons.”
6tnHeb “the sons of Ammon.”
7tnHeb “with all your scorn in (the) soul.”
8tc The translation here follows the marginal reading (Qere) of the Hebrew text. The consonantal text (Kethib) is meaningless.
9snMoab was located immediately south of Ammon.
10tnHeb “shoulder.”
11tnHeb “from the cities.” The verb “eliminating” has been added in the translation to reflect the privative use of the preposition (see BDB 583 s.v. מִן 7.b).
12tnHeb “from its cities, from its end.”
13tnHeb “I will give it for a possession.”
14tnHeb “the sons of Ammon” (twice in this verse).
15tnHeb “the sons.”
16snEdom was located south of Moab.
17tnHeb “and they have become guilty, becoming guilty.” The infinitive absolute following the finite verb makes the statement emphatic and draws attention to the degree of guilt incurred by Edom due to its actions.
18tnHeb “and they have taken vengeance.”
19sn Edom apparently in some way assisted in the destruction of Jerusalem in 587/6 b.c. (Ps 137:7; Lam 5:21, 23; Joel 3:19; Obadiah).
20tnHeb “and I will cut off from her man and beast.”
21tnHeb “fall.”
22tnHeb “know.”
23sn The Philistines inhabited the coastal plain by the Mediterranean Sea, west of Judah.
24tnHeb “have acted with vengeance and taken vengeance with vengeance.” The repetition emphasizes the degree of vengeance which they exhibited, presumably toward Judah.
25tnHeb “with scorn in (the) soul.”
26tn The object is not specified in the Hebrew text, but has been clarified as “Judah” in the translation.
27tnHeb “to destroy (with) perpetual hostility.” Joel 3:4-8 also speaks of the Philistines taking advantage of the fall of Judah.
28tn In Hebrew the verb “and I will cut off” sounds like its object, “the Cherethites,” and draws attention to the statement.
29sn This is a name for the Philistines, many of whom migrated to Palestine from Crete.